Bromate Ion Formation Research Articles

Threshold Levels for Bromate Formation In Drinking Water

Ozone is a sufficiently strong oxidant to cause the oxidation of bromide ion and formation of bromate ion. In this study, bromate ion formation in a wide variety of drinking water sources was analyzed, with bromate ion formed in all sources under drinking water treatment conditions. Threshold levels for pH, bromide ion concentration, and ozone dose were found to be source-specific. Two non-linear empirical models were developed to predict bromate ion formation; these models are easy to use and require only several water quality and treatment variables. The models were tested against several literature data and a good simulation was found in other bench-scale tests, whereas the model tended to under-predict bromate ion formation in pilot-scale and full-scale programs.

Compromise Between Bromate Ion Formation and Pesticides Degradation and/or Manganese Removal

Ozonation is a widely used technology within the water industry. Bromate ion formed by oxidation of water containing bromide ion was studied with the Gas Ozone Test and Pilot Scale Ozonation. Bromate ion formation was investigated along with the removal of triazines and/or manganese. Under identical conditions of ozonation, BrO3 − formation is specific for each water and depends on parameters such as Total Organic Carbon, UV absorbance at 254 nm, applied ozone and ozone residual. Pesticides degradation by ozonation alone cannot be achieved without the formation of BrO3 − at a high concentration. Hydrogen peroxide, at a constant ozone dose, reduces the BrO3 − formation. However, even with the use of hydrogen peroxide, the concentration of BrO3 − can remain in excess of the provisional Maximum Contaminant Level (10 μg/L). For certain types of water, pesticide degradation is difficult to achieve if the MCL for BrO3 − has to be met. Manganese oxidation by ozone appears to be achieved without high bromate formation; indeed the presence of manganese hinders BrO3 − formation.

Bromate Formation and Control During Water Ozonation

The effects of important water quality characteristics and treatment processes on bromate formation were investigated along with a review of bromate formation mechanisms. The variables examined include pH, initial bromide concentration, alkalinity, temperature, ozone dose, ammonium, hydrogen peroxide, and dissolved organic carbon level. This array of variables was selected to evaluate the effects of important water quality characteristics and treatment processes on the formation of bromate ion during water ozonation. Isolation and fractionation of natural organic matter (NOM) by ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis membrane techniques allowed assessment of source water variations and the role of NOM molecular size on bromate formation. Results obtained from batch experiments indicate that bromate formation was favored at high pH, initial bromide concentration, alkalinity, temperature, and high ozone dose. On the other hand, increasing dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and ammonium concentration decreased brom...

Empirical modeling of bromate formation during ozonation of bromide-containing waters

Empirical bromate formation models were developed from observed batch ozonation data to simulate the effects of important water quality characteristics and treatment processes on bromate formation. Data generated from true batch ozonation studies with an orthogonal matrix design, served as the base for development of empirical models for bromate formation. The variables examined include pH, initial bromide concentration, alkalinity, ozone dose, ammonia and dissolved organic carbon level. This array of variables was selected to evaluate the effects of important water quality characteristics and treatment processes on the formation of bromate ion during water ozonation. Limited temperature variation data were also generated. Isolation and fractionation of natural organic matter (NOM) by ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis membrane techniques allowed assessment of source water variations and the role of molecular size on bromate formation. Multiple linear regression of logarithmic transformations was used to generate the models. Results obtained from the empirical models indicate that bromate formation is favored at high pH, initial bromide concentration, alkalinity and high ozone dose. On the other hand, increasing DOC and ammonia concentration decreased bromate formation. The models also indicated that NOM isolated from different water sources have a strong influence on bromate formation upon ozonation of model solutions composed of different membrane isolates. Both internal and external validation of the models demonstrated that the bromate models predicted bromate formation well. Finally, the models indicated that acid addition (pH depression) strategies can be used to control bromate formation.

A Survey of Bromate Ion in European Drinking Water

Abstract A one-year programme of research on the formation of bromate ion and organobrominated compounds by water ozonation was initiated recently between four French water treatment companies (C.G. Eaux, Lyonnaise des Eaux-Dumez, SAUR and SAGEP), one Spanish company (SGAB), the IARC, the KIWA, the WRc and the University of Poitiers. The programme comprises five aspects. The objective of this paper is to present the entirety of data from the following aspects: (I) inventory of the bromate ion content in distributed drinking water, and (ii) study of the evolution of bromate ion during the water treatment process.

Bromate Ion Formation: Impact of Ozone Contactor Hydraulics And Operating Conditions

Abstract This paper presents a simplified kinetic reaction rate model which enables the evaluation of various contactor hydraulics on bromate ion formation. Two extreme reactor types are presented: completely stirred tank (CSTR) and plug flow reactors (PFR). The kinetic modeling has been based on reactions and rate constants for molecular ozone mechanisms. At this stage, the work presented does not take into account the formation and reaction of hydroxyl radicals in the reaction pathway. However, for further in-depth modeling consideration, it is questionable that no hydroxyl radicals are formed. Similar bromate ion levels were predicted with a PFR and a CSTR for similar operating conditions in the case of predominantly molecular ozone reactions. However in most cases, a CSTR will require a much higher Cτ (product of the residual ozone concentration and the hydraulic residence time) than a plug flow reactor in order to achieve similar treated water quality goals.

Parameters Affecting the Formation of Bromate Ion During Ozonation

Abstract Batch type ozone experiments conducted on aquatic humic substances solutions spiked with bromide ion were developed to evaluate the importance of various parameters that may affect the formation of bromate ion during ozonation. The nature of the NOM, the alkalinity, the bromide ion content and the presence of ammonia were found to significantly affect the bromate ion production. Temperature and pH can be considered as minor factors. The ozonation of a clarified surface water using a continuous flow ozone contactor have shown that the addition of a low quantity of ammonia (0.05 to 0.1 mg/L NNH4 +) appeared to be an interesting option for controlling the bromate formation. On the contrary, the addition of hydrogen peroxide may enhance or reduce the bromate ion production, depending on the applied hydrogen peroxide/ozone ratio.

Bromate ion formation: a critical review

Bromate, which forms upon ozonation of water containing bromide ion, can be minimized before production by chemical or physical–hydrodynamic factors or after its formation by removal techniques.As utilities consider changing their primary disinfection practices from free chlorine to ozone in order to minimize the formation of chlorinated disinfection by‐products (DBPs), the potential for producing ozonation DBPs such as bromate ion must be addressed. Important research findings of bromate ion formation studies over the past five years, which have resulted in substantial understanding of ozone‐bromide ion interactions, are summarized. Areas of incomplete information are identified, and a complete list of references is provided.

Results Of Bromide And Bromate Monitoring At Several Water Treatment Plants

Abstract The ozonation of water is a widely used technology within the water industry. Recent toxicological studies have shown that high bromate ion intake induces a high incidence of tumors in rats. Bromate ion formation from oxidation of water containing bromide ion was examined at nine treatment plants and one pilot. We found bromate ion (> 2 μg/L) in drinking water containing bromide ion when treated with ozone at pH greater than 7.0, even in the presence of ammonia. Bromate ion formation increased with the applied ozone dose. But bromate ion must be considered also as a byproduct of commercial sodium hypochlorite solutions. Under commercial conditions, chlorine dioxide and granular activated carbon had no effects on bromate levels.

Evaluation Of Genotoxicity Of Bromate Ion Produced During Ozonation

Abstract Bromate ion formation during ozonation processes in water works is regarded as an issue of great interest because of its potential for carcinogenicity. In this research, genotoxicity of bromate ion was investigated by the umu-test using Salmonella typhimurium TA 1535/pSK1002. The time-course study showed that the umuC gene related to error-prone repair of damaged DNA was induced by bromate ion after 12 hours exposure of the test strain. However, a further study revealed that this induction was inactivated by metabolism with rat liver microsome when bromate ion concentration was less than 0.88 mg BrO3 −/mg as protein of the S9 fraction. This inactivation was assumed to depend on -SH compounds in liver microsome.

The Heat and Free Energy of Formation of Bromate Ion

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Heat and Free Energy of Formation of Bromate IonHoward C. Mel, William L. Jolly, and Wendell M. LatimerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75, 15, 3827–3829Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1953Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1953https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01111a063RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views70Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (379 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Distribution of Waxes in Guayule

Previous article No AccessDistribution of Waxes in GuayuleT. F. Banigan, Jr., J. W. Meeks, and R. W. PlanckT. F. Banigan, Jr. Search for more articles by this author , J. W. Meeks Search for more articles by this author , and R. W. Planck Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 113, Number 2Dec., 1951 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/335716 Views: 3Total views on this site Citations: 4Citations are reported from Crossref Journal History This article was published in the Botanical Gazette (1876-1991), which is continued by International Journal of Plant Sciences (1992-present). PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Mostafa Dehghanizadeh, Paula Mendoza Moreno, Evan Sproul, Hengameh Bayat, Jason C. Quinn, Catherine E. Brewer Guayule (Parthenium argentatum) resin: A review of chemistry, extraction techniques, and applications, Industrial Crops and Products 165 (Jul 2021): 113410.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113410H. E. BLOSS, C. M. PFEIFFER Latex content and biomass increase in mycorrhizal guayule (Partheniurn argentatum) under field conditions, Annals of Applied Biology 104, no.11 (Feb 1984): 175–183.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1984.tb05600.xHoward C. Mel, William L. Jolly, Wendell M. Latimer The Heat and Free Energy of Formation of Bromate Ion, Journal of the American Chemical Society 75, no.1515 (Aug 1953): 3827–3829.https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01111a063Thomas F. Banigan, James W. Meeks Isolation of Palmitic, Stearic and Linoleic Acids from Guayule Resin 1, Journal of the American Chemical Society 75, no.1515 (Aug 1953): 3829–3830.https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01111a501

On the Photo-Chemistry of Some Ions in Solution

The absorption spectra of chlorate, bromate, iodate, and hypobromite ions and of hypobromous acid were measured. The decomposition of bromate ion was investigated in the light of a mercury arc in the spectral region: 1900A to 2600A. The quantum yield of the decomposition is 0.19. The main decomposition reaction leads to the formation of hypobromite and molecular oxygen. The irradiation of hypobromite ions leads to the formation of bromide and bromate ions in a ratio of about 4 to 1 and to the evolution of oxygen. The decomposition of chlorate ion and iodate ion is analogous to that of bromate. It is assumed that in all these cases the primary process of light absorption consists of the transfer of an electron to the hydration layer. In the case of halate ions, the photo-chemical reaction can be formulated as a decomposition of the complex (XO3−·H2O) to XO−+H2O+O2; in the case of the hypobromite, as the decomposition of (XO−·H2O) to X−+H2O+O. In the latter case the oxygen atoms formed are responsible for the formation of bromate.