Broken Windows Research Articles

A Roman bath with broken windows in Asine, Argolis. The result of repeated earthquakes?

A substantial assemblage of Roman window glass—consisting primarily of “cast”, matt/glossy examples, but also including cylinderblown, double-glossy window glass—was discovered during the 1926 excavations of a Late Roman bath in Asine, Argolis, the Peloponnese, Greece. It is clear that this material emanates from damage done to the building, and the question of whether this had human or natural causes is discussed in this paper: was it the “barbarian” invasion of the Visigoth king Alaric in the late 4th century AD that led to the windows being broken? Or, was the damage caused by the earthquakes known to have hit the Eastern Mediterranean area in Late Antiquity? Traces of destruction typical of earthquakes were found in the bath building, and the destruction occurred in a period known for its high seismic activity: the so-called Early Byzantine Tectonic Paroxysm, which led to the conclusion that the bath was hit by at least one, possibly several, earthquakes, causing the windows to shatter and fall out of their frames. Some of the glass sherds were in all probability hidden under dust and debris and were never recovered despite the fact that glass was extensively recycled at the time.

An exploration of the service and crime prevention performance of the municipal police departments of Taiwan’s counties: the perspective of broken windows theory

PurposeThis study aims to evaluate the service and crime prevention performance of law enforcement agencies in Taiwan’s municipalities. By analyzing these performances, the study seeks to improve the efficiency of police services through appropriate resource allocation, ultimately achieving enhanced crime prevention.Design/methodology/approachThe study utilized a two-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) to construct performance metrics. In the first stage, the service performance of the police force was measured using the number of police officers and police stations as inputs and the number of patrols and temporary patrol boxes as outputs. In the second stage, crime prevention performance was assessed with the number of patrols and temporary patrol boxes as inputs and cases of violence, injury, intimidation and theft as outputs. Additionally, a truncated regression model was employed to analyze the impact of environmental variables such as per capita income, population density, proportion of the population with higher education and the unemployment rate on crime prevention performance.FindingsThe study found significant variations in both service and crime prevention performance across different municipalities. By identifying the most efficient and inefficient units, the analysis revealed critical insights into resource utilization and areas needing improvement. The regression analysis indicated that environmental factors such as higher per capita income, population density, education level and unemployment rate significantly affect crime prevention performance.Originality/valueThis research provides a novel approach to assessing police service efficiency and crime prevention effectiveness using a two-stage DEA model. By incorporating environmental variables through truncated regression, the study offers a comprehensive evaluation framework that can inform policy decisions and resource allocation strategies. This methodology not only highlights the performance metrics of law enforcement agencies but also underscores the influence of socioeconomic factors on crime prevention, contributing to the broader literature on public safety and resource management.

Is It Possible to Prevent Organizational Broken Windows with an Organizational Spirituality Shield From the Disaster of the Century to the Solidarity of One

Purpose –The main objective of this study was to examine the relationship between perceived organizational spirituality and organizational broken windows of employees who were directly affected by the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes. In addition, it was aimed to determine whether the mentioned variables varied according to the demographic characteristics of the participants. Design/methodology/approach –The sample of the research, designed in descriptive and cross-sectional type, consisted of earthquake victims (n=226) who were directly affected by the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes and working in one of the two production enterprises during June when the research data were collected. The data were collected using the Organizational Spirituality Scale and Organizational Broken Windows Scale. SPSS 26 and AMOS 24 package programs were used in the analysis of the data. Findings –According to the findings, it was determined that organizational spirituality had a negative (β: -.764) effect on organizational broken windows. In addition, according to the parametric test results conducted between organizational spirituality and organizational broken walls and demographic variables, it was found that there was a statistically significant difference between the participants' organizational spirituality levels and gender, marital status, age and total duration of professional experience. Similarly, a statistically significant difference was found between the participants' perception of organizational broken windows and gender, marital status, age and total duration of professional experience.Discussion –The meaning that earthquake victim participants attach to their work and the commitment they have with a sense of responsibility for their community and compliance with organizational values will allow them to avoid attitudes and behaviors (broken windows)that may threaten the institution and the social order.

Future Role of Digital Platform of Community Policing in Malawi

Internet evolution and digital platform popularity have revolutionized citizens participation in public security administration. However, digital platform ecosystem and functionality remains underexplored. Study examines the future role of digital platform for citizens participation in community policing in Malawi. Within frame work of exploratory sequential mixed methods, focus group discussion interviews purposively selected four groups of 10 respondents each, and used interview guide for data collection. Survey randomly sampled 432 households using Yamene (1969) formular to distribute structured questionnaires for data collection. Interviews were written on script then coded, later grouped into sub themes and finally into themes which corresponded to research questions aided by NVivo application. The survey was analyzed through SPSS version 20 to come up with descriptive statistics. Using pragmatics philosophical paradigm, broken window, democratic participation and social-disorganization theories, the study revealed that citizens may be encouraged to participate on digital platform in community policing by; (a) providing training to citizens on digital crime prevention and safety measures, (b) offering incentives or rewards to citizens who participate in neighborhood safety and security digital initiatives, (c) using social media and other digital platforms to raise awareness and encourage citizen participation, (d) creating more opportunities for citizen-police collaboration and dialogue through social media. Multinominal logistic regression shows gender may have impact on the future role of digital platform of community policing; (i) gain communications between police and community, (ii) detect a wider variety of insecurities (Transparency), (iii) promote the effective use of limited resources, (iv) move beyond the customary bureaucratic procedures at p=.017, (v) gain participation of women, minorities, and vulnerable population at p=.459, (vi) contribute to empowerment of the community at p=.003. Solutions to challenges of digital platform of community policing use are; (1) awareness (Sensitization) Campaign, (2) capacity building on the usage of ICT tools, (3) make available ICT merchant selling and maintenance points, (4) usage of Solar Powered ICT and (5) Place coordinated governance mechanisms. While previous scholars have argued that digital platform has allowed formal and non-formal wide participation, as well as increase transparency and accountability to police officers in handling policing issues and empowering citizens to take part in security of their times. Current revelation points that harnessing and promotion of digital platform gives chance to revolution for transformation that may influence accountability of public security administration to provide quality public services for better life to the challenges of the time.

The Effect of Public Safety Policies on Crime Reduction in France

Purpose: To aim of the study was to analyze the effect of public safety policies on crime reduction in France. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Leadership in Indian organizations plays a pivotal role in enhancing organizational learning and knowledge management by promoting knowledge sharing, continuous learning, and innovation. Effective leaders facilitate the retention of critical knowledge and improve decision-making processes, thereby driving competitive advantage and organizational success. This leadership approach fosters a culture of continuous improvement and adaptability, essential for thriving in dynamic business environments. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Routine activity theory, social disorganization theory & broken windows theory may be used to anchor future studies on the effect of public safety policies on crime reduction in France. Enhance training programs for police officers to include comprehensive modules on community engagement, cultural competency, and communication skills. Encourage the adoption of diverse public safety policies tailored to the unique needs of different communities. Policymakers should prioritize flexibility and adaptability in policy design, allowing for the integration of multiple strategies based on local crime dynamics and community feedback.

Impact of Citizens Do-It-Yourself Activities on Digital Platform of Community Policing in Malawi

Digital platform has become catalyst for effective and efficient enforcement of rule of law in human society. This study examines impact of citizens do-it-yourself activities on digital platform of community policing in Malawi. Under exploratory sequential mixed methods design, Interviews followed purposive sampling targeting four focus group discussions of 10 participants each using interview guide instrument. House hold survey identified 432 respondents guided by Yamene (1969) formular, and were randomly distributed within 10 centers of Muloza, structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Transcribed interviews were coded, then grouped into sub themes, further merged into themes responding to research questions with help of NVivo application. House hold survey analysis implored descriptive statistics in SPSS version 20. Guided by pragmatics philosophical assumptions under lens of social-disorganization, democratic participation, and broken window theories, findings reveal citizens have participated in virtual interaction through ICTs in community policing, characterized by formal and non-formal wide participation improving police accountability and transparency in handling policing and, citizens are satisfied with level of engagement during virtual interaction. Multinominal regression shows gender has no impact on factors that influence Do-It-Yourself participation are (1) communication and sharing information between citizens and police p=.747, (2) to be aware of rights violations and safety needs, (3) people’s involvement in rights violations and suspicious activities p=.708, (4) citizen’s involvement in crime prevention and community policing efforts, (5) to maintain community dialogue and engagement p=.088, (6) looking for faster emergency response times, and (7) to provide evidence and share information with authorities p=.806. Effectiveness of digital participation of Do-It-Yourself is that it is at random and influenced by different causes surrounding personal interests. As such they could be engaged on daily, weekly, occasionally or monthly basis as long as citizens secure their environments. The discussion is that while other studies reveal that ICTs may reduce corruption, this current study reveals that flexibility and user friendly of ICTs allowing formal and non-formal wide participation that has improved police accountability and transparency in policing empowers citizens to participate claiming for their rights to secure their environments in community policing. Based on findings the study recommends community guardians including duty bearers like police officers to enlighten citizens to embrace ICTs for more security empowerment to take part in security issues of their times.

Exposure to Transnational Maritime Crime in the Pacific Islands Region

Although the Pacific Islands are strategically located alongside important trade routes, between the Global North and Global South countries and among plentiful fishing grounds, this region is considered among the lowest risk for land‐based organized crime. Grouped as a uniform region, collectively, the Pacific islands are anything but. The region consists of three ethnogeographic subregions with varying colonial, cultural, and legal legacies. Geographically, the Pacific Island states are remote, with small populations dispersed across many islands, some of which are uninhabited, limiting the ability to adequately surveil and protect this extensive maritime domain, creating porous land and sea borders. These challenges increase the complexity of policing the large exclusive economic zones of the region and therefore increase its vulnerability and potential exposure to various transnational organized crimes on land and at sea. Drawing on Kelling and Wilson’s broken windows theory, this article considers from a theoretical perspective, how international law can be used as a framework to guide Pacific Island states in achieving strengthened, region‐led resilience to transnational maritime crime in the pursuit of maritime justice.

Sensitivity to early and forced marriages: Scale development and validation

The purpose of this article is to report on developing an instrument to measure society’s sensitivity to early and forced marriages. The theoretical structure of the scale was based on the Radical Feminist Theory, Broken Windows Theory, and Theory of Change. Data were obtained from 451 participants from Türkiye who were aged 18 and above. The criterion validity of the scale was tested using the Attitudes toward Girl Child Marriages Scale. The final version of the scale consisted of a total of 10 items under three sub-scales called “Social Sensitivity,” “Health Sensitivity,” and “Legal Sensitivity.” Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient of the scale was found 0.85.

Broken Windows Policing and Constructions of Public Order and Safety: Based on the New York Miracle

Broken windows theory, as one of the most famous and influential theories, was developed by JQ Wilson and George Kelling in 1982. Their thesis was that, if human 'broken windows' are not fixed, disorder will turn into serious crime because 'serious street crime flourishes in areas in which disorderly behavior goes unchecked' (Wilson and Kelling 1982:34). It was soon applied in many aspects of the society and most of them achieved good results.Among these applications of broken window theory, it has to mentioned the ‘New York Miracle’, which greatly dropped down the crime rate in New York in 1990s. But,broken windows theory is not simply applied in the case of New York. Instead, a variant of broken windows theory called theory ‘zero tolerance’ played a major role in controlling crime rate. Although ‘zero tolerance’ is similar with broken window theory, the prior focus on more on the law enforcement. The wide application of zero tolerance also triggers many researchers’ negative responses, who doubt the success of the realness of ‘New York Miracle’ and the validity of zero tolerance policing. Therefore, in this paper, we are going to analyze both the advantage and disadvantage of the zero-tolerance policing, and further discuss the effectiveness of the cooperation between the police and community and the situational crime prevention.

Digital Defiance’s Affecting Use of Information Communication Technology Deployed for Prevention and Detection of Crime in Community Policing in Malawi

ICTs digital space has modernized citizen socialization amongst citizens to enhance security and is augmenting for lack of resource constraints as well as promoting less agents on ground thereby strengthening internal security through community policing. Availability of ICT gadgets, applications, and initiatives make simple and influential crime reporting and crime control. This study examines factors that affect the use of information communication technology deployed for crime prevention and detection in community policing. Mixed methods exploratory sequential design was used to collect data. Qualitative purposive sampling targeted four focus group discussions of 10 participants each and one key informant interview of 10 participants, interview guide instrument was utilized. Quantitative household survey used Yamene (1969) formular to identify 432 respondents who were randomly distributed into 10 locations of Muloza and used structured questionnaire. Qualitative data analysis follows transcribing, coding, and grouping into sub-themes, themes that answer research objectives aided by NVivo application. Quantitative analysis used descriptive statistics in SPSS version 20. Under pragmatics paradigm guided by democratic participation, social-disorganization and broken window theories, results show that the majority of ICTs are mobile telephones, which play an important role in the storage, dissemination, and replication of security information in community policing. Dominated by married persons at 56.5% in the youth category of 57.2% respondents. The police are faced with the technical challenge of installing and maintaining ICTs. The police have no ICT resources deployed for the prevention, detection, and investigation of crime in Muloza. Hence, the police rely on personal mobile phones, which are operated on do it yourself as convenience by victim or law enforcement agent to follow an issue. Regression when tested at confidence interval 95.0% showed that some factors have significance value on use of ICTs deployed for prevention and detection of crime in community policing (i) Age at p=.001 (ii) Education at p=.000 (iii) Income at p=.000 (iv) Knowledge expertise at p=.000 (v) Cost of accessing technologies at p=.009 and (vi) Trust issues between police and people at p=.009. The importance of ICTs is that they have revolutionized monitoring and surveillance that may improve prevention, detection, and investigation of crime in community policing, and allow for storage, dissemination, and replication of security information. Proper use of ICTs for prevention and detection of crime may improve police investigations. Citizens’ wide use of ICTs in formal and non-formal ways may help reduce corruption through wide information storage replication and dissemination.

The Broken Windows of the KRG Private Universities: An Autoethnographic Study on XY University in Erbil

This research aims at exploring some of the fundamental disorders and anomies in the Kurdistan private academic institutions. It tries to answer how and why these anomies and disorders originated, and how they are translated into macro-level structural chaos in the society at large. Is the commercial aspect dominant or the academic dimension? which one does shape and constrain the other? My research is theoretically informed by the “Broken Windows Theory”, developed by “Wilson” and “Kelling”, that studies the causes and contexts of spreading, expanding, and translating trivial problems into large-scale and societal problems. I also draw upon the notion “Institutional Anomie” proposed by “Messner” and “Rosenfeld”, that focuses on the economization and commercialization of non-commercial and non-economic institutions. Methodologically, I employ the critical and interpretive autoethnography. To further strengthening my qualitative data, I also made use of focus group technique and unstructured interview with 37 samples (22 students, 7 instructors, and 8 university personnel) in addition to participant and direct observations. The name of the studied university is indicated by the symbol (XY), the researcher taught at this university for three years, and therefore chose it as a target sample. The results show that private universities in Kurdistan, despite their abundance, operate as commercial institutions more than academic and educational institutions, and participate in the marketing and sale of certificates accredited by the Ministry of Higher Education in Kurdistan.

The broken windows theory applies to technical debt

Context:The term technical debt (TD) describes the aggregation of sub-optimal solutions that serve to impede the evolution and maintenance of a system. Some claim that the broken windows theory (BWT), a concept borrowed from criminology, also applies to software development projects. The theory states that the presence of indications of previous crime (such as a broken window) will increase the likelihood of further criminal activity; TD could be considered the broken windows of software systems.Objective:To empirically investigate the causal relationship between the TD density of a system and the propensity of developers to introduce new TD during the extension of that system.Method:The study used a mixed-methods research strategy consisting of a controlled experiment with an accompanying survey and follow-up interviews. The experiment had a total of 29 developers of varying experience levels completing system extension tasks in already existing systems with high or low TD density.Results:The analysis revealed significant effects of TD level on the subjects’ tendency to re-implement (rather than reuse) functionality, choose non-descriptive variable names, and introduce other code smells identified by the software tool SonarQube, all with at least 95%\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$95\\%$$\\end{document} credible intervals.Coclusions:Three separate significant results along with a validating qualitative result combine to form substantial evidence of the BWT’s existence in software engineering contexts. This study finds that existing TD can have a major impact on developers propensity to introduce new TD of various types during development.

Exploring Redevelopment and Police Presence in Bushwick, Brooklyn, Using Photovoice Methodology

The relationship between redevelopment and police presence is demonstrated in many neighborhoods by the influx of new residentsfrom suburban or rural areas and shifts in police response. As property values increase, police may prioritize order maintenance policing, also known as "broken windows" policing (Beck, 2020, p.247). This is disproportionately felt by Black and Brown residents who often suffer the consequences of rising costs, displacement, increased surveillance, and police presence. This paper explores the relationship between urban redevelopment and policing in one of the most popular neighborhoods in the borough of Brooklyn–Bushwick. As a socialwork researcher of color, I want to share the narratives that often go overlooked. I felt secure and empowered to conduct research and report my findings as a community member who is seeking to support and collaborate with my community. Photovoice allows me to do just this by highlighting the daily realities in my neighborhood. However, having more voices from long-term community members is imperative and will be essential in further exploration of this topic. Keywords: gentrification, redevelopment, policing, police presence, Bushwick, Brooklyn, New York City, photovoice, etc.

Impact of Urban Air Quality on Total Factor Productivity: Empirical Insights from Chinese Listed Companies

Urban air quality is inextricably linked to the operations of micro-firms. This paper employs the “Qinling-Huaihe” River demarcation as an instrumental variable to construct a regression discontinuity design (RDD) coupled with the two-stage least squares (2SLS) approach. This methodological framework is utilized to investigate the influence of urban air quality on the corporate total factor productivity (CTFP) of publicly listed manufacturing firms from 2015 to 2020. Drawing on the broken windows theory of urban decay and the general equilibrium theory, this research elucidates a significant adverse effect of urban air pollution on CTFP. We rigorously confirm the validity of the RDD by conducting covariate continuity tests and manipulating distributional variables. Furthermore, the robustness of the baseline regression outcomes is substantiated through a series of sensitivity, robustness, and endogeneity checks, employing alternative instrumental variables. The analysis extends to examining the heterogeneity across environmental attributes, regional features, and green branding. The mechanistic investigation reveals that public environmental concerns, financing constraints, and investments in technological innovation serve as mediators in the nexus between urban air pollution and CTFP. Additionally, it is observed that environmental regulation exerts a positive moderating influence, whereas female leadership has a negative impact in this context. The imperative for timely environmental governance is underscored by these findings, which offer crucial insights for policymakers seeking to refine business environment strategies and for corporations aiming to pursue sustainable growth.

Built on Women’s Bodies: An Author’s Response

Across the twentieth century, police were the enforcers of public space, determining which women would be targeted as problems to solve. Sexual policing—the targeting and legal control of people’s bodies and their presumed sexual activities—was considered a marginal and degraded use of public resources, maligned by officers and residents alike. And yet, amid the recurring crises of legitimacy for police during the scandalous enforcement of Prohibition and the social uprisings of the 1960s, the contested practice of sexual policing was also central to the legitimization and legalization of police power. The Streets Belong to Us is a spatial history of the development of urban police regimes as embattled authorities fought to seize and consolidate power. But embedded in that work is an argument that the formation of police power—like the formation of cities themselves—cannot be understood without accounting for gender and the interlocking hierarchies of race, class, and sexuality that make gender meaningful. Focusing on sexual policing, the most historically gendered arena of law enforcement, from Prohibition in segregated Jim Crow to the rise of broken windows policing in the gentrifying 1980s, I argue that police power and the modern city were built on women’s bodies.

Smart city planning focused on the US cities in need of policing innovations and public health safety technologies and strategies

The issue of firearm-related injuries, deaths and crime in the United States is of particular relevance. Every year, about 32,000 lives are lost as a result of firearm-related incidents, including self-inflicted injuries. Other 74,000 people suffer non-fatal gunshot wounds. Addressing this multi-faceted problem is possible through a comprehensive and integrated approach that encompasses public health initiatives, law enforcement efforts, and security measures. In the context of solving this problem, the concepts of “community-oriented policing”, “problem-oriented policing”, “broken windows theory”, “smart city social sustainability initiative” (multi-system improvement and meeting the needs of marginalised residents), “feedback methodology”, etc. are thoroughly considered. The author proposes the strategic deployment of mini-police stations in areas with a high crime rate as proper centres of police visibility and a deterrent to criminals. To realise this task, it is necessary to integrate the latest approaches to Smart Urban Development with innovative urban planning technologies that would increase the influence of law enforcement agencies in the process of protecting public health and safety in cities. In particular, the article proposes the following for implementation: identifying crime hotspots by means of advanced geographic information systems, applying machine learning algorithms to predict future crime trends, using advanced real-time surveillance technologies and firearms detection systems, applying geospatial analysis to optimise patrol routes, dynamically adjusting patrol routes depending on real-time data analytics, deploying mobile command centres. As a result, law enforcement agencies can effectively communicate to potential criminals that their actions will not go unnoticed. They may achieve significant success in improving the overall quality of life of residents in such areas. Also, they will create safer communities, and reduce the number of incidents involving the use of firearms.

Revising What We Know About Spatial Predictors of Violent Victimization: A Comprehensive Analysis of Differential Effects of Spatial Predictors of Robbery Victimization for Victims of Different Ethnic Backgrounds

ABSTRACT Despite abundant research on spatial predictors of violent victimization, few studies have explored the varying effects of these predictors on victims of different demographic backgrounds. This study seeks to bridge this gap by integrating perspectives from social disorganization, routine activity, risky lifestyles, and broken windows theories. Utilizing 2017–2019 crime data from Arlington, TX, the authors employ generalized spatial two-stage least-squares models to dissect the nuanced effects of place characteristics across different racial and ethnic groups. The findings highlight the importance of victim race/ethnicity in predicting robbery victimization within high-risk areas, uncovering the disparate effects the same place features have on people of different racial or ethnic backgrounds.

Lysosomal Rupture‐Mediated “Broken Window Effect” to Amplify Cuproptosis and Pyroptosis for High‐Efficiency Cancer Immunotherapy

AbstractAutophagy, a lysosome‐involved degradation pathway, as a self‐protective cellular process, always weakens the efficiency of tumor therapies. Herein, for the first time, the biodegradable copper (Cu) ions doped layered double hydroxide (Cu‐LDH) nanoparticles are reported for cancer immunotherapy via lysosomal rupture‐mediated “Broken Window Effect”. Only injection of Cu‐LDH single therapeutic agent achieves various organelles destruction after lysosomal rupture, as well as the abnormal aggregation of Cu ions in tumor cells for cuproptosis and pyroptosis. More importantly, autophagy inhibition caused by lysosomal rupture improves Cu ions overload‐mediated cuproptosis and pyroptosis by blocking the lysosome‐mediated bulk degradation pathway, leading to good anti‐tumor immune responses and ultimately high‐efficiency tumor growth inhibition. This lysosomal rupture‐mediated “Broken Window Effect” provides a new paradigm for the autophagy enhanced tumor therapy.

Application of broken windows theory to identify flow disruptions in neurosurgery procedure.

Addressing flow disruptions (FDs) in neurosurgery requires a multifaceted approach. Strategies like improved communication protocols, minimizing interruptions, improving coordination among team, optimizing operating room layout, and promoting user-centered design can help mitigate the challenges and enhance the overall flow and safety of neurosurgical procedures. Thirty neurosurgery cases were observed at two tertiary care facilities. The data collected were from wheels into the operating room to wheels out from the operating room. Data points were categorized using a human factors taxonomy known as RIPCHORD-TWA (Realizing Improved Patient Care Through Human-Centered Operating Room Design for Threat Window Analysis). Of the 541 total disruptions observed, coordination issues were the most prevalent (26.25%), followed by layout issues (26.06%), issues related to interruption (22.55%), communication (22.37%), equipment issues (2.40%) and usability issues (0.37%) comprised the remainder of the observations. This translated into one disruption every 2.7 min. Instead of focusing exclusively on errors and adverse events, we propose conceptualizing the accumulation of disruptions as "threat windows" to analyze potential threats to the integrity of the care system. This perspective allows for the improved identification of system weaknesses or threats, affording us the ability to address these inefficiencies and intervene before errors and adverse events may occur.

Symphony of The Command Theory & Broken Windows Theory in Modern Day Law Enforcement

Symphony of The Command Theory & Broken Windows Theory in Modern Day Law Enforcement