Bromocresol Green Research Articles

Reliability of albumin bromocresol green colorimetric method and clinical impact

Measuring plasma albumin is a common and important laboratory test. We compared the results obtained with the bromocresol green (BCG) colorimetric, immunoturbidimetric (IT), and capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods and evaluated the clinical reliability of the colorimetric test. Samples from 320 patients including 227 patients with hypoalbuminemia (albumin levels <35 g/L) were analyzed. Results were compared between different patient groups. The BCG method indicated significantly higher plasma albumin levels than the CE and IT methods, especially in patients with elevated C-reactive protein, alpha-1 globulin (a1G), and alpha-2 globulin (a2G) values. A significant proportion of patients with mild hypoalbuminemia tested using the BCG method (albBCG) and were classified as severely hypoalbuminemic (albumin <20 g/L) when switching to the CE or IT method (albCE and albIT). These patients had elevated a1G and/or a2G levels. This change of result implied an additional indication for albumin replacement therapy. The BCG method significantly overestimates albumin levels in patients with inflammation and hypoalbuminemia, which may lead to inappropriate therapeutic decisions.

Biosorption of dyes in wastewater using chitosan/polyethylene nanoparticle as adsorbent

Chitosan/low-density polyethylene (CHNP/LDPE) nanoparticles, sized at approximately 200 nm, were developed as effective adsorbents for removing dyes from wastewater. This study involved a systematic experimental investigation to evaluate the effects of several parameters: adsorbent dosage, contact time, temperature, pH, and initial dye concentration, all conducted in batch experiments at ambient temperature. The optimal adsorption conditions were identified; specifically, a pH of 5 was most effective for Methylene Blue (MB) dye, while a pH of 6 yielded the best results for Bromocresol Green (BG) dye. The highest removal efficiency was observed with an initial dye concentration of 50 mg/L and an adsorbent dosage of 0.05 mg/L. Equilibrium studies indicated that the adsorption process conformed to the Langmuir isotherm model for single systems. Notably, MB exhibited a higher adsorption capacity of 147 mg/g compared to BG’s capacity of 142.8 mg/g. These findings underscore the potential of CHNP/LDPE biocomposites as a novel biosorbent for dye removal in wastewater treatment applications, suggesting an efficient and environmentally friendly approach to managing dye pollutants.Graphical abstract

Experimental and Theoretical Studies on the Adsorption of Bromocresol Green from Aqueous Solution Using Cucumber Straw Biochar

Biochar prepared from crop straw is an economical method for adsorbing bromocresol green (BCG) from textile industrial wastewater. However, there is limited research on the adsorption mechanism of biochar for the removal of BCG. This study utilized cucumber straw as raw material to prepare biochar with good adsorption potential and characterized its physicochemical properties. Through adsorption experiments, the effects of solution pH, biochar dosage, and initial dye concentration on adsorption performance were examined. The adsorption mechanism of cucumber straw biochar (CBC) for BCG was elucidated at the molecular level using adsorption kinetics, adsorption isotherm models, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Results show that the specific surface area of the CBC is 101.58 m2/g, and it has a high degree of carbonization, similar to the structure of graphite crystals. The presence of aromatic rings, –OH groups, and –COOH groups in CBC provides abundant adsorption sites for BCG. The adsorption process of CBC for BCG is influenced by both physical and chemical adsorption, and can be described by the Langmuir isotherm model, indicating a monolayer adsorption process. The theoretical maximum monolayer adsorption capacity (qm) of BCG at 298 K was calculated to be 99.18 mg/g. DFT calculations reveal interactions between BCG and CBC involving electrostatic interactions, van der Waals forces, halogen–π interactions, π–π interactions, and hydrogen bonds. Additionally, the interaction of hydrogen bonds between BCG and the –COOH group of biochar is stronger than that between BCG and the –OH group. These findings provide valuable insights into the preparation and application of efficient organic dye adsorbents.

Multi-color emission composites of white carbon dots and dyes through inner filter effect

A series of multi-color carbon dot composites were obtained by transforming white carbon dots (WCDs) into three primary colors using the dyes' inner filter effect (IFE). WCDs were combined with three distinct dyes (methyl red, bromocresol green, and methylene blue), and three fluorescence colors (red, yellow, and blue) were obtained. The colors of the emitting light excited by the same UV light were similar to the colors of the respective dyes, and have a large Stokes shift. The presence of the IFE between WCDs and dyes was proved through a variety of methods, the analysis of the relationship between the UV of dyes and fluorescence spectra of WCDs, the excitation-emission matrix, as well as the comparison PL decay profiles of WCDs before and after dye addition. The Stern-Volmer quenching constant KSV exhibited no temperature dependence during the IFE process with increasing concentrations of dyes. The UV spectra of the mixture of WCDs and dyes were simply the sum of two individual components, which implies that there is no chemical interaction between WCDs and dyes. Since methyl red and bromocresol green are acid-base indicators, the fluorescence color of the carbon dot composite also changed continuously during the dilute NaOH solution titration process. In furtherment, distributing the binary system of “WCDs + dye” within poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA), three colors fluorescent composite films of “WCDs / Dye / PVA” were produced successfully.

FABRICATION OF CU MODIFIED NANO CHITOSAN WITH BROMOCRESOL GREEN AS INTELLIGENT PACKAGING

In recent advancements, the development of smart packaging systems for food has focused on utilizing composite materials to enhance functionality and sustainability. In this study, the composite film from chitosan and PVA was combined at various concentrations (ranging from 0.1% to 0.5%) with the addition of Cu(500mM) and 1% STPP at a 5:1 ratio. An additional indicator was included to detect fish spoilage. The synthesized chitosan material was then blended with PVA to form a composite film. The film was characterized using FTIR, which confirmed the presence of fingerprint vibrations indicating the cross-linking between TPP, chitosan, and Cu. These bonds were observed at wave numbers 1118 cm-1, 879 cm-1, and 603 cm-1. SEM analysis revealed that the film had particle sizes ranging from 865 nm to 1.49 μm. XRD analysis showed distinctive features of pure chitosan and chitosan composite. The composite film K-05 produced an amorphous structure, indicating decreased crystallinity due to the addition of STPP and Cu. The water uptake test demonstrated that an increased concentration of chitosan in the composite led to higher absorption and solubility effects. Conversely, the addition of chitosan in the film decreased water vapor permeability as determined by the water vapor permeability test. The antibacterial test conducted on all films (concentration of 0.1% to 0.5%) indicated that the films K-01 and K-02 exhibited the best zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli. This study sucessfully synthesized and characterized a smart packaging film composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), chitosan, copper (Cu), and bromocresol green (BCG) indicator, designed to monitor food freshness through visual pH changes and inhibition of microbial growth.

The different serum albumin assays influence the prescriptions in children with primary nephrotic syndrome

The differences between the serum albumin determined by bromocresol green (BCG) and immunonephelometry (IN) were inconsistent in past studies, and the samples were all adults. We sought to determine the differences in children and reveal the impacts of these differences on the clinical diagnosis and treatments of primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS). Repeated measurements from 576 PNS children showed that albumin measured by BCG and IN (ALB-B and ALB-I) were 19.95 (11.15) g/L and 15.30 (11.05) g/L, respectively, and the mean difference was 4.68 g/L (P < 0.001). The cut-offs we calculated for hypoalbuminemia and severe hypoalbuminemia based on the IN were 25 and 15 g/L, which were 5 g/L lower than the cut-offs recommended by KIDGO, respectively. A pair of historical control samples (206 vs. 216) with ALB-B or ALB-I showed that the proportion of severe hypoalbuminemia was 14.60% greater in IN group (75.20% vs. 60.60%, P < 0.001). The misdiagnosis rate of severe hypoalbuminemia by IN was 33.77% when 20 g/L rather than 15 g/L was used as the cut-off. Furthermore, the proportion of patients receiving albumin injections increased by 10.20%, and the average consumption increased by 97.06% (P = 0.01) along with the use of IN. So, our results suggested that the difference between ALB-B and ALB-I led to misdiagnosis and prescription abuse in PNS children.

Designing the pH-sensitive indicator based on starch nanoparticle with bromocresol green for monitoring meat spoilage

ABSTRACT The starch nanoparticle, combined with bromocresol green (BCG), served as a pH-sensitive indicator to monitor meat quality throughout an 8-day refrigerated storage period. The meat samples were sealed in package which the pH-sensitive indicator attached to the interior part of packaging lid. The changes in meat quality were evaluated by total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN), pH, total viable count (TVC), sensory analysis, and color in interval of 0, 3, 5, 7, and 8-days storage at 4°C. Initial TVBN values were recorded at 19.6 mg/100 g, increased to 26.6 mg/100 g by the end of storage period. The pH value was significantly increased after 8 days storage at 4°C. The observed color variation in the indicator from yellow to blue was attributed to the concurrent increases in TVBN, TVC, and pH. The indicator color changes had significant correlation with analyzed chemical quality of stored meat. Therefore, the designed BCG pH-sensitive indicator could be effective in monitoring the meat spoilage during storage.

Carboxylate bridging Cd(II)-based 1D coordination polymer: Structure, fabrication of Schottky device and selective sorption of Bromocresol Green

Phenyl-1,3-diacetate (1,3-PDAt) bridging Cd(II)-based 1D coordination polymer {[Cd(1,3-PDAt)(phen)]⋅(MeOH)⋅(H2O)0.5}n, (CP) where 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) serves as chelating ligand has been structurally confirmed by Single Crystal X-Ray Diffraction measurements along with other spectral data. The thermal treatment releases MeOH at ∼90 °C and the final product ends at CdO. The Tauc’s plot evaluates the band gap, 3.87 eV (calculated value, 3.76 eV) using absorption spectral data which marks the semiconducting nature of the material. This has motivated us to fabricate Schottky Diode device and the measured conductance is 8.87 × 10−6 S/m in the dark. Interestingly, 1D CP shows selective and specific sorption of Bromocresol Green (BG) out of four common dyes (Methylene blue, Methyl orange, Rhodamine B, and Bromocresol Green (BG)). Besides, the sorbed BG in the CP is leached out on treating with water and the CP has been re-used for further sorption studies. Thus, the CP is economically recycled which is the first principle of Sustainable Development Goals.

Determination of candesartan and amlodipine using ion pair and cloud point methods

No communicable diseases are a growing concern in the field of cardiovascular disease, where the use of amlodipine and candesartan, two antihypertensive drugs, has gained significant attention as a commonly used treatment strategy. Bromothymol blue and bromocresol green were used as reagents in UV spectrophotometry to test amlodipine and candesartan. The results obtained were in the dual-ion method, assuming a linear range between 5 and 55 μg mL−1 at pH = 11.5. The optimal dye volume is 0.7 mL. The temperature at which maximum absorption occurred was recorded at 25 °C, with corresponding recovery percentages of 98.2312 % and 102.2449 %. The range of relative standard deviation values is 0.02154–0.096745. The cloud results have a linear range extending from 1 to 55μg mL−1. Thus, at pH = 11, the most appropriate dye volume is 1 mL. The observed recovery rates for this procedure are 98.1045 % and 100.5664 %, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD%) results range from 0.013205 % to 0.02427 %. The above spectral estimates were performed with a high level of accuracy, uniformity, and responsiveness. The methods described in this study have been applied in specific contexts.

&lt;i&gt;Congenital Analbuminemia&lt;/i&gt;

Congenital analbuminemia (CAA) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by the absence or very low level of serum albumin (human serum albumin/HSA) as a result of defect on chromosome 4 which encodes albumin. It is defined as albumin level &lt;1 g/l with normal liver function and the absence of protein loss.1,2 Estimated CAA prevalence is less than 1 in 1 million.A 10-year-old boy suffered from generalized edema that got worsened since last month. The patient had been misdiagnosed with nephrotic syndrome 2 years earlier, and then became protein-losing enteropathy. Neither cough nor diarrhea were reported. The patient had history of food allergy. Physical examination showed moderately ill condition, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score E4 V5 M6, blood pressure 90/50 mmHg, pulse 120 x/min, respiratory rate 30x/min, palpebral edema, shifting dullness, undulation (+), with nonpitting edema on the extremities. Laboratory findings: leukocytosis (neutrophilia), peripheral blood smear showed hypochromic microcytic anisositosis erythrocyte. AAT serum 246 mg/dl, GGT serum: 88 U/l, iron serum 28 µg/dl, TIBC 411 µg/dl, transferrin saturation 7%, total IgE 775,90 U/ml. Serum Protein Electrophoresis (SPE) results were hypoalbuminemia (1,4 g/dl), hypogammaglobulinemia (0,21 g/dl), and total protein 2,91 g/dl. Chest X-ray showed pneumonia with minimal right pleural effusion. Overestimation of serum albumin level was caused by alpha and beta globulin that were detected as albumin in bromocresol green (BCG) methods. CAA aggravated with by allergy caused malnutrition in this patient. These data support the diagnosis of CAA with sepsis and iron deficiency anemia. Suggestion for the management consist of blood culture, procalcitonin level measurement, inguinal lymph node biopsy, DNA sequence analysis, also analysis of pleural and ascites fluid.

Monoclinic α-Bi2O3 nanorods by microwave-assisted synthesis: Photocatalytic and antioxidant properties

Nanotechnology has emerged as a new route for addressing most environmental and medical challenges, hence this field of research continues to generate research interest. Herein, Bi2O3 was synthesized by a microwave-assisted thermal process. X-ray diffraction (XRD) result confirmed that a nanocrystalline monoclinic crystal structure of the α-phase was formed, and both the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis confirmed that the synthesized α-Bi2O3 were rod-like in shape. The length of the nanorods was in the range of 60–160 nm, with an average dimension of 101.5 nm, while the width has an average value of 23 nm. A band gap energy value of 2.75 eV was obtained from the absorption spectroscopy, and they absorbed light in the UV to visible range, with an absorption maximum of around 345 nm. Photocatalytic activity of the nanorods under UV irradiation was investigated by assessing the degradation of Bromocresol green (BG) as a model pollutant. The degradation process of the dye molecules was studied at different concentrations (20–80 mg/L), varied photocatalyst dosage (0.025, 0.05, 0.075, and 1.0 g), and a range of solution pH (3, 6, 9, and 12). About 75 % optimum photocatalytic efficiency was achieved at pH 6 after 3 h. In addition, the results showed that an increase in catalyst dosage and concentration of dye molecules contributed to promoting the degradation effect. Moreover, the photocatalyst was found to be stable after 4 consecutive cycles, with negligible loss of efficiency. The antioxidant potency of the nanorods was assessed by evaluating their free radical scavenging capabilities across 4 different assays: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH), Nitric oxide (NO), Hydrogen peroxide (HP) radical inhibition, and Reducing power (RP). The results from the IC50 values indicated the sample exhibited better inhibition of HP (25.22 µg/mL), followed by RP (28.22 µg/mL), NO (29.37 µg/mL), and DPPH (32.72 µg/mL) respectively. However, the standard Ascorbic acid exhibited IC50 values of 16.25, 24.50, 25.07, and 28.40 µg/mL for DPPH, RP, HP, and NO, respectively. These unique properties of the nanorods showed that they have good antioxidant potential that is comparable with that of Ascorbic acid used as the standard.

Exploring albumin-sulfonephthalein dyes interactions by a chemometric-assisted and multi-technique equilibria analysis in solution

Albumin is undoubtedly the most studied protein thanks to its widespread diffusion and biochemistry; despite its binding ability towards different dyes, provoking dye’s colour change, has been exploited for decades for quantification purposes, the joint effect of working pH, ionic strength, and dye’s pKa still remains only sporadically discussed. In the present study, the interaction of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) with five dyes belonging to the sulfonephthalein group, Bromophenol Blue (BPB, pKa = 3.75), Bromocresol Green (BCG, pKa = 4.42), Chlorophenol Red (CPR, pKa = 5.74), Bromocresol Purple (BCP, pKa = 6.05) and Bromothymol Blue (BTB, pKa = 6.72), is investigated at four working pH values (3.5, 6.0, 7.5 and 9.0) and two ionic strength conditions by UV–Vis spectroscopy. Principal Component Analysis is then applied to rationalize dye behavior upon BSA addition at each pH value and to summarize the protein effect on dyes’ spectral features, identifying three general behaviors. The most relevant systems are then submitted to further characterization involving a solution equilibria study aimed at determining conditional binding constants for the selected DSA-dye adducts and fluorescence, CD, and 1H NMR spectroscopy to evaluate the binding effect on the species involved.

Performance evaluation of different albumin assays for the detection of analbuminemia.

Analbuminemia is characterized by the near absence of albumin in the plasma. Different methods are available for measuring albumin levels, but they do not necessarily agree with one another. It is a concern that analbuminemic samples could be falsely characterized due to the incorrect estimation of albumin. The objective of the work was to evaluate the performance of different assays in detecting analbuminemia. Albumin knockout (Alb-/-) mouse plasma was used to test the suitability of different albumin assays for their ability to properly characterize extreme albumin deficiency. Bromocresol green (BCG), bromocresol purple (BCP), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and gel electrophoresis were tested. The LC-MS/MS assay exhibited broad coverage of the amino acid sequence of albumin and indicated 8,400-fold lower (P<0.0001) albumin expression in Alb-/- than wildtype (WT), demonstrating its suitability for identifying extreme albumin deficiency. ELISA estimated albumin at 1.5±0.1 g/dL in WT and was below the detection limit in all Alb-/- samples. Gel electrophoresis yielded consistent results with LC-MS/MS and ELISA. The BCG assay overestimated albumin with apparently appreciable albumin concentrations in Alb-/- mice, yet the assay still indicated a significant difference between genotypes (Alb-/-, 1.2±0.05 g/dL, WT, 3.7±0.1 g/dL, P<0.0001). BCP drastically overestimated albumin and could not successfully identify the known analbuminemic phenotype of Alb-/- mice. By using Alb-/- plasma as a reference material and LC-MS/MS as a reference method, ELISA and gel electrophoresis appear appropriate for identifying analbuminemia, while BCG and BCP are not suitable. It is concluded that dye-binding assays should be avoided when extreme hypoalbuminemia or analbuminemia is suspected.

Photochemical degradation of bromocresol green dye by UV/Co2+ process via activation of peroxymonosulfate: a mechanistic approach

Abstract This study is focused on the application of the ultraviolet/peroxymonosulfate/cobaltous cation (UV/PMS/Co2+) (cobalt II ion) system for the successful degradation of bromocresol green (BCG) dye in an aqueous solution. The influences of different variables like initial PMS concentration, pH of the media, and catalyst dose in terms of BCG degradation were studied. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the UV/PMS/Co2+ system for the degradation of BCG was performed in different water systems (i.e., deionized water, tap water, and industrial wastewater). UV and UV–PMS systems alone contributed 13 and 67%, respectively, in the degradation of BCG with the kapp values of 0.006 and 0.0297 min−1, respectively. It was observed that by the incorporation of Co2+ in the UV–PMS system, the degradation of BCG was significantly increased from 67 to 98% with the corresponding increase in kapp values to 0.0931 min−1. The scavenger results revealed the SO4•- and •OH radicals are the dominant species involved in the BCG removal. The toxicity data showed that the UV/PMS/Co2+ method considerably reduced the toxicity of textile effluent. In addition, seven BCG degradation products (DPs) have been identified experimentally using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In conclusion, the UV/PMS/Co2+ procedure can be used to effectively cleanse and detoxify wastewater.

Experimental and modeling studies on the removal of bromocresol green from aqueous solutions by using pine cone-derived activated biochar

AbstractThis study was carried out to evaluate the potential application of pine cone (PC)-derived activated biochar which has a surface area of 1714.5 m2/g for bromocresol green (BCG) dye removal from aqueous solution. Batch adsorption experiments involved varying pH, temperature, contact time, adsorbent dosage, and initial dye concentrations and the maximum BCG removal (96.27%) occurred at pH: 2.0, T: 45 °C, m: 2 g/L, t: 15 min., and Co: 25 mg/L. To study the characteristics of adsorption, the adsorption kinetic isotherm and thermodynamic parameters were employed. The experimental data was evaluated to fit well with the Temkin isotherm (R2 = 0.99) and the adsorption process followed pseudo-first-order kinetics (R2 = 0.96). Thermodynamic parameters obtained from the adsorptive uptake showed that the interaction was endothermic and spontaneous in nature. The regenerated activated PC biochar showed good performance (95.0%), even, after 4th regeneration. To predict the BCG adsorption capacity of activated PC biochar, many different artificial neural network (ANN) models have been developed. The optimal ANN model gave mean absolute error (MAE), mean bias error (MBE), root mean square error (RMSE), and R2 values of 0.036, 0.578, 0.947, and 0.999, respectively. The results obtained showed that ANN can be used to effectively model the BCG adsorption process.

Unveiling Synergistic Bonds: Exploring Spectroscopic Interactions between Tween 20 and Bromocresol Green for Enhanced Applications

Background: Surfactants and dyes interact in ways that can significantly alter the optical properties of solutions, a phenomenon with broad implications across various scientific fields, including healthcare. Understanding these interactions, especially in aqueous environments, is crucial for developing advanced diagnostic tools and enhancing drug delivery systems. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the interactions between the non-ionic surfactant Tween 20 and the dye Bromocresol Green (BCG) in aqueous solutions. By elucidating these interactions, the research sought to explore the potential for improving the accuracy and efficiency of spectroscopic assays used in medical diagnostics and therapeutic applications. Methods: Aqueous solutions of BCG were prepared in varying concentrations of Tween 20 surfactant. Spectroscopic analyses were conducted at two wavelengths, 510 nm and 520 nm, to observe the effects of surfactant concentration on dye absorbance. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) was determined by analyzing changes in absorbance and reciprocal absorbance (1/A) patterns. Beer’s Law was applied to calculate the molar absorption coefficients, providing a quantitative measure of the interaction strength between the dye and surfactant molecules. Results: The study found that the absorbance of BCG increased linearly with the concentration of Tween 20 up to the CMC, after which the increase continued at a different rate. At 510 nm, absorbance values ranged from 0.277 to 1.627 au as Tween 20 concentration increased from 0.005 mM to 0.017 mM, with molar absorption coefficients (ε) escalating from 0.483 to 2.839 (10^3 cm^2 mmol^-1). Similar trends were observed at 520 nm, underscoring the impact of micelle formation on dye-surfactant interactions. Conclusion: The interaction between Tween 20 and BCG significantly affects the absorbance properties of BCG in aqueous solutions, with marked changes observed upon reaching the CMC. These findings highlight the potential of surfactant-dye interactions to enhance the performance of spectroscopic assays in healthcare settings, offering pathways to more sensitive diagnostic techniques and efficient drug delivery systems.

Structure and optical properties of V3+and Eu3+ ions co-doped nanocrystalline MgAl2O4 nanopowders for photoluminescent applications

A synthetic material having a cubic crystal structure and exceptional chemical, thermal, dielectric, mechanical, and optical capabilities is magnesium aluminate (MgAl2O4) spinel. These characteristics made magnesium aluminium oxide (MgAl2O4) an essential material for optically transparent windows, domes, armour, and some refractory applications. This research proposes an innovative and low-cost method for producing spinel magnesium aluminate (MgAl2O4). Sol-gel auto-combustion method synthesis approach by ammonium hydroxide precipitation and citric acid as a fuel were used to create MgAl2O4 nanocrystalline materials. The gels were dried at 120 °C while being doped with various vanadium ion concentrations with the same amount of rare earth Eu3+ ions and then calcined at 1100 °C for 8 h. Highly crystalline MgAl2O4:V3+:Eu3+ was obtained under fuel-rich conditions only. Physical and chemical methods, including X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopes, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, UV–VIS-NIR spectrophotometry and photoluminescence analysis, were used to characterize the produced spinel materials. The effects of adsorbent dosage, contact time, and initial concentrations on total bromocresol green (BCG) removal from wastewater were studied using real wastewater. Optimal conditions were found for total BCG removal. BCG removal and adsorption capacity of MgAl2O4:0.05V3+:0.011Eu3+ nanoparticles were achieved as 96.40 % and 90.10 %, respectively. In addition, other optimum conditions of adsorbent dosage and contact time were found as 1.5 g/L and 120 min. in this study, respectively. The removal of BCG using MgAl2O4:V3+:Eu3+ NPs was fitted with Langmuir isotherm kinetic model. The results indicated that MgAl2O4:V3+:Eu3+ nanospinel was suitable adsorbents for the removal of BCG from industrial wastewater.

Positively Charged Organosilanes Covalently Linked to the Silica Network as Modulating Tools for the Salinity Correction of pH Values Obtained with Colorimetric Sensor Arrays (CSAs).

Seven increasing levels of water salinity from 0.029 to 0.600 M (as NaCl) were used to investigate the dependence of pH measurement, performed using colorimetric sensor arrays (CSAs), on ionic strength. The CSAs were arrays of sensing spots prepared in the form of sol-gel-embedding Bromothymol Blue (BB) and Bromocresol Green (BCG) in a porous nitrocellulose support. The support was impregnated over the entire thickness (≈100 µm), allowing for the signal (Hue) acquisition on the opposite side to the contact with the sample solution. Three CSAs were prepared, M1, M2, and M3. M1 contained a free cationic surfactant, hexadecyltrimethylammonium p-toluenesulfonate (CTApTs), for modulating the pKa of the indicators. In M2, the surfactant dimethyloctadecyl[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ammonium chloride (DTSACl) was covalently bonded to the sol-gel. M3 was prepared like M2 but using a larger amount of ethanol as the solvent for the synthesis. The modulation of the CTApTs or the DTSACl concentration enabled the tuning of the pKa. In general, the pKa modulation ability decreased with the increase in salinity. The presence of a surfactant covalently linked to the backbone partially reduced the competitiveness of the anionic species, improving the results. Nevertheless, the salt effect was still present, and a correction algorithm was required. Between pH 5.00 and 12.00, this correction could be made automatically by using spots taken as references to produce sensors independent of salinity. As the salt effect is virtually absent above 0.160 M, M2 and M3 can be used for future applications in seawater.

Appraisal of phytochemical constituents, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of folkloric Pentanema confertiflorum rootbark extracts

BackgroundMedicinal plants have cultural prominence in the management of ailments worldwide. The different organs of Pentanema confertiflorum (hereafter referred as P. confertiflorum) as have been used to ameliorate different diseases in Ethiopia. Thus, this study focused on the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial screening of P. confertiflorum rootbark solvent fractions. MethodsThe rootbark of P. confertiflorum was successively soaked with petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol. The total phenolic (TPC), flavonoid (TFC), and alkaloid contents (TAC) of the different crude extracts were determined through Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent (FCR), aluminum chloride colorimetric, and bromocresol green (BCG) assays, respectively. In addition, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were employed to determine the antioxidant activity of crude extracts. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity of the crude extracts was assessed against different bacteria strains via the disc diffusion method. ResultsThe qualitative phytochemical investigation study resonated with the abundance of several secondary metabolites, especially in the methanolic rootbark extract (MRBE). In addition, the MRBE had the highest TPC (76.7 mg GAE/g extracts), TFC (86.89 mg QE/g extracts), and TAC (80.68 mg ATE/g extracts) as compared to petroleum ether and chloroform extracts. Consistent with its TPC, TFC, and TAC, the MRBE demonstrated better antioxidant activity against DPPH radical scavenging (IC50 = 44.53 ppm) and FRAP assays (EC50 = 42.72 ppm). Moreover, all the rootbark extracts induced dose-dependent antibacterial activity against Streptococci pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. ConclusionsThe preliminary findings suggested the presence of a strong correlation between the folkloric use of P. confertiflorum and its observed antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Rigorous studies on the extracts such as the isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds, and detailed bioactivity and toxicity studies are desirable to bring about safe and effective lead compounds.

Synthesis of trimethoprim vanillin anchored conjugate imprinted polymers for removal of bromocresol green and malachite green from aqueous media

Bromocresol green (BCG) and malachite green (MG) are water-soluble toxic organic dyes with adverse health and environmental implications. This study presented a conjugate imprinted adsorbent (CIA) synthesized by incorporating trimethoprim vanillin ligand into a highly crosslinked polymer, designed for the efficient removal of BCG and MG from wastewater. Characterization of CIA involved X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, and scanning electron microscopic analyses. Batch adsorption processes were conducted to evaluate the adsorption characteristics of CIA, with focuses on the effects of contact time, initial dye concentration, pH, and temperature. The molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) achieved removal efficiencies of 99.27% and 98.99% at equilibrium for BCG and MG adsorption, respectively. The non-imprinted polymers (NIPs) demonstrated BCG and MG adsorption efficiencies of 51.52% and 62.90% at equilibrium, respectively. Kinetic and isotherm models were employed to elucidate the BCG and MG adsorption mechanisms. The thermodynamic results indicated non-spontaneous and spontaneous reactions for BCG and MG adsorption on MIPs under the examined temperature conditions. The adsorbent exhibited sustained high removal efficiency through five reuse cycles, with no apparent reduction in adsorption performance. Validation of the adsorbent using real textile wastewater samples achieved BCG and MG removal efficiencies of 85.5%–87.5%. The adsorbent outperformed previously reported materials in BCG and MG adsorption. The synthesized CIA is a promising adsorbent for BCG and MG dye removal, contributing to water sustainability.