Brokerage Activities Research Articles

How Do Informal Actors Work? Between Voter Lists and Social Pressure in Elections

Vote brokerage, as a form of brokerage activity, would have a clear and measurable commodity. Candidates will not hire vote broker when commodity can not be measured. Similarly, vote broker will not get job if there is no clear commodity that can be offered to candidate. That logic have began this study. Facts, on field indicated the debate about whether commodities (voters) actually were measured. Some brokers registered voters, and others did not, destabilizing the logic. Is vote brokerage measured and unmeasured? Do both have different measurement logic? In what did the differeneces work?. To answer these questions, I made observations and interviews in Pati at 2011-2020, where vote broker called as Sabet, and in Demak at 2015-2020, where vote broker called as Gapit. Findings, vote brokerage always measurable on two methods. Brokerage was based on list of voters name, and other was based on influence that a broker will have over voters in his respective social network. First method led to distributing money or valuable goods to voters on the list. Second method led to using social pressure to influence voters. Different type of voters made candidates assign such divergent strategies and brokerage activities to different brokers in their efforts to win elections.

Agents, brokerage and Argentinian railways 1880–1905

This article examines the role of agents and how their brokerage activities influenced the composition, shape and size of Baring’s business networks in Argentinian railways during 1880–1905. Baring was heavily involved in Argentine sovereign and railway financing and relied on trusted agents, who acted as important conduits of information, to manage their business empire. We explore 2700 pieces of correspondence in the form of letters and telegrams to illustrate Baring’s network over time. Studying the case of Argentinian railways, the correspondences reveal the longevity of Baring’s network and agents’ brokerage roles over time in response to changing local and global economic currents. Through this rich qualitative data and network analysis, we contribute to understanding agent’s brokerage and network change over time. By highlighting the role of invisible actors in the form of agents, the article contributes to understanding infrastructure finance, financial globalisation and more generally, the global history of capitalism.

Facilitating most population engagement with the circular economy: Challenges for academics and (as) social media influencers

The lack of consumer engagement with the Circular Economy (CE) hinders the use of recycled materials in products manufactured by the B2B companies (e.g., recycled pet bottles in industrial adhesives). Such an institutional void gives space to the rise of a type of network activity: knowledge brokerage, which is a process of knowledge exchange facilitation.This multiple case study contributes with a practical description of brokerage activities in this context. It investigated how companies could interact with academics through knowledge exchange translated into campaigns to engage most consumers with CE. The network approach, under the knowledge brokerage perspective, was the main theoretical foundation of this work.Findings indicate doubts that prevent companies from developing better green marketing campaigns. Academics could help to fill these gaps. Regarding campaign management, academics could identify the different groups of consumers, the delivery channels, campaign duration, and disclosure days/times that most engage each consumer group.Campaigns require educational materials. Academics could identify the amount of information and the presentation format in printed materials. However, engaging most of the population requires a better use of social media. Academics must investigate the posts that could change each group of people's behaviors (including consumers with a lower educational level and less purchasing power).Companies plan to financially support academics who elucidate these doubts or those who succeed in using social media to induce consumers to review their postures. Such support could increase the research funds for the projects managed by the researchers we have named “academic influencers.”

Different ways to broker: school social workers, resource distribution, and equity for immigrant students

ABSTRACT This study uses quantitative methods to explore the role of school social workers (SSWs) in promoting education equity for immigrant students. We focus on how SSWs act as resource brokers, connecting immigrant students to valuable resources both in schools and the wider community. Our analysis is based on data from a national survey of SSWs (N = 324). Through regression and multivariate analyses we find that a significant number of SSWs actively facilitate resource access for immigrant students. This often involves bridging the gap between teachers and immigrant parents. Notably, SSWs were more likely to engage in these brokerage activities when they recognized that the students were adversely affected by the threat of immigration enforcement. We conclude with targeted recommendations for policy and practice to better train and support SSWs as resource brokers.

Proposals to improve the law on securities brokerage activities in Vietnam

Securities brokerage activity in Vietnam is one of the conditional business activities. Besides providing stock trading services for individuals and organizations who want to buy or sell securities on the exchange, securities brokerage activities are also connecting investors, helping to attract and circulate cash flow in the economy, improving the investment and business cultural environment and promoting new product development. Currently, the law on securities brokerage activities is relatively complete in terms of the legal framework, however, no matter how the law is strict, it cannot cover all cases. In the scope of this article, the author will gain an overview of the securities brokerage activities in Vietnam. Through analytical research and synthetic methods based on current legal regulations including laws, decrees and circulars, the article will evaluate the remaining shortcomings in the legal regulations of the securities brokerage profession, thereby, giving some recommendations and solutions to supplement and improve the legal regulations related to securities brokerage activities in Vietnam.

О необходимости ограничения возможности инвестирования в ценные бумаги производителей медицинского каннабиса (марихуаны) на территории Российской Федерации

The purpose of the work is to substantiate the need to regulate the securities market associated with producers of medical cannabis (marijuana). Until now, organizations and individuals with the status of a qualified investor can freely acquire, own, and dispose of shares of companies engaged in the production of narcotic drugs based on plant cannabinoids. As a methodological basis, Russian legislation was studied as it relates to professional participants in the securities market engaged in brokerage activities. The Strategy of the state anti-drug policy of the Russian Federation until 2030 was carefully analyzed in terms of threats to national security and the possibility of implementing the mechanisms of this program. Based on the results of the work, the conclusion was formulated that the problem voiced in the article requires an early response from the official authorities. The scientific significance lies in the argumentation of the need to create an interdepartmental commission from representatives of the state, commercial structures and society to formulate general decisions on the problem disclosed in the article. The practical significance lies in the recommendations to the Bank of Russia to consider the possibility of developing instruments that exclude investments in the assets of producers of medical cannabis (marijuana), as well as providing a comfortable time corridor for exiting such assets.

Cyber insurance risk analysis framework considerations

PurposeIn recent years, the frequency and severity of cybersecurity incidents have prompted customers to seek out specialized insurance products. However, this has also presented insurers with operational challenges and increased costs. The assessment of risks for health systems and cyber–physical systems (CPS) necessitates a heightened degree of attention. The significant values of potential damages and claims request a solid insurance system, part of cyber-resilience. This research paper focuses on the emerging cyber insurance market that is currently in the process of standardizing and improving its risk analysis concerning the potential insured entity.Design/methodology/approachThe authors' approach involves a quantitative analysis utilizing a Likert-style questionnaire designed to survey cyber insurance professionals. The authors' aim is to identify the current methods used in gathering information from potential clients, as well as the manner in which this information is analyzed by the insurers. Additionally, the authors gather insights on potential improvements that could be made to this process.FindingsThe study the authors elaborated it has a particularly important cyber and risk components for insurance area, because it addresses a “niche” area not yet proper addressed in specialized literature – cyber insurance. Cyber risk management approaches are not uniform at the international level, nor at the insurer level. Also, not all insurers can perform solid assessments, especially since their companies should first prove that they are fully compliant with international cyber security standards.Research limitations/implicationsThis research has concentrated on analyzing the current practices in terms of gathering information about the insured entity before issuing the cyber insurance policy, level of details concerning the cyber security posture of the insured entity and way such information should be analyzed in a standardized and useful manner. The novelty of this research resides in the analysis performed as detailed above and the proposals in terms of information gathered, depth of analysis and standardization of approach made. Future work on the topic can focus on the standardization process for analyzing cyber risk for insurance clients, to improve the proposal based also on historical elements and trends in the market. Thus, future research can further refine the standardization process to analyze in more depth the way this can be implemented and included in relevant legislation at the EU level.Practical implicationsProposed improvements include proposals in terms of the level of detail and the usefulness of an independent centralized approach for information gathering and analysis, especially given the re-insurance and brokerage activities. The authors also propose a common practical procedural approach in risk management, with the involvement of insurance companies and certification institutions of cyber security auditors.Originality/valueThe study investigates the information gathered by insurers from potential clients of cyber insurance and the way this is analyzed and updated for issuance of the insurance policy.

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP PELAKU PEDAGANG PERANTARA DAN PERANTARA PERDAGANGAN MENURUT UNDANG-UNDANG No. 8 TAHUN 1999 TENTANG PERLINDUNGAN KONSUMEN

This article discusses legal protection for intermediary traders and Trade Intermediaries. To discuss legal issues studied using a normative legal research paradigm. The approaches used in this research are the statute approach and the conceptual approach. The legal materials used in this research are primary legal materials which include related laws and regulations and secondary legal materials sourced from books and scientific legal journals. The results of this research are that intermediary traders and trade intermediaries are processes of ordering, granting power of attorney, or agency. The main basis of brokerage activities is a contract or agreement. Legal protection is in the form of an agreement which contains a series or sentences containing promises or undertakings spoken or made in writing by the parties making the agreement. These intermediary traders must of course be given adequate legal protection, while the UUPK does not specifically mention that intermediaries may be involved between business actors and final consumers.

Mechanism for Improving the Competitiveness of Brokerage Organizations in the Brokerage Services Market

The article concretizes the problems that arise among professional participants of the securities market in the implementation of brokerage activities and hinder the development of competition in the market of brokerage services. Taking into account the current trends in the development of competitive relations in the brokerage services market, the methods of solving the identified problems in the algorithm «trend — problem — potential solution» through the prism of a systemic vision are proposed. Various directions for improving the competitiveness of brokerage organizations are formulated, in particular: development of financial engineering; creation of premium tariff plans; improvement of digital client services; synergy of various types of professional activities in the stock market; implementation of the technology of robo-advising etc. The list of resources required to implement the proposed directions for improving the competitiveness of brokerage organizations has been specified. A mechanism for improving the competitiveness of brokerage organizations has been proposed. A detailed description and justification of the components of the mechanism is given. Using the example of the BC «REGION», which is part of the competitive environment of leaders, identified by the results of previous studies, the work of the mechanism for improving the competitiveness of brokerage organizations has been demonstrated.

Unveiling shadow admissions to lower secondary schools: Brokerage practices amid mainland China’s strong regulations on private tutoring

“Shadow admission” refers to the practice where Chinese public schools recruit students through private tutoring businesses. This phenomenon persists widely despite the Chinese government’s strong regulations. Through the lens of network brokerage, this article illustrates how shadow admissions operate in Mainland China. Drawing on a 16-month qualitative study in Chongqing, China, it reveals how the private tutoring businesses broker between parents and public schools. Our study also explores the impact of these brokerage activities on educational corruption, involution, and equality, which could provide insights for potential governmental regulation of shadow admissions. While this article is based in one of Mainland China’s provinces, it sheds light on a phenomenon that extends beyond China and documents educational corruption that is also known to other countries.

Broker's Position in Patronage Bonds as a Form of the Middle Class in Farming Communities in Rural South Sulawesi

As an important element driving the creation of a shift in the pattern of patronage bonding relationships in the current era, the broker's contribution to this shift lies in its dual role, namely as an intermediary between patrons and clients in patronage ties. This role has become increasingly visible since rural areas have been opened up by various interests and activities of farmers in accommodating social change in rural areas. This study aims to analyze the existence of brokers in patron-client ties in rural South Sulawesi, as well as the existence of the middle class behind the existence of a broker in this bond. This study uses a case study approach. The data were obtained through elaboration of in-depth interviews, participant observation and documentation. The results of the study show that the intensity of brokerage activities in vertical and horizontal positions is a form of the middle class in rural areas. In a vertical position, the role is as a comprador or intermediary for the interests of patrons and clients in business activities and political activities, while in horizontal ties, it is present in the activities of personal alliances and revessible relationships that mediate the interests of patrons and clients. In its position as an intermediary on both sides, it seems that the role of the broker is no longer considered as an unofficial or pseudo group but has become a demand for the needs of the community because its presence is a real manifestation of the existence of differentiation and social mobility in the countryside.

Key Development Trends Competition in the Product Segments of the Brokerage Services Market of the Russian Federation

The development of competition between professional participants in the securities market engaged in brokerage activities is inseparably linked with the growth of the competitiveness of brokerage organizations in the framework of improving the quality of the services and products they provide. In this regard, improving the competitiveness of brokerage organizations is an indispensable condition for developing competition in the brokerage market, and hence increasing the investment attractiveness of the securities market of the Russian Federation. The article examines the activities of brokerage organizations in the Russian securities market and determines the dynamics of key indicators characterizing brokerage activities (the number and structure of active clients and the volume and structure of client transactions). A comparative analysis of the activities of leading brokers by product segment, tariff plans and combined types of activities was carried out, as a result of which key trends in the development of brokerage activities were identified. Based on the identified trends, an assessment of the competitive advantages of leading brokers was carried out and companies-leaders and companies included in the competitive environment of leaders that need to increase their competitiveness were identified.

부동산중개활동에 따른 주택중개보수의 유형별 구분 필요성에 관한 연구

This study aims to identify the current status and problems of housing brokerage remuneration in the real estate brokerage remuneration system and to determine whether the calculation of housing brokerage remuneration must be classified based on apartments and detached houses. Brokerage remuneration has different upper-limit rates based on factors other than housing, but there is no distinction based on the type of housing in housing brokerage remuneration. Although apartments and detached houses are distinct types of housing, a uniform brokerage fee rate applies to both. Examination of the official Property Register revealed that detached houses with greater individuality require more confirmation and examination than apartment houses. Results of the survey analysis also showed differences in brokerage activities. In particular, the housing brokerage remuneration system was perceived to be centered on apartment houses. Additionally, the results revealed that brokerage fees for apartments and detached houses must be distinguished. The most common response was that if remuneration was classified, brokerage fees for detached houses should be calculated separately for land and buildings.

Knowledge Brokerage: The Musical: an analogy for explaining the role of knowledge brokers in a university setting

Background:Knowledge brokers in higher education are described as requiring a broad range of skills and characteristics, leading to both role conflict and ambiguity. Although existing studies report broad concepts regarding the role of knowledge brokers, the activities that they actually perform to broker knowledge are not systematically reported or impact evaluated. Aims and objectives:This paper aims to summarise the current literature on the role of knowledge brokers and describe this role in a higher education context. In an exploratory study, as two knowledge brokers we recorded our activities within a school of health in a large university setting using the Expert Recommendations for Implementation Change (ERIC) categories over a period of nine months. Using this report, we use the analogy of a musical to translate the role of knowledge broker. Considering the knowledge brokerage roles of musical director, set designer, choreographer, costume designer and sound and lighting, we discuss the impact of knowledge brokerage activities on actors relaying their knowledge story to an end-user audience. Knowledge brokers in the higher education context primarily perform activities in four areas: know your cast and crew; train your cast and crew; rehearse and review; and provide hands-on support. Key conclusions:Understanding the role of knowledge brokers may be enhanced by using the analogy of a musical. Due to the diverse nature of these roles, it is recommended that knowledge brokerage in higher education is performed in teams, where knowledge brokers can utilise different skill sets to facilitate their work.

Educational data brokers: using the walkthrough method to identify data brokering by edtech platforms

ABSTRACT As a result of the growing commercial marketplace for teachers’ digital data, a new organization that includes educational data brokers has evolved. Educational data brokerage is relatively intangible due to the ease of de-identified data being collected and sold via educational technology. There is an urgent need to expose how the brokerage of educational data relates to the commercial mediation of consent and privacy in educational settings. It is difficult due to a lack of consistent terminology about organizations that buy and sell data. This paper offers an extensive analysis of the social learning platform Edmodo and provides evidence that justifies the term ‘educational data broker’. The results aim to provide new terminology to a largely obfuscated process in educational settings and bring to light a concrete example of brokerage activity focusing on teachers’ online activity.

ПАНЕЛЬ ИНДИКАТОРОВ ВЫБОРА БРОКЕРОВ В СИСТЕМЕ РЕЙТИНГОВ НА РЫНКЕ БРОКЕРСКИХ УСЛУГ

As a result of scientific research, the author’s version of the algorithm of the broker’s work and the implementation of marketing services, which are associated with high-quality and professional performance of brokerage services for the promotion of goods across the customs border and full support of foreign economic operations for the movement of goods and cargo, which reflects the main advantages of brokerage activities, taking into account the interaction with the “single window” principle, is proposed. A panel of broker selection indicators has been formed in the rating system in the brokerage services market, the practical value of which lies in the fact that its use will make it possible to determine the choice of a broker and optimize the process of moving across the customs border.

Insurance Market in the Light of Covid-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has been compared to world wars or other tragic events in terms of the death toll it has taken and huge economic losses it has caused. It is not a finished process, so it is difficult to predict the scale of its impact. According to IMF estimates, the contraction of the world economy will be much greater than in the years of the financial crisis of 2008–2009. The negative effects in different countries may depend on the severity and extent of the applied lock-down or interventions undertaken by governments. Changes taking place in various sectors of the economy are of a different nature. The effects of the pandemic can be also seen in the insurance segment.
 The aim of this article is to find answers to the following research questions:
 
 To what extent did the COVID-19 pandemic affect the situation on the insurance market?
 In which areas are its consequences particularly visible?
 What kind of opportunities and threats does the pandemic bring from the perspective of the insurance market?
 
 Methodology. The analysis used available scientific publications, reports prepared by the Polish Financial Supervision Authority, Polish Insurance Association and entities conducting brokerage activities or selected consulting companies.
 The result of the research. In a few days, in March 2020, a real revolution took place on the insurance market. The insurers faced the need to introduce completely remote customer service. They also had to launch new tools, which in many cases were still in the testing phase and which they did not have the opportunity to use on a large scale. With the onset of the pandemic, they were quickly implemented. It was related to additional funds, huge commitment and discipline of all employees, liquidators, agents, sales departments, and administration. Consequent on this, clients gained full access to all services and insurance products, without leaving home. On the other hand, pandemic has led to the significant changes within the demand for the insurance services and customers’ expectations, but also to growing scale of damages and compensation paid to the clients leading to the higher insurance premiums.

Investigation of the Effects of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Chartering and Brokering Activities

Maritime transport is an important part of the supply chain network and logistics services in international trade. As a result of the negative situation in the economy and trade due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the maritime freight transport market was also affected. In this context, the aim of the research is to evaluate the factors that affect the general operation of ship chartering and brokerage activities and company performance due to Covid-19. In the study, a survey was applied to 141 brokers by convenience sampling method. Data were gathered between 27 January and 30 July 2021. Correlation and regression analysis were conducted by using the IBM SPSS 22 program to evaluate the questionnaires. According to the results obtained, it is seen that the variable with the highest relationship on the general operation of chartering and brokerage activities is the freight market (p=0.000, r= 0.477), and the second variable is the psycho-social status of the brokers (p=0.000, r= 0.445). It is seen that the variable with the highest relationship on the profitability level of the charter and brokerage businesses is the freight market (p=0.000, r= 0.366), and the second variable is the ship and voyage planning (p=0.000, r= 0.342).

Broker Wisdom: How Migrants Navigate a Broker‐Centric Migration System in Vietnam1,2

States across the Global South have witnessed historic privatization of their migration systems over the last few decades. This article explores the cultural and cognitive processes through which migrants make sense of and navigate a broker‐centric migration system. Based on 224 interviews and 15 months of fieldwork across Vietnam—a country whose migration system is reliant on migrant brokers—this article examines how migrants develop and deploy broker wisdom, a unique cultural schema, where migrants refashion migrant brokerage activity to be more legible and subsequently manipulable. I first show how migrants mobilize distinct forms of everyday resistance to make sense of and navigate migrant brokerage. I then explore how the development and deployment of broker wisdom have implications for migrant brokerage and Vietnam's broader migration project. This article contributes to international migration, economic sociology, social movements, cultural sociology, and labor scholarships.

"Good Practices in Brokerage Activity" – Selected Dilemmas

The article examines the publication "Good Practices in Brokerage Activity" published in 2021 by the Association of Polish Insurance and Reinsurance Brokers. The project aims to update good practices in the brokerage activity (hereinafter: Good Practices) and should be considered a positive initiative, because the existing Broker's Code of Ethics which was adopted on 23 May 2013 as well as the Principles of Good Practices and Cooperation of Insurance Brokers and Insurance Companies published in 2000 do not solve all problems which the market is currently facing. In addition, brokerage activity has been scarcely regulated under private law. Given the above, established customs and principles of social coexistence are particularly important for brokerage services in connection with Article 56, Article 65 § 1 and Article 354 of the Polish Civil Code. Not only do the draft Good Practices refer to the conduct of brokers, but they also contain a number of standards of conduct meant for insurance companies. As a result, this document ought to be acknowledged by insurance undertakings (their professional associations). On the other hand, it should be emphasized that Good Practices will not be binding on brokers who are not members of the Association of Polish Insurance and Reinsurance Brokers. Although Good Practices contain a lot of recommendations that deserve an unequivocally positive assessment, there are some provisions therein that may provoke controversies. The purpose of the article is to draw attention to the provisions which may require further work and discussion.