Bromocresol Green Research Articles

Spectrophotometric Determination of Alprazolam in Pure and Pharmaceutical Forms using Triphenyl Methane Dyes

Three simple and sensitive extractive spectrophotometric methods have been described for the assay of Alprazolam either in pure form or in pharmaceutical formulations. The developed methods involve formation of coloured chloroform extractable ion-pair complexes of the drug with bromothymol blue (BTB), bromophenol blue (BPB) and bromocresol green (BCG) in acidic medium. The extracted complexes showed absorbance maxima at 410, 408 and 405nm with use of the cited reagents, respectively. The stoichiometry of the complex is found to be 1:1 in each case. Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration ranges 3.0-25, 4.0-30, and 4.5-40μg/ml with BTB, BPB and BCG respectively. The effect of concentration of dye, pH, and interference of excipients have been studied and optimized. The limits of detection and quantification have been determined for three methods. All the three methods have been validated as per the guidelines of ICH. The methods have been applied to the determination of drug in commercial tablets and results of analysis were validated statistically through recovery studies.

Fabrication of cellulose acetate membrane for monitoring freshness of minimally processed pomegranate (Punica granatum) arils

This study examined the freshness of minimally processed pomegranate arils (MPPAs) under refrigeration conditions (5 ± 1 °C) stored in a polypropylene (PP) container sealed with PP nanocomposite multi-layered film (PP-NMF). The freshness indicator was fabricated using cellulose acetate coated with a combination of colorimetric pH dyes, which included bromocresol green (BCG), bromothymol blue (BTB) and methyl red (MR) in a ratio of 6:9:15. The fabricated indicator labels were attached inside the package headspace and observed an increase in CO2 (0.1 ± 0.01 to 0.9 ± 0.03% v/v) and a decrease in O2 (19.6 ± 0.01 to 18.8 ± 0.03% v/v) during storage (0–18 days). Color change of indicator labels was mainly caused by headspace concentrations that changed from dark to colorless for fresh and spoiled pomegranate arils. The PP-NMF used in MPPAs has high barrier properties, extending its shelf life in the refrigerator to over 15 days. The pomegranate arils stored for different periods of time showed significant changes in their physicochemical parameters. Over storage days, aerobic mesophilic bacteria (AMB) and yeast and mold count (YMC) increased to 4.90 ± 0.20 and 4.50 ± 0.20 log CFU g−1. An indicator developed for monitoring pomegranate arils stored in the refrigerator can detect freshness efficiently.

Difference between Uric Acid and Albumin Levels in Chronic Kidney Failure Patients Before and After Hemodialysis

Chronic kidney failure (CKF) is a decrease in kidney function has decreased. The impact that occurs is the accumulation of metabolic waste, including fluid overload, uremia, hyperuricemia and hyperkalemia. Hemodialysis is the process of cleansing the blood through a distillation process outside the body using a machine (dialyzer). The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in uric acid levels and albumin levels in patients with chronic renal failure before and after hemodialysis at Dr. Muhammad Zyn Sampang General Hospital. This type of research is experimental with 15 patients using purposive random sampling technique. The method of examining uric acid using Enzymatic Photometry, and the method of examining albumin using Bromocresol Green. The research was conducted in April-May 2021 at RSUD Dr. Muhammad Zyn Sampang. This study used the Wilcoxon test. It can be concluded that there is a significant difference (p <0.05) uric acid levels (p = 0.001) and albumin levels (p = 0.001) in patients with chronic renal failure before and after hemodialysis.

Efficacy of SDS For Protein Extraction from Broiler Muscles and Mammalian Liver Tissue

Background: The present study purports to check and validate the potential of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) alone being a suitable and cost-effective lysis buffer for maximum and efficient protein extraction from various muscle tissues of broiler chicken and mammalian liver. Materials and Methods: Three different muscle tissues (I; chest, II; wing and III; leg) were extracted from randomly selected commercial broilers (n=4) while mice (n=3) were dissected for the extraction of liver tissue samples. 1:1 ratio (w/v) of SDS; 10 and 1.0 & 1.5% was used for muscles and liver tissues, respectively for its best time optimization for protein extraction. After incubation, respective tissues were homogenized followed by centrifugation. The supernatant was then processed for crude protein (CP) extraction by Bromocresol Green (BCG) method. Results: SDS (10%) achieved a maximum yield of CP after 1 hour of incubation. When checked the co-dependence of SDS-reagent on muscle-tissue type and time of incubation, tissue I (chest) was found to give maximum CP contents after 1 hour of incubation, tissue II (wing) extracted more CP after 3 hours while tissue III (leg) rendered equal amounts of CP after 1, 2 and 3 hours of incubation, respectively. From the mammalian liver tissue maximum yield of CP (6.9 g/dl), and albumin (ALB) (1.6 g/dl) was obtained with 1.5% of SDS. While the CP and albumin (Alb) content was not detected after homogenization with 1.0% SDS. Significance was checked at (P< 0.05). Conclusion: It is concluded from the above findings that 10% SDS is the best lysis buffer concentration to extract crude protein from all the studied broiler muscle tissues while from mice liver samples we found 1.5% SDS lysis reagent seems good than 1.0%. Furthermore, this simple and cheapest procedure and ease of preparation this reagent may be suitable for extraction of important tissue protein fractions.

Development and Validation of Extractive Spectrophotometric Methods for the Estimation of Telmisartan by Using Smartphone Application

Two simple, sensitive, accurate, precise and reproducible extractive colorimetric methods were developed for estimation of Telmisartan in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. These methods are based on the formation of colored ion-pair complex of Telmisartan with Bromocresol green (BCG) and Bromocresol purple (BCP) dyes in acidic medium. The complex was extracted in chloroform and estimated quantitatively at 421 nm and 411 nm for BCG and BCP dyes respectively. For estimation of TMS present in the sample, estimation was also done by using Smartphone Application known as PhotoMetrix Pro. Beer Lambert’s law was obeyed over a range of 4-12 μg/ml for TMS with BCG dye by UV (r²= 0.9997) and PhotoMetrix (r²= 0.997) and for BCP dye it was obeyed over a range of 2-10 μg/ml by UV (r²= 0.999) and PhotoMetrix (r²= 0.998). The developed method was successfully applied for estimation of TMS in three commercial product tablet formulation without interference from common additives. The developed method was validated according to ICH Q2 guideline for linearity, range, accuracy, and precision. Comparison for both method UV and PhotoMetrix was done by performing t-test, and results show that there is no significant difference between both methods and hence Photometrix can be used as an alternative to UV for routine analysis of TMS.
 Keywords: Telmisartan, Bromocresol green, Bromocresol purple, Acidic dyes, Colorimetry, UV spectrophotometry, PhotoMetrix.

Competitive adsorption of Alizarin Red S and Bromocresol Green from aqueous solutions using brookite TiO2 nanoparticles: experimental and molecular dynamics simulation.

In this work, the effective adsorption and the subsequent photodegradation activity, of TiO2 brookite nanoparticles, for the removal of anionic dyes, namely, Alizarin Red S (ARS) and Bromocresol Green (BCG) were studied. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of both dyes' concentration, contact time, and temperature. Photodegradation experiments for the adsorbed dyes were achieved using ultraviolet light illumination (6W, λ = 365nm). The single adsorption isotherms were fitted to the Sips model. The binary adsorption isotherms were fitted using the Extended-Sips model. The results of adsorption isotherms showed that the estimated maximum adsorption uptakes in the binary system were around 140mgg-1 and 45.5mgg-1 for ARS and BCG, respectively. In terms of adsorption kinetics, the uptake toward ARS was faster than BCG molecules in which the equilibrium was obtained in 7min for ARS, while it took 180min for BCG. Moreover, the thermodynamics results showed that the adsorption process was spontaneous for both anionic dyes. All these macroscopic competitive adsorption results indicate high selectivity toward ARS molecules in the presence of BCG molecules. Additionally, the TiO2 nanoparticles were successfully regenerated using UV irradiation. Moreover, molecular dynamics computational modeling was performed to understand the molecules' optimum coordination, TiO2 geometry, adsorption selectivity, and binary solution adsorption energies. The simulation energies distribution exhibits lower adsorption energies for ARS in the range from - 628 to - 1046 [Formula: see text] for both single and binary systems. In addition to that, the water adsorption energy was found to be between - 42 and - 209 [Formula: see text].

Determination of Water Content in Organic Solvents using a Novel Rapid Test Kit

A Novel Test for determining water in important organic solvents like Acetone, Ethyl Acetate, 1,4- Dioxane, Petroleum Ether in different ranges of volume % were explored. The test strips of Bromocresol Green (BG) , Methyl Orange (MO) indicator of dyes were used to measure the acidity of the organic solution. The Calibration Curve were used for detection of an unknown solution with water content. This was an attempt to explore solvatochromic effect on the indicator dyes, which inturn even measured the volume % of water in organic solvents. Since analysis time required was only 10 minutes, this method could be used as a handy and a quick indicator of water in organic solvents.

Applicability of Nylon 66 Fabric Dyed with Bromocresol Green as Textile Chemosensor

Applicability of Nylon 66 Fabric Dyed with Bromocresol Green as Textile Chemosensor

Choice of assay affects serum albumin measurements in HIV patients: A comparison of bromocresol green and bromocresol purple dye binding methods

Background: Dye-binding assays – bromocresol green (BCG) and bromocresol purple (BCP) –are widely used for serum albumin measurement. Differences between the results reported by these assays can have important clinical implications. There are limited studies elucidating the differences between the results of two assays in HIV patients. We aimed to determine whether the choice of assay affects serum albumin measurements in HIV patients. Materials and Methods: Hundred newly diagnosed HIV patients were included in the study. The subjects were followed up for 6–12 months after initiating ART. Hundred HIV-negative healthy controls matched for age and body mass index were taken as controls. Serum albumin and three acute phase proteins (APPs) (Alpha-1 acid glycoprotein, C-reactive protein, ceruloplasmin) were measured. Serum albumin measurement was done by both BCG and BCP dye binding methods. Paired t-test was used to compare the groups. Results: The concentration of APPs reduces with ART indicating reduced inflammation, and is lowest in the control group. The difference in serum albumin concentrations measured by the two dye binding methods reduces with reduction in APPs. The study further indicates that the BCG method gives higher values of serum albumin as compared to BCP method in the presence of other proteins in the sample. Conclusion: The choice of albumin assay affects the serum albumin assessment of HIV patients. We recommend that the BCP assay be used to measure serum albumin in HIV patients, particularly in patients not on ART.

A study on the correlation between smoking and non-enzymatic antioxidant factors of the saliva of healthy smokers and non-smokers

Objective: Smoking is among the most destructive habit which has numerous effects on the body. The chemical competent of cigarettes destroy the anti-oxidant content of the saliva. In this study, the concentration of albumin and uric acid of smokers was measured based on the frequency of smoking. Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 26 heavy smokers, 27 moderate smokers and 29 non-smokers between the ages of 25 to 40 were selected. The subjects did not suffer from any systemic or periodontal conditions. Unstimulated saliva was collected by spitting. The amount of albumin was measured by Bromocresol Green, and the amount of uric acid was measured by the uricase method. The selected method of analysis, using SPSS software, was One-Way ANOVA. Results: Mean albumin content of saliva was 10.22 ± 2.10 mg/dl in non-smokers and 23.88 ± 8.93 mg/dl in heavy smokers. Both uric acid and albumin content was significant in heavy smokers and non-smokers (P=0.001). Conclusions: Based on the findings of this study, saliva concentrations of both Albumin and Uric Acid change based on the frequency of smoking. Decrease of saliva albumin and an increase of uric acid is an indicator of the unhealthy effects of smoking on the body. KEYWORDSUric Acid; Albumin; Saliva; Cigarette Smoking; Oxidative stress.

SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ESTIMATION OF TOTAL ALKALOIDS IN CHITRAKA (PLUMBAGO ZEYLANICA LINN) USING BROMOCRESOL GREEN

Background: Plumbago zeylanica L. (Plumbaginaceae) commonly known, as Chitraka is pharmacologically important plant. Various studies have been undertaken to assess the pharmacological potential of different parts of the plant namely like roots, stem, flower, and leaves as antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, anticancer, antifertility, antiulcer, antifungal and wound healing. Chitraka is rich in alkaloids hence present study is taken. Objective: The objective of the present study was to determine the total alkaloid content in Chitraka Materials & Methods: The presence of alkaloids was confirmed by qualitative dragendroffs method subjected to quantification, the total alkaloid content (TAC) was estimated spectrophotometric ally using Bromocresol green method with Atropine as standard. Results: The results showed that root of Chitraka are rich source of alkaloids. The root extract of chitraka showed highest alkaloid content 83.4mg/g Atropine equivalent. Conclusion: The total alkaloid content of Chitraka was well established by spectrophotometric studies. And it is direct, simple & sensitive spectrophotometric method for determination of total alkaloid based on the reaction with Bromocresol green

Artificial Intelligence-Based Tools for Process Optimization: Case Study—Bromocresol Green Decolorization with Active Carbon

This study highlights the benefits of optimizing the decolorization of bromocresol green (a colorant/pH indicator widely used in the industry, whose degradation produces toxic byproducts) by adsorption on active carbon. A set of experiments were planned and performed based on the design of experiments methodology for the following parameters: the colorant concentration (0.009-0.045 g/L), the amount of adsorbent (0.5-3 g/L), and the contact time (60-240 min). Modeling and optimization strategies were employed to determine the working conditions leading to efficiency maximization. Using the response surface methodology, the optimum values of the primary process parameters were established. In addition, a modified bacterial foraging optimization algorithm was applied as an alternative optimizer in combination with artificial neural networks in order to determine multiple combinations of parameters that can lead to maximum process efficiency. Different solutions were obtained with the considered strategies, and the maximum efficiency obtained was >99%. The study emphasizes that adsorption on active carbon is an effective method for bromocresol green decolorization in wastewater that can be further improved using advanced optimization methods.

Correlation Analysis between Ratio of C-Reactive Protein/Albumin and Severity of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in Children

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a dengue infection which can cause shock and leads to mortality. Hypoalbuminemia is a marker of plasma leakage in DHF and correlated with severity of in fl ammatory response triggered by infection, including DHF. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) is a proin fl ammatory marker that also increases in DHF. This study aims to determine a correlation of CRP/albumin ratio with severity of DHF. Cross sectional study on pediatric patients diagnosed as DHF at Saiful Anwar Malang Hospital was done in July-December 2016. CRP levels were examined using immunoturbidimetry method, while albumin was examined by using Bromocresol Green (BCG) method. Correlation of CRP/albumin ratio with DHF severity was analyzed by using Pearson correlation test.The result showed that there were signi fi cant diff erences in CRP levels and CRP/albumin ratios in the Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) and non-DSS group (p = 0.002, p = 0.001, α<0.05). There was no signi fi cant diff erence in albumin level in the same group (p = 0.207, α <0.05). Positive correlation found in CRP and CRP/albumin ratio (r = 0.46, r = 0.49, α <0.01). On the contrary the negative correlation was found in albumin (r = -0.21, α <0.01). This is presumably because albumin is an acute phase protein which will decrease along with the severity of infection. In contrast, CRP will increase during the critical phase of infection. It can be concluded that the CRP/albumin ratio was positively correlated with DHF severity, as well as CRP levels, but not positively correlatedwith albumin.

Fabrication of a “progress bar” colorimetric strip sensor array by dye-mixing method as a potential food freshness indicator

Colorimetric sensing is a low-cost, intuitive method for monitoring the freshness of food. We prepared a colorimetric strip sensor array by mixing different amounts of bromophenol blue (BPB) and bromocresol green (BCG). As results of NH3 simulation, the array strip turned from yellow to blue, and the number of blue spots increased with the increasing NH3, like a progress bar. Although the actual color is quite different, the color-changing trend was consistent with the simulated model calculated by a computer. The progress bar results remained stable under three lighting conditions. Furthermore, in the Cod preservation experiment, the color-changing progress of the strip sensor array is consistent with the simulation and can indicate Cod freshness while providing more distinguish levels. Therefore, a “progress bar” indicator built by this strategy possess the potential of realizing nondestructive, more accurate, and commercially available food quality monitoring through the naked eye and smart equipment recognition.

Effects of fluorination and thermal shock on the photocatalytic activity of Bi2O3 nanopowders

Fluorinated Bi2O3 (F-Bi2O3) nanopowder was prepared via fluorination followed by thermal shock of α-Bi2O3 nanopowder. The XRD, FTIR, SEM, and DRS characterization techniques were employed to investigate the effects of fluorine (F) insertion into the α-Bi2O3 host and the thermal shock from different temperatures. The crystal structure, optical and photocatalytic properties of the F-Bi2O3 nanopowders prepared were researched. The XRD results confirmed the substitution of O2- with F-. The FTIR results revealed that the coordination of Bi atoms changed upon F- substitution. The incorporation of F into the α-Bi2O3 host and thermal shock did not influence the morphology but modified the band structure of α-Bi2O3, leading to a red-shift in the optical absorption edge. Also, the bandgap narrowed from 2.8 eV to 2.6 eV. The density functional theory calculation proved that the F 2p orbitals were positioned in the valence band (VB), resulting in broader and more spread bands for F-Bi2O3. The results suggested that the photoexcited charge carrier mobility in the valence band (VB) and conduction band (CB) are enhanced upon F insertion into α-Bi2O3. The photocatalytic efficiency of the synthesized nanopowders was assessed by the degradation of Bromocresol Green (BG) under visible light illumination. Photocatalytic activity improved upon fluorination. The F-Bi2O3 nanopowders thermally shocked from higher temperatures showed negligible photocatalytic performance. The best photocatalytic performance of 70% BG degradation was realized after 180 min visible irradiation for the F-Bi2O3 nanopowder thermal shocked from 500 °C.

Protein Electrophoresis of Serum and Heparinized Plasma in the Common Mynah (Acridotheres tristis).

Although serum protein electrophoresis is a diagnostic tool available through many veterinary laboratories, there currently are no reference intervals for protein fractions in healthy common mynahs (Acridotheres tristis). Therefore, electrophoretic patterns of proteins in serum and heparinized plasma of the common mynah were evaluated. Blood specimens were collected from 55 healthy adult common mynahs of unknown age (26 males and 29 females). The serum total protein and protein fractions were measured using the biuret method followed by cellulose acetate electrophoresis (CAE). The serum level of albumin was compared with bromocresol green (BCG) dye-binding and CAE methods. Four protein fractions, including albumin and α, β, and γ globulins, were recorded in the electrophoretogram of serum specimens. Sex appeared to have no significant effect on the measured parameters. The serum BCG albumin fraction was significantly higher than the CAE albumin fraction (P = .01). Also, the comparison of total protein and protein fractions in serum and plasma specimens of 25 of the 55 birds sampled showed that total protein (Cohen index d = 0.66, P = .03), gamma globulin (d = 1.13, P = .00), and total globulin (d = 0.67, P = .00) in plasma samples were significantly higher than those in serum samples. The results of this study provide the specific reference intervals for total protein and protein fractions in common mynahs, which are essential for proper interpretation of laboratory results and also revealed that the albumin measurement by the BCG method yields unreliable results in common mynahs.

Removal of Bromocresol Green from aqueous solution by electro-Fenton and electro-Fenton-like processes with different catalysts: laboratory and kinetic model investigation.

This study presents the removal of triarylmethane dye Bromocresol Green from aqueous solution by the electro-Fenton process. As catalysts five different cations were used: Fe2+, Ce3+, Ni2+, Mn2+, and Co2+. They play crucial roles in the whole process because they react with H2O2 producing hydroxyl radicals that are capable of breaking down dye molecules. Based on this, a comparison of catalytic activity of these cations in the electro-Fenton process is made for Bromocresol Green degradation. A simple and universal kinetic model is also applied to study the catalytic activity of investigated catalysts. Due to its multidimensionality it is fitted to experimental data using a genetic algorithm. The procedure of fitting using a genetic algorithm is thoroughly described and demonstrated. The activity of utilized catalysts is compared based on both experimental and model data revealing that for Bromocresol Green removal all alternative catalysts (Ni2+, Co2+, Ce3+, Mn2+) are better than the typical one (Fe2+, 51.83% degradation). The best catalyst is Co2+ with 78.35% degradation efficiency. Moreover, the adopted kinetic model proved its universality and outlined different interactions between catalysts and dye molecules.

Cysteine-loaded pH-responsive liposome/gold nanoparticles as a time-temperature indicator with instantaneous color change

A novel time-temperature indicator (TTI) with instantaneous color change was developed by applying cysteine-loaded pH-responsive liposome/gold nanoparticles (Cys-pRL/AuNP) as a pH indicator to the glucose oxidase/glucose (GOx/Glu) TTI. It was hypothesized that the pH change caused by gluconic acid production causes cysteine release from the Cys-pRL, resulting in the AuNP aggregation (red→blue) at the pRL critical pH. The Cys-pRL with a lipid bilayer (phosphatidylcholine/dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine/cholesterol/oleic acid in molar ratio of 24/24/40/12) was prepared by the freeze-drying method. The spherical morphology of the Cys-pRL was confirmed from TEM micrographs. FTIR analysis revealed that the cysteine was captured in the Cys-pRL. The critical pH of the pRL was found to be 4.0–4.7 by using [Cys-pRL/AuNP]/HCl. [Cys-pRL/AuNP]/[GOx/Glu] TTI showed the instantaneous color change in a narrow transition zone (pH 4.0–4.6), whereas a conventional TTI with regular pH indicator bromocresol green/[GOx/Glu] showed the gradual color change in a wide transition zone (pH 3.9–6.1).

Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction for Bromocresol Green Removal with β-Cyclodextrin Functionalized Magnetic Nanotubes

Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction for Bromocresol Green Removal with β-Cyclodextrin Functionalized Magnetic Nanotubes

Distance-Based Paper Device for a Naked-Eye Albumin-to-Alkaline Phosphatase Ratio Assay.

The albumin-to-alkaline phosphatase ratio (AAPR) has been a cancer prognostic indicator. This paper presents the concept of a dual-color change distance-based paper device (dPAD) for albumin (Alb) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) detection to evaluate this cancer prognostic index. Whereas Alb interacts with the bromocresol green (BCG) indicator to form a bluish-green complex, ALP hydrolyzes l-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate (AAP) to produce ascorbic acid (AA), which reacts with KIO3 to generate I2 and I-. I2/I- reacts with silver hexagonal nanoprisms (purple color) in the presence of Cu2+, resulting in a color change from purple to colorless. The distance of the color change from yellow to the bluish-green and purple to colorless correlates to Alb and ALP concentration, respectively. The angle index for the AAPR is then defined by drawing a straight line that connects the tops of the two changed band lengths in the detection area. The highest bluish-green color band length on the Alb region is the midpoint, which is the position set of the protractor at 0°, and the angle is measured using a simple protractor. The results indicate that an AAPR below 0.57 will have an angle greater than 40° and correlates with a risk factor for lung cancer. The naked-eye detection limits for Alb and ALP were found to be 0.8 g/L and 5 U/L (n = 10), respectively. The practical application of the developed dPAD was successfully demonstrated by Alb and ALP analysis in human serum and validated against standard methods. The proposed method does not require incubation conditions for the ALP assay, which strongly reduces the overall analysis steps and time. Moreover, our device provides a low-cost, simple, sensitive, selective, accurate, and precise determination of the AAPR.