Bronchitis Patients Research Articles

Protocol of clinical population pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics analysis of alkaloids from the leaves of alstonia scholaris in acute bronchitis patients

Objective: To validate whether orally administered Alkaloid Capsules from the leaves of Alstonia scholaris (CALAS) can improve the clinical indices of acute bronchitis and to investigate the alterations in the relationship between its composition and pharmacodynamic (PD) markers, thereby providing a clinical reference for the administration of this medication. Methods: This is a prospectively planned, blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel-grouped clinical trial with aggregated population pharmacokinetics/PD (PPK/PPD) data. A total of 55 subjects will be randomly allocated into four arms; specifically, 10 of the 55 subjects will be selected randomly for the placebo arm, and will be orally administered placebo (Tid), and 45 subjects will be randomly assigned to CALAS treatment groups (20 mg, 40 mg, and 80 mg Tid, at 15 subjects per group). The medication, presence of cough and phlegm, as well as body temperature of every subject will be recorded daily during treatment. About 3–4 blood samples will be collected from each subject at the following points for PPK/PPD parameters analysis: at pre-dose (0 h) and post-dose at 15 min, 40 min, 1 h, 1.5 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 12 h, 24 h, 30 h, and 48 h after last dosing. All the subjects will be subjected to a laboratory examination and efficacy evaluation on day 8. Discussion: A new integrating strategy to explore the relationship among drug components, action pathways, and clinical efficacy will be established through this study. We aim to explore the mechanism of action of CALAS in the treatment of acute bronchitis on the premise of definite active ingredients and reliable clinical efficacy. It is difficult to enrol patients in classical PK research because it adopts an intensive sampling method, and it cannot quantify the variability of PK parameters (Intra-individual variation, inter-individual variation and weekly variation). Moreover, the extrapolation and prediction of dosage regimens in different species and populations cannot be achieved. Therefore, the PPK/PPD method, which takes advantage of sparse data (3–5 time points sampling per patient), is adopted to determine the measurable pathological and physiological factors that can influence dose concentration to guide reasonable dose adjustment towards achieving optimal clinical effects.

Evaluation Of Some Aspergillus Mycotoxins In Patients With Bronchitis In Al-Najaf City

This research aimed to establish whether the Aspergillus species identified from bronchitis patients were mycotoxigenic or non-mycotoxigenic fungi in sputum and serum samples. A total sample of 170 subjects with ages ranging from 15 to 72 years— were obtained from Al-Najaf Province (Al-Sadr Medical City) between December 2023 and April 2024, divided into patient (n=176) and healthy groups (n=34). The Aspergillus genera isolated were cultured on coconut agar medium and screened under UV light (360 nm); each sputum and serum sample was also tested using the ELISA technique. All Aspergillus strains exhibited blue fluorescence on Coconut Cream Agar (CCA) media under UV light, confirming positivity. The study identified production of aflatoxins B1 and ochratoxins-A in sputum and serum samples among both patients with bronchitis and control groups. The results showed a significant difference in patient groups by samples (P≤ 0.05) while the healthy groups showed a non-significant (P>0.05) difference. Most Aspergillus spp. Isolated from bronchitis patients were found to produce aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin-A on coconut agar medium— mycotoxins extracts included sputum (about 68.4% for aflatoxins-B1 and 41.7% for serum samples) and sputum (about 77.6% for ochratoxin-A and 91.7% for serum samples) taken from bronchitis patients, which were identified using ELISA technique.

Nitric Oxide, Procalcitonin and Oxidative Stress Index Levels in Acute Bronchitis Patients

Background: Acute bronchitis, an inflammation of the lower respiratory tract characterized by an acute cough, is a prevalent clinical illness that leads patients to seek out primary healthcare services. About 5 percent of adults in the United States report having acute bronchitis annually, with 90 percent of those affected seeking medical attention. Objectives: The study aimed to determine Nitric oxide, Procalcitonin (PCT), WBCs, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and Oxidative stress index (OSI) levels in acute bronchitis patients. Methods: The study involved 120 volunteers aged 20–50 years old in Al-Zahra Teaching Hospital, Wasit City. 80 patients with acute bronchitis were conducted between (10 November 2022 to 20 March 2023). 40 people were used as a control group. Blood samples were collected from patients and controls. Complete blood account CBC was calculated using a blood sample with EDTA. Serum was used to calculate NO, PCT, and OSI. Blood counts were performed using the SYSMEX XP-300. Nitric oxide and Procalcitonin levels were measured using an ELISA kit. OSI was calculated using the equation OSI = Total oxidant status /Total antioxidant status x100. Results: The current research presents the results of the Procalcitonin, nitric oxide, oxidative stress index, neutrophils, and lymphocytes. Age, BMI, and WBCs in acute bronchitis did not show any significant variances when compared between the two groups. In contrast, nitric oxide, Procalcitonin, oxidative stress, and Neutrophil levels showed a highly significant change among the acute bronchitis patient group compared to the control group. Conclusion: Procalcitonin and nitric oxide may have a role in the diagnosis of acute bronchitis, in addition to lymphocytes and neutrophils.

The mediating effect of depression on the association between lung disease and cardiovascular health.

In this study, we investigated the effect of depression on the interaction between lung disease and cardiovascular health (CVH). Utilising data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2018), we employed multivariate regression and bootstrap mediation analysis to explore the relationships among lung diseases, depression, and CVH scores. Complex and significant associations were identified among lung diseases, depression, and CVH scores, with depression mediating 9.42% of the effect on CVH, especially for chronic bronchitis patients. Depression significantly mediated the relationship between lung disease and reduced CVH scores, highlighting the importance of mental health management in lung disease patients.

Clinical significance of chronic bronchitis in different racial groups

BackgroundsLimited data are available on racial differences in the clinical features of chronic bronchitis (CB) patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this study, we aimed to compare clinical features among CB patients of different races. We also analyzed the clinical significance of CB, defined classically and based on the COPD Assessment Test (CAT), to validate the CAT-based definition.MethodsWe analyzed patient data extracted from the Korean COPD Subgroup Study (KOCOSS) cohort (2012–2021) and US Genetic Epidemiology of COPD (COPDGene) study (2008–2011). We compared clinical characteristics among CB and non-CB patients of three different races using two CB definitions.ResultsIn this study, 3,462 patients were non-Hispanic white (NHW), 1,018 were African American (AA), and 1,793 were Asian. The proportions of NHW, AA, and Asian patients with CB according to the classic definition were 27.4%, 20.9%, and 10.7%, compared with 25.2%, 30.9%, and 23.0% according to the CAT-based definition, respectively. The risk of CB prevalence was highest in NHW and lowest in Asian COPD patients. Among all races, CB patients were more likely to be current smokers, have worse respiratory symptoms and poorer health-related quality of life (HrQoL), and to have decreased lung function and exercise capacity. Most of these characteristics showed similar associations with the outcomes between the two definitions of CB. A binominal regression model revealed that CB patients of all races had an increased risk of future exacerbations according to both CB definitions, except for Asian patients with classically defined CB.ConclusionsThe presence of CB was associated with worse respiratory symptoms, HrQoL, exercise capacity and lung function, and more exacerbations, regardless of race or CB definition. The CAT-based definition may be more useful for assessing the risk of future exacerbations in Asian COPD patients.

Nursing Care for Oxygenation Needs Disorder in Patients Diagnosed with Bronchitis in the Jimbaran Lama Ward

Ineffective airway clearance is one of the oxygenation disorders in patients with respiratory disorders (bronchitis). One of the practical nursing actions is to cough effectively to remove mucus in the respiratory tract. This study aimed to determine and analyze nursing care for impaired oxygenation needs in patients with a medical diagnosis of bronchitis in the old Jimbaran room. This research method uses a descriptive design as a nursing practice case study approach. The case study examines the respiratory rate (RR) of patients with respiratory disorders (bronchitis) after giving effective coughing measures for 3x24 hours. The results showed that the patient's RR before implementation was 24 x/min. In comparison, after being given an effective cough implementation for 3x24 hours, the RR was 20 x/min. In conclusion, nursing actions that need to be taken in patients with respiratory disorders (bronchitis) include assessing sputum production, effective coughing techniques, counseling regarding positioning, and collaborative oxygen or nebulizer administration. The implication of this study is the importance of effective coughing measures in managing bronchitis patients, including evaluation of sputum production, training in proper coughing techniques, education on proper positioning, and collaboration with oxygen or nebulizer administration as needed. Synchronization between research objectives and research conclusions. Present the research subject, research criteria, data collection methods, and data analysis.

Evaluation of C-Reactive Protein, Interleukin-6, and Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio as Inflammatory Markers in Patients with Chronic Bronchitis Taking Oral Prednisolone in Maysan City Population

Background: Clinically, chronic bronchitis is defined as a persistent cough lasting at least three months over the course of two years in a patient where all other causes have been excluded. It is almost invariably described as a feature of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) secondary to smoking. Patients and methods: Ninety-five Iraqi patients newly diagnosed with chronic bronchitis were selected to participate in this study. Sixty patients (40 male and 20 female) were enrolled in the current study their ages were ranged from (40-65 years). The patients were divided into two groups, in the first group (responders’ group) the patients were responded to oral prednisolone therapy, and in the other group the patients were not responded to oral prednisolone therapy (non-responders’ group). The assessment of responsiveness to prednisolone will be according to ATS (American Thoracic Society) which define the responders as those with a response of >12% baseline and >200 ml of FEV1. This study is a prospective observational clinical trial was carried out in thoracic consultant clinic at Al- Sader teaching Hospital in Maysan city from March 2022 until March 2023. The prednisolone tablets given in a dose of 30mg /day for 14 days. Aim of the study: The current study was aimed to identify the association of the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and neutrophils-lymphocytes ratio with the response of chronic bronchitis patients to oral prednisolone therapy. Results and Conclusions: CRP, IL-6, and NLR consider as good predictive markers (P value<0.001) to determine the responsivity of patients with chronic bronchitis taking oral prednisolone tablets for 14 days.

Mechanism of Tonifying Spleen-lung Recipe in the Treatment of Chronic Bronchitis Based on Network Pharmacology and Observational Data.

Chronic bronchitis is a type of common chronic inflammatory respiratory disease, which is mainly characterized by chronic cough and expectoration. Clinical practice and experimental research have shown that the modified tonifying spleen-lung method has significant preventive and therapeutic effects on chronic lung diseases, but the mechanism of TSLR in the treatment of chronic bronchitis are not yet clear. To explore the mechanism of tonifying spleen-lung recipe (TSLR) in the treatment of chronic bronchitis (CB) through network pharmacology combined with observational studies. The effective components, core targets and signaling pathways of TSLR in the treatment of chronic bronchitis were obtained using network pharmacology. One hundred and thirty-seven elderly CB patients were selected as the observational group who were treated by TSLR, and 67 no-CB cases from the Physical Examination Center were selected as the control group. We compared the levels of inflammatory parameters between patients before and after TSLR treatment, and after treatment group with the control group were also compared. The key effective components of TSLR selected by network pharmacology included quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, and nobiletin, and the core targets involved HSP90AA1, AKT1, JUN, MAPK1, IL6, MAPK3, MAPK14, STAT1, NFKB1, and CDKN1. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the TNF signaling pathway, PI3K-AKT and AGE-RAGE signaling pathways might play a key role in the treatment of CB. The observation study demonstrated that compared with the control group, the levels of WBC, NEU, NLR, PCT, and CRP in the research group after TSLR treatment were increased. Although the levels of WBC, NEU, NLR, and PCT in the research group after TSLR treatment were higher than those in the control group, the above indicators trend tended towards the control group, and there was no significant difference in CRP indicators between the control group and after treatment group. TSLR had a good therapeutic effect on chronic bronchitis patients, which might be related to the fact that the natural active components in TSLR inhibit inflammation by regulating the expression of proteins related to PI3K-AKT and TNF signaling pathways.

Clinical and paraclinical characteristics of acute bronchitis patients at Hanoi Hospital of Traditional Medical

Objectives: To describe the clinical and paraclinical features of inpatients with acute bronchitis treated at Hanoi Hospital of Traditional Medical. Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 60 acute bronchitis patients from April to December 2021. Eligible patients included in the study were carried out with clinical examination, blood test, and chest X-ray. Results: The mean age in the study was 66.78±18.33 years old; the patients over 70 years old are 56.67%; the female/male ratio is 1/1.03; 21.70% of patients had smoking tobacco and pipe tobacco. Cough, thick sticky yellow sputum difficult to expectorate, and crackles were common symptoms in all patients in this study. Fever, dyspnea, and chest pain while coughing accounted for 63.30, 28.33, and 46.67%. Most of the patients had a red tongue, yellow tongue moss, and float fast pulse. Peripheral blood tests showed that increased amount of leukocytes, mainly in neutrophils. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein (CRP) increased with mean values of 36.33±15.47 mm and 25.49±16.08 mg/l.

Pemberian Inhalasi Minyak Kayu Putih Untuk Memperbaiki Pola Napas Tidak Efektif Pada Anak Dengan Bronkitis

<p><em>There are 1.6 million persons who have bronchitis in Indonesia. Coughing, wheezing, sputum buildup, and shortness of breath are common symptoms. We must be mindful of the efficiency of breathing patterns when considering these symptoms. The goal of this study was to identify inefficient breathing techniques used by nurses to provide bronchitis-stricken An. A with nursing care. An. A is the focus of this case study in a scientific journal, and the study's findings include cough and runny nose, RR 32 beats per minute, additional rhonchi noises, SPO2 92%, body temperature 36.8 oC, and pulse 100 beats per minute. Airway control using eucalyptus oil inhalation was the intervention that was used. The major treatment for An's respiratory pattern issues was a straightforward inhalation of eucalyptus oil, and the findings of the case study were achieved following nursing care for airway management for three consecutive days. Increased inspiratory pressure, moderately decreased dyspnea, moderately decreased use of accessory muscles, decreased orthopnea, moderately decreased nasal breathing, improved respiratory rate, and improved respiratory depth are all signs that A can be substantially resolved. This demonstrates how eucalyptus oil can help bronchitis patients breathe more easily.</em></p><p><strong><strong><em>Keyword: </em></strong><em>children, bronchitis, ineffective breathing pattern, simple inhalation</em><br /></strong></p>

Appropriate use of antibiotics for acute respiratory infections at primary healthcare facilities in China: a nationwide cross-sectional study from 2017 to 2019

The appropriateness of antibiotic use for acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in Chinese primary healthcare facilities (PHFs) remained uncertain. We aimed to evaluate to what degree antibiotic prescribing for ARIs were aligned with guideline recommendations in primary settings across China. We collected outpatient prescriptions from 262 Chinese PHFs in 27 cities of six provinces between 2017 and 2019. The appropriate antibiotic prescribing was defined as prescribing antibiotic classes that were recommended by Chinese clinical guidelines, if patients were prescribed antibiotics. We evaluated the magnitude of antibiotics prescribed for acute upper respiratory infections (AURIs), acute bronchitis, and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and their appropriateness. Overall, 55.1% (87,684/159,150), 66.8% (30,836/46,153), and 68.5% (4615/6733) of outpatients with AURIs, acute bronchitis, and CAP treated at PHFs in China were prescribed with antibiotics. Of all antibiotic prescriptions, only 20.0% (17,542/87,684), 18.6% (5724/30,836) and 69.6% (3211/4615) used antibiotic classes that were recommended by the guidelines for AURIs, acute bronchitis, and CAP, respectively. Patients residing in the Chinese central region (17.0%, 15.4%, 69.3% for AURIs, acute bronchitis, and CAP, respectively) were less likely to be prescribed with antibiotics that were appropriately selected. Unnecessary antibiotics were widely prescribed for patients with AURIs or acute bronchitis and most patients with ARIs did not receive guideline-recommended antibiotic classes in Chinese PHFs. Interventions to promote evidence-based treatment and the appropriate use of antibiotics are urgently needed at the primary level across China. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 72074007, 81973294].

Prevalence and risk factors of patients with chronic bronchitis among Iraqi adults.

This study aimed to identify the risk factors associated with chronic bronchitis among patients seeking medical attention for respiratory conditions in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf city, Iraq. The study employed a case-control design and recruited 134 participants using convenient sampling. Data was collected using a questionnaire consisting of four parts which included demographic characteristics, individual factors, family history, and seasonal, environmental, and nutritional factors. The majority of participants were males aged between 21 and 35 years, with 71.8% of the study group residing in rural areas and 66.3% of the control group living in urban areas. We found that asthma was the most prevalent associated disease among chronic bronchitis patients, with 64.1% reporting it. The risk factors associated with chronic bronchitis were residency, smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke, respiratory sensitivity, dust sensitivity, spring sensitivity, hay fever, asthma, pulmonary obstruction, pneumonia, pertussis, and family history. The study highlights the need for smoking cessation, physical fitness, and healthy eating habits to prevent chronic bronchitis. The findings of this study are important for healthcare professionals in Iraq to design and implement effective prevention and management strategies for chronic bronchitis.

Chronic dust bronchitis: composition of the sputum bacterial microbiome and its association with chromosome damage in blood lymphocytes

BACKGROUND: Recent studies show that the bacterial microbiome of the respiratory tract can influence the development of a number of diseases of the human respiratory system. Changes in the composition of the microbiome in patients are associated with dysbiosis, and in addition, many bacteria have a genotoxic potential and can directly or indirectly damage the genome in the cells of the host organism.
 AIM: The aim of the study was to analyze the composition of the sputum microbiome and its relationship with chromosome damage in the blood leukocytes of patients with chronic dust bronchitis (CDB).
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The taxonomic composition of the sputum microbiome of 22 patients with CKD and 22 sputum donors from the control group was studied using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology of 16S rRNA of bacterial genes. At the same time, the basic frequencies of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei were determined in blood leukocytes.
 RESULTS: The sputum microbiome of chronic dust bronchitis patients had a significant reduction in alpha and beta diversity parameters compared to healthy study participants. In addition, an increase in the relative abundance of the genus Streptococcus (29.97 3.03 vs. 18.78 2.47; p = 0.003) was found in the sputum of CP patients compared with the control. Thus, the results of metagenome sequencing indicate a common dysbiotic process with a predominance of one dominant genus of bacteria in this pulmonary pathology. The results of cytogenetic analysis of blood leukocytes showed a significant increase in the proportion of aberrant metaphases in CKD patients compared with healthy donors (3.41% vs. 1.84%; p 0.01) and the absence of significant differences in frequency leukocytes with micronuclei between the compared groups (1.28% vs. 1.11%). Correlation analysis revealed the presence of significant direct relationships between the frequency of aberrant metaphases and the percentage of representatives of the genera Bacteroides in the sputum of patients with chronic dust bronchitis (r = 0.471; p = 0.031); Lachnoanaerobaculum (r = 0.446; p = 0.043) and Alloprevotella (r = 0.444; p = 0.044). Further studies should be devoted to the search for possible mechanisms of influence of these bacteria on clastogenic effects in the cells of the host organism.

Chronic rhinosinusitis associated with chronic bronchitis in a five-year follow-up: the Telemark study

BackgroundChronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is associated with generalised airway inflammation. Few studies have addressed the relationship between CRS and chronic bronchitis (CB).MethodsThis prospective study over a five-year period aims to investigate the risk of developing CB in subjects reporting CRS at the beginning of the study. A random sample of 7393 adult subjects from Telemark County, Norway, answered a comprehensive respiratory questionnaire in 2013 and then 5 years later in 2018. Subjects reporting CB in 2013 were excluded from the analyses. New cases of CB in 2018 were analysed in relation to having CRS in 2013 or not.ResultsThe prevalence of new-onset CB in 2018 in the group that reported CRS in 2013 was 11.8%. There was a significant increase in the odds of having CB in 2018 in subjects who reported CRS in 2013 (OR 3.8, 95% CI 2.65–5.40), adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking and asthma.ConclusionIn this large population sample, CRS was associated with increased odds of developing CB during a five-year follow-up. Physicians should be aware of chronic bronchitis in patients with CRS.

PLASTIC BRONCHITIS: A RARE COMPLICATION FOLLOWING A MOTOR VEHICLE COLLISION

Plastic bronchitis, more appropriately termed chyloptysis, is a rare and potentially fatal condition caused by chylous coating of the airways. These cast coating can dislodge and become an obstructive mass in the patient's airway, necessitating rapid intervention. PB is well described to occur following single ventricle physiology heart disease corrective procedures, particularly following Fontan procedures. It is less commonly seen in traumatic settings. We present the youngest known case of a traumatic injury induced plastic bronchitis. A 19-year-old man was involved in a motor vehicle accident with airbag deployment. The airbags struck him in the chest; however, the patient felt well at the time and did not seek medical attention. Several months later the patient began coughing up milky white masses identified as casts. He was initially diagnosed with asthma but did not respond to therapy. He ultimately was found to have evidence of thoracic duct injury. Options for therapy were discussed, including possible thoracic duct ligation. The patient opted to continue a lowfat diet and has remained cast free. This case highlights the importance of considering plastic bronchitis in patients with cast production and a history of trauma to the chest.

The association of variations in the quantity of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) in Bangkok was acquired through exposure to bronchitis patients.

Issues with oblique air pollution, particularly dust PM2.5 particles, which are droplets smaller than 2.5 microns, are the principal concern for the respiratory system in particular for human health. This study looked at the association between exposure to bronchitis patients and variations in the level of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) in the Bangkok. The analysis of fine particulate matter between 2011 and 2021 indicated that in 2013, the average was the highest and surpassed the standard, according to a total of 15 data sources used in the secondary data research approach and a monthly research conducted in January (the first month of the winter) found that the average particulate matter (PM 2.5) was greater in the months of the cool weather than in the months of other seasons in the same year then in the summer, March and August also marks the beginning of the rainy season. Resulting in the years lowest annual average of dust. The association between fine particulate matter and patients with bronchitis in 2020 and 2021 were determined using the equation to be y=57.933x - 183.81 and y=6.1597x + 149.29, respectively. It is demonstrated that PM 2.5 has a lower correlation with bronchitis.

Chronic diseases and compliance with provincial guidelines for outpatient antibiotic prescription in cases of otitis media and respiratory infections: a population-based study of linked data in Quebec, Canada, 2010-2017.

Background:In Quebec, antibiotic use is higher among outpatients with chronic diseases. We sought to measure compliance with provincial guidelines for the treatment of otitis media and common respiratory infections, and to measure variations in compliance according to the presence of certain chronic diseases.Methods:We conducted a population-based study of linked data on antibiotic dispensing covered by the public drug insurance plan between April 2010 and March 2017. We included patients who had consulted a primary care physician within 2 days before being dispensed an antibiotic for an infection targeted by provincial guidelines, including bronchitis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, otitis media, pharyngitis, pneumonia and sinusitis. We computed proportions of prescriptions compliant with guidelines (use of recommended antibiotic for children, and use of recommended antibiotic and dosage for adults) by age group (children or adults) and chronic disease (respiratory, cardiovascular, diabetes, mental disorder or none). We measured the impact of chronic diseases on compliance using robust Poisson regression.Results:We analyzed between 14 677 and 198 902 prescriptions for each infection under study. Compliance was greater than 87% among children, but was lower among children with asthma (proportion ratios between 0.97 and 1.00). In adults, the chosen antibiotic was compliant for at least 73% of prescriptions, except for pharyngitis (≤ 61%). Accounting for dosage lowered compliance to between 31% and 61%. Compliance was lower in the presence of chronic diseases (proportion ratios between 0.94 and 0.98).Interpretation:It is possible that prescribing noncompliant prescriptions was sometimes appropriate, but the high frequency of noncompliance suggests room for improvement. Given that variations associated with chronic diseases were small, disease-specific guidelines for antibiotic prescriptions are likely to have a limited impact on compliance.

Effects of Active Cycle of Breathing Techniques on quality of life in patients with Chronic Bronchitis

Background: In patients with a range of respiratory disorders such as chronic bronchitis, active cycle of breathing techniques which includes cycle of breathing control, thoracic expansion exercises and forced expiratory technique (FET), appears to have beneficial effects. Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of active cycle of breathing techniques with conventional medicine among chronic bronchitis patients. Methods: A quasi-interventional study was conducted in a physiotherapy department of 600 bedded Ibn-e-Siena Hospital of Multan, from August 2020 to July 2021 with 26 patients in the experimental group who followed the pharmacological and active cycle breathing techniques treatment while the 26 patients in control group patients received the basic routine pharmacological treatment only. Patients were assessed through the help of the Saint George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) from baseline to 3 months in both groups. Results: Baseline treatment showed mean SGRQ total score was 26.53±27.39 in the control group and 20.0±20.27 (p<0.33) in the experimental group. Assessment after 3 months showed mean SGRQ total score was 14.50±12.26 in control group and 8.11±10.32 (p<0.04) in experimental group. Conclusion: Active cycle of breathing techniques was more effective with conventional medicine among chronic bronchitis patients in comparison with patients with medicine alone. Significant differences was observed in symptoms, activity, impact, and total SGRQ scores of the experimental group.

Diagnostic value of functional tests in determining the condition of the cardiorespiratory system

Background. The purpose was to study the nature of changes in the cardiorespiratory system in the case of short-term hypoxemia during functional tests with breath-holding. Materials and methods. The paper presents the results of a survey of school-age children with acute bronchitis with and without obstructive syndrome (60 patients) and a group of healthy children (52 people). Patients underwent pulse oximetry in combination with hypoxic tests for breath-holding with data recording on a computer and performed a Rufier test. Results. The severity of bronchitis in patients in the first days was average on the BSS-ped scale — 7.79 ± 0.19 points. The level of blood oxygen saturation was normal (above 95 %), but there was a difference between the groups: in patients with obstructive syndrome it was 98.60 ± 0.04 %, in the absence of this syndrome — 98.80 ± 0.03 %, which was lower than in the control group — 99.00 ± 0.01 % (p < 0.05). Time of breath-holding did not differ significantly between groups, but there was a slight decrease in saturation after them. There was greater reaction to breath-holding on exhalation. Level of oxygenation in patients with bronchitis achieved by increasing heart rate. Due to the phenomena of relative hypoxemia of peripheral tissues during convalescence, there was a decrease in tolerance to physical loading after the Rufier test. Conclusions. It is established that even in mild forms of acute bronchitis in children, according to functional tests, there is a decrease in gas exchange reserves, especially in the presence of obstructive syndrome. Compensatory mechanisms to maintain blood saturation are based on increasing systemic blood flow due to increased heart rate.

Efficacy and safety of Tanreqing oral liquid in treatment of acute bronchitis: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundApproximately 5% of adults have an episode of acute bronchitis each year, accounting for more than 10 million medical visits yearly. The primary goal of treatment is reduction of symptoms. Currently, available medications are questionable in effectiveness and safety and are not recommended for routine use in clinical practice. Although Chinese herbal medicine has been widely used in the management of acute bronchitis in China, evidence-based data is lacking. This trial aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Tanreqing oral liquid in the treatment of acute bronchitis with phlegm-heat obstructing lungs syndrome.Methods/designThis study is a prospective, multi-center, randomized, double-blinded, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial. A total of 270 acute bronchitis adult patients with phlegm-heat obstructing lungs syndrome will be enrolled from outpatients and emergency departments at nine study centers across China. All included patients will be randomly allocated to receive Tanreqing oral liquid or placebo oral liquid, 20 mL three times daily for seven consecutive days. The primary outcome will be cough resolution rate. Secondary outcomes will include change of bronchitis symptoms scores from baseline to post-treatment, cough relief rate, time to cough resolution, time to cough relief, resolution rate of a single symptom, combination medicine use, change of traditional Chinese medicine syndrome score from baseline to post-treatment, and adverse events.DiscussionThis trial may provide an alternative treatment option for acute bronchitis patients, especially those in outpatients and emergency departments. It may also add evidence to Chinese herbal medicine for treating acute bronchitis.Trial registrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2000040264. Registered on 26 November 2020