Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park Research Articles

Plant diversity on coffee agroforestry land in the buffer zone of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park in East Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Zayadi H, Hakim L, Sudarto, Batoro J. 2024. Plant diversity on coffee agroforestry land in the buffer zone of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park in East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 1030-1036. Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (BTSNP) is facing threats to biodiversity due to land transfer functions and sand mining in rural areas. Land use conversion and sand mining in rural areas near BTSNP and Perhutani are threatening biodiversity through activities like land degradation, deforestation, forest depletion, and global climate change impacting local agriculture. Coffee farms in Poncokusumo and Wajak have been abandoned, leading to a decline in coffee farming and other agricultural commodities. Coffee-based agroforestry systems have been implemented to address this issue and improve soil fertility and vegetation diversity. This research aimed to identify and analyze plant diversity in coffee agroforestry land in BTNSP. The study was carried out in January-December 2022 in the village districts of Poncokusumo Sub-district (Sumberejo) and Wajak Sub-district of Malang District, which borders directly with BTSNP, collecting flora compositions and classifying them based on growth rate. The study identified 27 orders, 38 families, and 71 species of plants in the coffee fields. The presence of various plant species in the coffee fields contributes to the ecosystem's stability and the soil's quality. This research highlights the importance of the agroforestry system in promoting biodiversity conservation and sustainable coffee farming in the BTSNP area.

Utilization of Village Funds Based on Planning in Development in Improving Village Autonomy and Welfare of Village Communities in Malang Regency

This study aims to analyze how the impact of using Village Funds for village independence and community welfare in Sumberpasir and Pucangsongo Villages, Pakis District, Malang Regency based on community perceptions using the Sustainable Livelihood Approach (SLA) approach. The selection of the two villages was based on consideration of the uniqueness of different characters, where Sumberpasir is tourism-based because it is on the route of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (TNBTS) while Pucangsongo is agriculture-based. The results of the analysis show that in Sumberpasir Village, the impact of village utilization is more prominent on social capital, namely in the form of collaboration with other communities and human capital in the form of training for technology. In Pucangsongo Village, the use of village funds for the independence and welfare of rural communities is influenced by financial capital, in the form of business capital assistance for farmer groups. In addition, natural capital factors are also prominent as the use of village funds also to support the agricultural sector. This research contributes to an empirical study that provides an understanding that the utilization of village funds can be heterogeneous based on the characteristics of each village.

Herpetofauna in Ranu Darungan and Blok Ireng-Ireng, Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park: Before-After the COVID-19 and Eruption

The continuous eruption of the Bromo Tengger Semeru volcanic complex may have impacted the overall biodiversity in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, including amphibians and reptiles. On the other hand, restrictions on traveling during the COVID-19 pandemic may positively impact nature by minimizing the tourism-disturbance. This study analyzes the diversity of reptiles and amphibians before and after COVID-19 and Semeru eruption at Ranu Darungan and Blok Ireng-Ireng (utilization zone) of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park during three continuous surveys (2019, 2021, and 2022). Preliminary sampling was conducted in August 2021, whereas extensive sampling was carried out in March–May 2022 using a visual encounter survey on two habitat conditions (terrestrial and aquatic); we used previous survey data for 2019. The continuous surveys in Ranu Darungan and Blok Ireng-Ireng showed the herpetofauna diversity consisting of 19 amphibian species (6 families) and 11 reptile species (5 families), where sampling effort in 2022 was adequate to reflect the overall herpetofauna diversity. There was a decrease in the species diversity index in Ranu Darungan after the Semeru eruption, indicating an increase in environmental stress for amphibians. However, the expected trend was not observed before and after the COVID-19 pandemic; other factors (besides reduced human activity at the site) may have contributed. Keywords: amphibian, diversity, herpetofauna, national park, reptile

Environmental Preservation Of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park Using Green Marketing Strategy

The establishment of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park as 10 Priority Tourism Destinations by the Ministry of Tourism, caused Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park to experience a significant increase in visits and also has implications for tourism development in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park and its surroundings. This shows the weakness of natural tourism management whose success is only measured by the number of visitors. Green Marketing which is carried out sustainably is the result of corrections to the development of mass tourism which has had many negative impacts on the natural environment and local communities. This research aims to identify the impact of tourism on the environment, analyze the market, apply the marketing mix, and develop a Green Marketing strategy for preservation in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park. Based on the results of the analysis, environmental impacts arise due to a lack of awareness from tourists and the community, a lack of human resources from managers, and mass tourism

Digitalization of Sanja Village Vegetation Conservation Through 360° Virtual Exploration to Support Smart Eco-Tourism Development in the Tosari Area

Tosari Village is one of the tourist support villages in the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (TNBTS) area and has a tourist village known as Sanja Village. Sanja Village tourism is a form of ecological conservation, which utilizes the potential of the land with the presence of various vegetation supporting the land which is arranged and this potential is used as an ecotourism area. Based on survey results, observations and interviews with Sanja Desa managers, it is clear that there are still shortcomings in packaging content and tourism branding in the current digital era. So in this case there is a need for technological innovation that is in line with tourism trends, one of which is Virtual Exploration which is able to fully explore tourist destinations virtually. The development of virtual exploration is able to build smart eco-tourism in Sanja village. The development stages in this research start from planning, preparation, implementation and reporting. Through virtual exploration of vegetation conservation, Sanja Desa is able to support the development of smart ecotourism in Tosari village. The development of virtual exploration is a form of digitalization by exploring the diversity of vegetation conservation, ecology and culture in 360°, capable of creating a tourist experience that is realistic to visit before Sanja Village. The digitalization of Sanja village ecotourism is able to create sustainable development of Tosari village.

Liverworts (Marchantiophyta) of Ireng-ireng forest Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, east Java Indonesia

The liverwort diversity of Java Island totaled 480 species and was mainly dominated by specimens from West Java. However, exploration of this plant group was still insufficient in East Java. Ireng-ireng forest, a tropical mountain forest located in the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (BTS National Park) east Java Indonesia, is an area with a high potency of liverworts diversity. The aim of this research was to explore the liverwort diversity originating from the Ireng-ireng forest in BTS National Park. The study investigated liverworts across the elevation gradient of tropical mountain forests in the Ireng-ireng forest. A total of 24 liverwort species were identified, belonging to 18 genera and 11 families. The family with the highest number of species in the study area was Lejeuneaceae.

Local community perceptions of tourism impact in the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park ecotourism area

Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (BTSNP) is one of the ecotourism in Indonesia that has been designated by UNESCO as one of the world's biosphere reserve. It is considered to have harmony between ecological and economic aspects. This study aims to analyze local community perceptions of tourism impact at BTSNP ecotourism based on economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts; and analyze the correlations between the impact of and the demographic characteristics of respondents. The data was obtained from Tengger community in Sapikerep Village, Sukapura Subdistrict, Probolinggo Regency using questionnaire and it was analyzed with descriptive statistic and correlation analysis using Kendall's tau-b test. The results of this study show that the residents’ perceived of the impact of tourism is mostly positive (80% agreed) towards three aspects of tourism impacts. Then, it was found that residents who own a business in a tourist area had a positive significant correlation with perception of tourism impact from the economic and socio-cultural dimension. As for other demographic characteristics, such as age, gender, income level, and education level, there is no significant correlation with perceived of tourism impacts. The existence of the BTSNP brings opportunities for local residents to become entrepreneurs. Local residents who own a business more likely to have better perception of tourism impact. The positive impact from the economic and socio-cultural side is enjoyed more by the people who are directly involved in tourism activities.

Study of Environmental Carrying Capacity on Three Potential Tourism Destinations of Lumajang Regency, East Java

Lumajang Regency in East Java Province has significant potential for tourism development due to its intersection with the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (TNBTS). The purpose of this research is to assess the Environmental Carrying Capacity (DDTL) of toruism area to provide a foundation for sustainable tourism development planning in Lumajang Regency. The research focuses on three tourist destinations: Ranu Pane, Wotgalih Beach, and Tumpak Sewu Waterfall. The method used is the DDTL calculation approach by Cifuentes (1992), which includes Physical Carrying Capacity (PCC), Real Carrying Capacity (RCC), and Effective Carrying Capacity (ECC). Data was collected through observation, literature study, and interviews with key stakeholders. The analysis results display the PCC, RCC, and ECC values in sequence for each location: Ranu Pane (9,941; 1,228; 1,228), Wotgalih Beach (1,641; 1,068; 1,068), and Tumpak Sewu Waterfall (312; 25; 25). The ECC value can serve as a metric for measuring the DDTL status of tourist locations in comparison to the average number of tourists. Ranu Pane and Wotgalih Beach have an ECC value greater than 1,000 when compared to the average number of tourists, which ranges from 500 to 900 people per day. Therefore, their status has not yet exceeded the DDTL. In contrast, Tumpak Sewu Waterfall has an ECC value of less than 50 with an average number of tourists exceeding 100 people per day, and its status is classified as having exceeded the DDTL limit. These results can be considered by the Lumajang Regency Government when planning the development of tourist destinations.

Traditional Ecological Knowledge of the Tengger Tribe and its Influencing Factors in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park

An understanding of the local traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) of a region is crucial to understand the interactions between indigenous societies and their ecosystems. To understand the TEK of Indonesian indigenous people and its influencing factors, we evaluated the Tengger people’s knowledge and conservation awareness regarding culturally important plants (Javanese edelweiss). We interviewed 641 people from seven Tengger villages located adjacent to Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (BTS), Indonesia. We developed 31 models to examine factors affecting edelweiss knowledge and calculated the Akaike information criterion values to select the best model. Sex, education, and residency duration were significant predictors of edelweiss knowledge. Men, individuals with higher levels of education, and those who had lived in the area for a longer period of time had higher levels of edelweiss knowledge. Our findings confirm that communication within the community and external information sources, such as media and formal education, are involved in knowledge transmission related to edelweiss. Educational activities for local people can be used to disseminate TEK through formal education in schools and informal education programs conducted by the national park managers.

New data on and the easternmost record of the Javan endemic Pearly Tree Frog, Nyctixalus margaritifer Boulenger, 1882 (Anura, Rhacophoridae)

New locality records and a range extension of the Javan endemic Pearly Tree Frog, Nyctixalus margaritifer Boulenger, 1882 are reported from Central Java and East Java. Our new data include the easternmost record in Java, a record from the eastern edge of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, which is approximately 142 km west of the species’ type locality in Gunung Willis in East Java. This tree-frog species inhabits undisturbed rainforest with a dense canopy and vegetation at elevations up to 1,200 m a.s.l. Based on a morphometric analysis of newly collected specimens, we found observable differences in several morphological characters. However, more specimens are needed to confirm the taxonomic status of the rare, endemic, and poorly known N. margaritifer.

INCREASING HUMAN CAPACITY IN OPTIMIZING THE MARKETING OF TOURISM PRODUCTS IN THE EDELWEISS FARMERS GROUP, WONOKITRI VILLAGE, PASURUAN

Tourism is an important aspect as part of the government's main focus. Based on the situation analysis, Pasuruan Regency has the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park Area (TNBTS) which is the top seven national tourist destinations. Wonokitri Village, Tosari District, Pasuruan Regency is part of the TNBTS Area which is a potential agricultural and plantation area. Apart from offering natural beauty and economic potential in the form of horticultural products from potatoes, cabbage, carrots and onions, Wonokitri Village is also very rich in traditional culture. Wonokitri Village is the only village that has not been touched by foreign investors. However, unfortunately this area has not been developed optimally by the Village Government, including human resource management, finance, tourism product diversification and marketing. So, the main issues raised in this community service activity are related to aspects of production management and business management. Community service with the Binus Bangun Desa scheme aims to increase HR capacity in Destination Management and Optimizing Digital-based Marketing of Tourism Products in the Taman Edelweiss Farmer Group, Wonokitri Village, Tosari District, Pasuruan Regency. The activities that will be carried out in this community service program will apply digital branding including websites and social media content as an effort to digitize and optimize the Edelweiss Park tourist area. This service activity is based on the research of the proposing team lecturers in the previous period. In this community service activity, the service team provides counseling and assistance to partners to be able to implement applications/websites and publications via social media content. This community service is very important to help tourism industry in marketing and distributing services through social media channels. It is hoped that carrying out these community service activities can help tourism be relatively productive.

Ethnopharmacology of medicinal plants used by the Tenggerese community in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, Indonesia

Abstract. Bhagawan WS, Ekasari W, Agil M. 2023. Ethnopharmacology of medicinal plants used by the Tenggerese community in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 5464-5477. Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park is a repository of biodiversity with profound cultural significance. The Tenggerese community residing within the park possesses rich ethnopharmacological knowledge, using medicinal plants for various ailments. This study aims to comprehensively explore the medicinal plant diversity, traditional uses, and potential pharmacological activities among the Tenggerese people. Ethnopharmacological data was gathered through interviews with informants in seven Tenggerese villages. Ethnopharmacological indices like Species Use Value (SUV) and Fidelity Level (FL) were calculated to identify the most important medicinal plants. Phytochemical analysis of selected medicinal plants was conducted using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS, and its pharmacological potential was assessed through antibacterial tests. A total of 124 medicinal plant species from 54 families were documented. The Tenggerese community utilizes plants to treat diverse diseases, with reproductive healthcare being prominently featured. Elaeocarpus longifolius emerged as a key species with high SUV and FL values. Phytochemical analysis identified 25 compounds, including major and minor compounds, already known for their pharmacological activities elsewhere. Elaeocarpus longifolius extract showed inhibitor activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The findings contribute to bridging traditional knowledge and modern scientific research, offering potential avenues for the development of drug candidates from indigenous medicinal plants.

The Development of an E-book Based on Local Wisdom Around Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park to Train High School Students' Creative Thinking Skill

Objective: This research aims to produce an e-book based on local wisdom on the use of medicinal plants by the people around Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park on plantae material to train students' creative thinking skills. Method: The research uses the ADDIE development model (analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation). Data retrieval through a validation process by three validators, namely education experts, material experts, and biology teachers, practicality through readability tests. Results: The results of the e-book validation get an average high score with very valid criteria. The practicality of the e-book is measured based on the readability test. The readability test results show the readability level at level 10 so that it is suitable for use by grade X students. Novelty: Students' creative thinking skills can be trained by integrating local wisdom with various learning media such as books, modules, and student worksheets, both printed and electronic.

Local knowledge-based conservation partnerships in the Tengger tribe community in Poncokusumo and Senduro East Java Province, Indonesia

The Tengger tribe community has local knowledge of using forest products, especially non-timber ones. The use of non-timber forest products from the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (TNBTS) area has various uses, including food, medicine, and traditional rituals. The local knowledge of the Tengger tribe community in the use of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) can be used as a reference in determining the types of non-timber forest products that can be developed in conservation partnership programs in the context of community empowerment. This research aims to analyze the types of non-timber forest products that can be implemented in conservation partnership programs in the context of community empowerment. The research was conducted in July – September 2023, in 3 (three) villages located in 2 (two) districts, namely Ngadas village (Enclave), Poncokusumo District, Malang Regency, as well as Ranupani (Enclave) and Argosari villages (TNBTS buffer villages), Senduro District, Lumajang Regency.. The method used is descriptive qualitative, with data collection techniques, namely semi-structured interviews, documentation studies, and observations. Data analysis in this research uses Miles and Huberman analysis. The technique used to select informants was purposive sampling. Snowball sampling was used to select informants. To find out the types of non-timber forest products that are utilized and can be implemented in conservation partnerships based on local knowledge of the Tengger tribe community, informants were used, namely traditional community leaders and ordinary people in the villages of Ngadas about 10 people, Ranupani about 10 people and Argosari about 15 people. Based on the research results, information was obtained that the types of non-timber forest products that are utilized and can be implemented in conservation partnerships are based on local knowledge of the Tengger tribe community. They consisted of the families Asteraceae (3 species), Fabaceae (1 species), Schizophyllum (1 species), Auriculariaceae (1 species), Apiaceae (2 species), Apocynaceae (1 species), Melastomataceae (1 species), Acoraceae (1 species), Lauraceae (1 species) and Fabaceae (1 species), with various uses, including for food, medicine and for traditional ritual purposes.

Found but Forgotten: On the Records, Misidentification, and Potential Rediscovery of the Rare Bromo Tengger Semeru Mountain Endemic Snake (Serpentes: Colubridae: <i>Tetralepis fruhstorferi</i>)

Tetralepis fruhstorferi is a snake currently only known to be endemic to a single active volcano complex of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park in East Java of Indonesia. Its taxonomic identity and natural history are poorly known, as the most recent collection was in 1978 and limited to only a few collection records. We investigated two recently published surveys that have misidentified this species. This may indicate that T. fruhstorferi is still present in its type locality and our future surveys would focus on finding this species to assess its taxonomy and population status.

Innovation of Virtual Reality: Assistance in the Development of Tengger Heritage Journey as a Promotion of Sustainable Tourism Villages in Tosari

Tosari Village is one of the tourism-supporting villages in the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (TNBTS) area and already has Sanja Tosari Village as a tourist village. Based on survey, observation, and interview activities, Sanja of Tosari Village has problems promoting tourism villages that still utilize personal and community social media. In addition, the promotion of tourist villages has also not utilized virtual reality technology due to minimal capacity and accessibility. The solution to problem partners is assisting the development and application of smart tourism virtual reality as a medium for promoting sustainable tourism villages. The stages of developing smart tourism virtual reality start from data collection, processing, product development, and product results carried out by partners. This community service activity results in a virtual reality-based Tengger Heritage Journey as a promotional medium for Sanja Tosari Village. With this community service activity, the management of the tourist village has the experience and ability to develop and utilize virtual reality in tourism activities.

Pola Kebakaran Hutan di Areal Konservasi Studi Kasus di Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru

Forest fires are disasters that can occur due to environmental conditions that support one of them, such as El Nino events or extreme climatic conditions. One of the factors that influences the occurrence of extreme climates is rainfall. Forest fires in Indonesia are mostly caused by human activities, which are supported by extreme climatic conditions. Forest areas that have the potential to cause forest fires include conservation areas that are closely related to human activities. Conservation areas that are closely related to humans include the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (TNBTS). TNBTS has the function of a conservation area as well as a tourist area. The existence of humans who become tourists or visitors in conservation area locations creates opportunities for forest fires in conservation areas that are supported by extreme climatic conditions. TNBTS has a rainfall pattern, with the lowest rainfall occurring in May-Jun-Jul-Aug-Sept, while the highest is in Nov-Dec-Jan-Feb-Mar. When there is low rainfall, it can cause the TNBTS area to be prone to fire, so it is necessary to take preventive measures in the month before the dry season occurs. Prevention as an effort to control forest fires can be done by keeping the area tighter at the start of the dry season, namely in May. Based on hotspot data of fire incidents from 2001–2020, the most frequent occurrences were in other nationalities in 2001, 2014, and 2019. Based on the results of identification using data, not all hotspots can be declared fire incidents, but heat generated from the existing crater of Mount Semeru at the TNBTS location.
 Keywords: Bromo Tengger Semeru, Forest Fire, Conservation Area, Hotspot, National Park

Formulation of Tengger herbal coffee: Effect of coffee type and fennel seed powder

The Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (or Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru/TNBTS) is a popular tourist destination in Indonesia, and the local authorities encourage the development of new local specialty products. One locally available commodity is coffee. This study investigated the best formula for Tengger herbal coffee. The randomized block design (RBD) consisted of two factors, including the coffee types (i.e., Arabica, Robusta, and Arabica:Robusta (50:50)) and the proportion of coffee:fennel seed powders (i.e., 92:8, 90:10, and 88:12). Physicochemical and organoleptic quality parameters were analyzed. In all coffee types, the addition of fennel seed powder at different concentrations significantly affects the sensory attribute (i.e., color, taste, and aroma) and the physicochemical characteristics of Tengger herbal coffee. The blending of coffee with fennel seed powder improved the taste and aroma of the herbal coffee. The best formulation was obtained from A3B3, a mixture of 44% Arabica coffee: 44% Robusta coffee: 12% fennel seed powder. This formula resulted in Tengger herbal coffee with pH 4.9, 16.6 color lightness, 0.64% total insoluble solids (TIS), 0.07% caffeine content, 47.2 mg GAE/g total phenol, 0.49 ppm antioxidant activity (IC50), and 0.58% reducing sugar. The findings confirmed that Tengger herbal coffee offers health benefits from its antioxidant activity, alongside the potential as a traditional beverage product.

Sosialisasi Peranan Lembaga Adat dalam Menyelesaikan Pelanggaran Adat di Kaseupahan Sinar Resmi Kabupaten Sukabumi

Local and foreign tourists can be persuaded to visit attractions offered through social media. Wonokitri Village, one of the gateways to Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (TNBTS), has resumed tourism promotion through social media. There are barriers to managing social media, including owning and managing social media. The charity will be implemented through outreach and direct support to village youth by involving Pokdarwis Wonokitri Village as a participant. The goal is to make village promotions more inclusive and allow local communities to manage social media to attract tourists. Philanthropic activities include direct participatory efforts. The first step in maximizing our work was to work with POKDARWIS members to identify the key constraints and needs of the local community. Next, a discussion was held on the content that characterizes the village's potential. In addition, local village youth are supported to create engaging social media content for tourists, especially in the form of photographs. The implementation team also gained an understanding of the different functions of social media used and how to best utilize them to promote digital village tourism.

Tourist Experience in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park

The development of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (BTSNP) can be done by looking at the tourism experience of Generation Z. The subject of this research is Generation Z (Gen Z). The main problem in this investigate is how the involvement of Gen Z traveling in BTSNP. This study points to describe the experience of Gen Z tourists in BTSNP. This investigate was conducted employing a subjective approach with information collection strategies, specifically interviews and writing. The conclusion of this study is BTSNP has succeeded in fulfilling tourist experience and tourist satisfaction for Gen Z tourists. The value of the research conducted is to identify the needs and experiences of Gen Z tourists as a market for the present and the future of tourism. Keywords : Tourist experience, tourist satisfaction, Gen Z