Bromine In Aqueous Solution Research Articles

Mechanism of Bromine Oxidations: II. Kinetics of Oxidation of Isobutyraldehyde by Bromine in Aqueous Solution

AbstractThe Kinetics of Oxidation of Isobutyraldehyde by bromine in Aqueous solution has been studied. The reaction is found to be of the first order with respect to isobutyraldehyde and first order with respect to moleculer bromine. The various activation parameters have been calculated. A hydride abstraction mechanism based on the results of deuterium isotope effect has been suggested.

Dünnschichtchromatographisch-enzymatischer'nachweis phosphororganischer insektizide : Aktivierung schwacher esterasehemmer

Thin-layer chromatographic-enzymatic identification of organophosphorus insecticides. Activation of weak esterase inhibitors. 1. R F values of 20 insecticide esterase inhibitors, determined in solvent systems consisting of benzene and acetone in various ratios, are presented. 2. Employment of different activation techniques considerably improves the detection sensitivity of the initially not, or only weakly, inhibiting thiono- or dithiophosphoric acid esters, as well as of the phosphonic acid ester trichlorphon. 3. For the thionophosphoric acid esters parathion, methylparathion and bromophos, oxidation with an aqueous bromine solution proved superior to the hitherto commonly used treatment with bromine vapour. 4. An increased detection sensitivity of dimethoate can only be achieved by means of ultraviolet irradiation. The other thionophosphoric acid esters can also be detected with high sensitivity in this way. 5. Treatment with ammonium hydroxide improves the detection sensitivity of trichlorphon, whereby it is converted into DDVP.

Kinetics of the reactions of olefins with halogens in aqueous solution. Part II. Reactions of bromine with various olefins, and of hydrogen bromide with some epoxides

Kinetic results are reported for the reaction of nine olefins with bromine in aqueous solution. Velocity constants were obtained for reaction with molecular bromine and with tribromide ion, and, for two olefins, also with the ions Br2Cl– and BrCl2–. The relative amounts of bromohydrin and dibromide produced were determined as a function of bromide ion concentration for eight olefins. For most of the reactions studied here and in previous work there is no correlation between the product composition and the kinetics, and it is concluded that an intermediate formed in the rate-determining step then reacts rapidly with either water or bromide ion. The bromination of diethyl fumarate, however, appears to involve simultaneous electrophilic attack by a bromine molecule and nucleophilic attack by water or bromide ion. Both diethyl furmarate and diethyl maleate give the meso-form of diethyl dibromosuccinate. Kinetic measurements with three epoxides support a cyclic bromonium ion as the intermediate in the reactions between olefins and bromine, but other formulations are possible. The velocity constants for reaction with bromine or tribromide ion, varying over about eleven powers of ten, show an approximate correlation with Taft's σ* substituent constants.

Interaction of Buffalo's Milk and Casein with Chlorine and Bromine in Aqueous Solutions

Interaction of whole milk, skimmilk, lactose, and casein with aqueous solutions of chlorine and bromine at ordinary temperatures (20–25C) has been studied in some detail. The interaction involves appreciable hydrolysis as well as irreversible fixation of the halogens. The oxygen rendered available during the hydrolysis appears to be taken up by lactose, casein and, to some extent, by fat, resulting probably in the formation of oxidation products. Milk proteins (casein in particular) are primarily involved in the fixation of chlorine and bromine, although fat and lactose also appear to make small contributions. The products of casein containing about 7 and 16% chlorine and bromine, respectively, could be obtained. A considerable amount of heat is evolved during the interactions.

The Kinetics of the Oxidation of Ethanol and of Acetaldehyde by Bromine in Aqueous Solution. Influence of pH

<b>The Kinetics of the Oxidation of Ethanol and of Acetaldehyde by Bromine in Aqueous Solution. Influence of <b><i>p</i></b>H</b>

Interaction of Charcoal and Bromine in Aqueous Solution

Interaction of Charcoal and Bromine in Aqueous Solution

Ultrasonic Luminescence of Liquids

Luminescence in various liquids under ultrasonic irradiation has been reported by many observers, but there is little or no agreement among their results. The present preliminary experiments were conducted in ten liquids, using a photomultiplier tube and galvanometer to measure the intensity of luminescence. A vertical ultrasonic beam of frequency 1 mc/sec and intensity up to 10 w/cm2 was employed successively as a progressive wave train and as a standing wave system. Luminescence was observed in the following liquids, listed in order of decreasing intensity: aqueous solution of KCl, aqueous solution of MgSO4, aqueous solution of H2O2, distilled water, fresh tap water, aqueous solution of bromine, aqueous solution of CCl4, glycerin. No luminescence was observed in nitrobenzene or in transformer oil. Almost all of the luminescence originated in the fountain at the free surface of the liquid in the case of progressive waves and just below the reflector in the case of standing waves. The intensity of luminescence increased with increasing ultrasonic intensity.

Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions of Bromine and Potassium Bromide

Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions of Bromine and Potassium Bromide

XXXVII. On the action of hyponitric acid upon aqueous solutions of bromine and chlorine

(1846). XXXVII. On the action of hyponitric acid upon aqueous solutions of bromine and chlorine. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 29, No. 193, pp. 227-229.

CLXVI. On the action of hyponitric acid upon aqueous solutions of bromine and chlorine

CLXVI. On the action of hyponitric acid upon aqueous solutions of bromine and chlorine