Broken Wheat Research Articles

Iron availability from processed and cooked wheat products using haemoglobin regeneration efficiency method.

In India, the prevalence of iron deficiency is high due to both low iron intake and low availability from foods of plant origin. We investigated the effect of different wheat products on iron availability by testing haemoglobin regeneration efficiency using a rat model. Wheat grains processed into whole wheat flour, pearled wheat flour and broken wheat were used to prepare chapati, parantha and porridge. All samples were analysed for proximate principles, minerals, namely calcium, iron, zinc, sodium, potassium, fibre, phytin phosphorus and total phenols. Protein, fat, fibre, phytate and total phenols of pearled wheat flour were lower than whole wheat flour. All minerals except zinc were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in whole wheat flour while soluble iron was higher in pearled wheat flour. Cooking resulted in an increase in soluble iron and neutral detergent fibre (P < 0.001) and decrease in phytin phosphorus and total phenols. Haemoglobin regeneration efficiency (HRE) of pearled wheat flour was significantly higher than whole wheat flour. Cooking resulted in significant (P < 0.05) increase in HRE and HRE of chapati was higher than parantha. Soluble iron and HRE were significantly associated.

Pathogenicity ofBeauveria bassiana for adults ofTribolium castaneum (Col.: Tenebrionidae) in stored grains

Conidia ofBeauveria bassiana were evaluated for activity against adults ofTribolium castaneum, under laboratory conditions closely resembling the stored-grain conditions. Three doses of the fungus were applied in the treatments: 0.1 g, 0.5 g and 1 g per 20 insects/dose/flask. Treated insects and untreated were incubated in broken wheat. There were 5 replications for each test. A total of 1600 treated and control insects used were kept in a climatic chamber (70±5% and 27±2°C) for 45 days. Observations were performed daily and the recording of infected cadavers began when the percentage of mortality exceeded 50%. The evaluation of the efficiency of each dose ofB. bassiana was made 14, 21, 28 and 45 days after inoculation. Mortality of adults that were exposed to the beetles treated with 0.5 g and 1 g of conidia ofB. bassiana / 20 adults was 87 and 85% respectively, within 21 days of exposure. Onset of mortality was further delayed at lower dosage of the fungus; 55% after 21 days. After 28 days there were no difference in mortality between the 0.5 g and 1 g dosages ofB. bassiana. The most efficient treatment was 0.5 g/20 insects, which resulted in a control higher than 50% 14 days post treatment.

Turkey feeding regimes with different ages of introduction of a choice of foods

An experiment was carried out to investigate five feeding regimes for the turkey which involve introducing a choice of wheat grain and a higher-protein food at 1, 14, 28, 56 and 77 days of age. Broken wheat grains were used from days 1 to 14, and whole grains thereafter. Protein intakes per bird, calculated from standard tables of feed composition, were 39.1, 43.0, 41.8, 35.5 and 36.0 g/day, respectively, from 14 to 98 days. Further groups of birds on a complete diet regime consumed a significantly lower 33.3 g/day. Only two comparisons were significantly different for body weight at 98 days: birds which received the choice at 14 days had a significantly higher weight (5.7 kg/bird) than those which received the choice at 56 days (5.5 kg) and than those on the complete diet regime (5.5 kg). P resentation of the wheat and higher-protein food during the period of protein over-consumption, according to a fixed ratio schedule, might reduce protein intake.

Unsent Letter to Luis Salinas

It's hot in the mountains now even at night and soon you will be in Texas fighting the sun & looking for the virgin in Mexican bars. Obsidian eyes that see the human and the inhuman with the same anguish, hands of broken wheat, bones resonating to the grito, all the weariness of the poor burns clearly through raw alcohol. I think of you pushing a heavy brown breast to your mouth as if you could get away for just one night or even twenty minutes. A fiery planet flies around your heart and a moon around the planet and stars are shooting everywhere. Your blood is amazed at all this activity, and the woman is amazed, and the bed creaks under the weight of the world. May you have many children and the gringos none.

Effect of Dockage in the Infestation of Wheat by Some Stored-product Insects1

Survival, development, and multiplication of 9 species and 1 mutant of stored-product insects on clean Manitou wheat and wheat with various percentages of dockage in 10-g food lots were determined at 27±0.5°, 30±0.5°, and 33±0.5°C and 70±2% RH. Dockage comprised 12 components including wild buckwheat, broken wheat, small wheat kernels, and various weed seeds. When reared on clean wheat and on wheat with 2, 5, and 7% dockage at 27±0.5°C, the proponion of eggs that developed to adults was high for Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), moderate and low for C. turcicus (Grouville), Oryzaephilus mercator (Fauvel), O. surinamensis (L.), Stegobium paniceum (L.), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), and T. confusum Jacquelin duVal. Presence of dockage significantly increased (P<0.01) the number of adults developing from eggs at the 7% dockage level in O. surinamensis. Adult survival of Ahasverus advena (Waltl) was adversely affected by higher dockage levels at 30±0.5°C and 33±0.5°C but not at 27±0.5°C. Presence of dockage at the 5% level significantly increased the adult emergence of T. audex Halstead at 27±0.5°C and of a T. confusum black mutant at 33±0.5°C. Both 5 and 10% dockage at 33±0.5°C significantly affected adult emergence and the rate of multiplication of F1 progeny of C. ferrugineus, O. surinamensis, and T. castaneum reared on 150-g lots of wheat. O. surinamensis was favorably affected by increasingly high levels of dockage. At 33°C optimum temperature, T. castaneum, unlike O. surinamensis, multiplied well on dockage-free wheat. T. castaneum was favorably affected by dockage only at the 10% level, whereas C. ferrugineus was adversely affected by dockage.

1250. Zirconium in our environment

Present day rodent management technology mostly relies on use of rodenticides, which is unsafe for human beings and other non-targets. Denatonium benzoate (DB) is an intensely bitter and non-toxic substance which is detectable by humans at a concentration of 10 ppb. Denatonium benzoate added wax block formulation of bromadiolone (0.005%) (an anticoagulant rodenticide) was evaluated against commensal rodents (house rat, Rattus rattus and lesser bandicoot rat, Bandicota bengalensis), which are always found in the proximity of pets, domestic animals and human beings. Single day exposure to bromadiolone (0.005%) formulation with DB and without DB in no-choice tests yielded 100% mortality in both the test rodent species in 2–11 days. The amount of poison bait ingested by R. rattus and B. bengalensis for both the formulations did not differ significantly, ranging between 5.87 - 7.30 and 6.51–6.71 g/100 g body weight, respectively. In choice tests in the presence of alternate plain food (broken wheat grain), consumption of both the formulations of bromadiolone (0.005%) (with and without DB) was similar to plain food at both the exposure periods (1 and 2 days), indicating a good acceptability of test rodenticide. However, mortality with a single day exposure to bromadiolone (0.005%) formulation with DB was 70% and without DB was 60–80% in both test rodent species within 3–14 days. With a two days exposure period, mortality was 100% in both the species of test rodents in 3–13 days. Single day choice test between the formulations revealed that intake of baits of both formulations by both the test rodents was similar i.e., in the range of 8.16–8.94 g/100 g b wt (bromadiolone with DB) and 8.20–9.5 g/100 g b wt (bromadiolone without DB) indicating that incorporation of a bittering agent (DB) with bromadiolone did not alter the consumption of poison in both the test species. In field trials the mean control success as assessed by census baiting and trapping methods with the application of bromadiolone (0.005%) with DB ranged between 54.0% (houses and shops) to 68.4% (poultry farms) and was 55.6% (houses and shops) to 68.4% (poultry farms) in treatments with bromadiolone (0.005%) without DB. It can be concluded that denatonium benzoate could be a best additive in rodenticidal formulations as the acceptability, palatability and toxicity in the laboratory and also its performance in field in managing the pest rodents were not altered.

Some factors affecting the longevity and oviposition of Ptinus tectus Boieldieu (Coleoptera, Ptinidae) which have relevance to succession among grain beetles

The mean longevity of adults of Ptinus tectus Boieldieu, denied water, on flour at 70% r.h. varied from about 32 weeks at 5°C to about 8 weeks at 20°C. Oviposition occurred throughout this temperature range. Fecundity was variable but it appeared to increase with rising temperature. At 25°C, 70% r.h., without water, adults lived for about 5 weeks on Sitophilus frass, broken wheat and husk (empty grains). When given weekly drinks they lived about 20 weeks on frass, wheat and flour but only 14 weeks on husk. The influence of larval diet upon longevity and fecundity of the subsequent adults (with and without drink) was investigated. Individuals reared on frass or husk and, when adult, placed on flour and given water lived longer and laid more eggs than on any other combination of foods studied. Without water, there was little difference in adult longevity on the different foods and fecundity was generally low; individuals bred on husk laid fewer eggs than those bred on wheat or frass. When given a choice, females preferred frass to husk or broken wheat as an oviposition site; when they were confined on these foods fecundity was lower on husk than on the other two. The oviposition rate of P. tectus females was reduced by crowding and, to about the same extent, by crowding with Sitophilus adults when the effect was more marked in broken wheat than in frass or husk. The experimental results are interpreted in relation to certain characteristics of the foods used—particle size, structure, nature and degree of weevil contamination, and nutritional adequacy—and to intra- and inter-specific density effects. The relevance of the results to the ecology of the two species when found together in wheat is briefly discussed.