Broadside Radiation Research Articles

Ka-Band High-Efficiency Leaky-Wave Broadside Array Antenna Based on Dielectric Image Lines

Based on a novel perturbation structure combining square hole and metal strip, a Ka-band high-efficiency dielectric image line (DIL) leaky-wave antenna (LWA) array with broadside beam is proposed in this paper. Compared with the conventional periodic unit, a larger control range for the radiation capacity is realized, which is applied to the design of 20× 8 DIL array with uniform illumination. Moreover, due to the low losses of the DIL and the waveguide feeding network, the high efficiency performance has been achieved. The measured maximum gain is 28.24 dBi at 35 GHz, which corresponds to the radiation efficiency and aperture efficiency of 77.69% and 54.39%, respectively. The stable and available broadside radiation pattern have been achieved in the frequency range of 34.4GHz-35.4GHz. The advantages of high efficiency and low manufacturing cost of the proposed antenna make it an excellent candidate for mm-wave applications.

Low-Profile Dual-Polarized Double-Layer Microstrip Antenna for 5G and 5G Wi-Fi.

A dual-polarized double-layer microstrip antenna with a metasurface structure is proposed for 5G and 5G Wi-Fi. A total of 4 modified patches are used for the middle layer structure, and 24 square patches are used for the top layer structure. The double-layer design has achieved -10 dB bandwidths of 64.1% (3.13 GHz~6.08 GHz) and 61.1% (3.18 GHz~5.98 GHz). The dual aperture coupling method is adopted, and the measured port isolation is more than 31 dB. A low profile of 0.096λ0 is obtained (λ0 is the wavelength of 4.58 GHz in the air) for a compact design. Broadside radiation patterns have been realized, and the measured peak gains are 11.1 dBi and 11.3 dBi for two polarizations. The antenna structure and E-field distributions are discussed to clarify its working principle. This dual-polarized double-layer antenna can accommodate 5G and 5G Wi-Fi simultaneously, which can be a competitive candidate for 5G communication systems.

A Broadband Circularly Polarized Single-Layer Metasurface Antenna Using Characteristic-Mode Analysis

In this work, we propose a low-profile single-layer coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed metasurface (MTS) antenna with broadband circular polarization (CP) radiation. With the help of characteristic-mode analysis (CMA), a <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\textbf {3}\times \textbf {4}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> MTS is analyzed to reveal the useful modes supported by the structure. Consequently, two modes with orthogonal current distribution, broadside radiation, and nearly <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathrm{90}^{\circ} $ </tex-math></inline-formula> phase difference over a wide frequency band are chosen as operation modes. Moreover, the modal near field of the aforementioned modes shows that, unlike conventional microstrip patches, the entire proposed MTS supports two kinds of extraordinary TM modes, namely, e-TM30 and e-TM04. Accordingly, a rotated CPW feeding line is used to excite the two modes without adding an extra layer as reported in the literature, making the design simpler and easier to manufacture. Based on that, a low profile antenna of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\textbf {0.058}\lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> has been designed and fabricated. The measured results show an impedance bandwidth (IBW) of 25% (4.870–6.26 GHz), 3 dB axial ratio (AR) band of 19.42% (5.30–6.44 GHz), and a maximum gain of 8 dBi.

Diversity Glass Antennas for Tri-Band WiFi Applications

This paper investigates two novel polarization- and pattern-diversity glass dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs), both of which are for tri-band (2.4, 5.2, and 5.8 GHz) wireless fidelity (WiFi) applications. It also investigates what type of diversity antenna is most suitable for WiFi router applications by comparing the two DRAs, along with a new space-diversity glass DRA. These three diversity glass DRAs are also compared with a commercial space-diversity monopole pair to benchmark the performance of the glass DRA in WiFi router applications. In our polarization-diversity antenna, a double-port feeding scheme is developed to excite different DRA modes. The frequencies of the DRA modes are tuned by using a stepped DRA. For the pattern-diversity design, a stacked DRA is introduced to broaden the bandwidth for both the conical and broadside radiation modes. All three of the new diversity antennas were fabricated and measured to verify the simulations. In our experiment, the bit error rate (BER) of the three diversity glass antennas and the reference space-diversity monopole antenna was also measured, and the results are compared and discussed. It is found that the polarization-diversity omnidirectional DRA has the most stable BER among the three.

A Miniaturized Multi‐Frequency Wide‐Band Leaky Wave Button Antenna for ISM/5G Communications and WBAN Applications

AbstractA low‐profile multi‐frequency leaky wave button antenna for body‐centric communications is presented. A leaky wave antenna loaded with U‐slots (a combination of U‐slots and slits) and tapered slot structures to improve the radiation efficiency, broadside radiation pattern, and widen the steering range is designed. Furthermore, it comprises a whole ground to meet the Specific Absorption Rate standard requirements based on the known standards. The antenna's performances are examined for on and off‐body conditions. For demonstration, a prototype is implemented, and the measurement is performed on the chest. The antenna operates at multi bands of 1.7–3.3 GHz (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical and 5G communication) and 4.15–10 GHz (sub‐6 GHz and X‐band communications). The peak gains of 6.9 and 8.2 dBi were obtained for on and off‐ body conditions, respectively. Furthermore, the antenna offers maximum radiation efficiencies of 89.3% and 99.3% for on‐body and free‐space conditions. The specific absorption rate (SAR) values obtained for body‐centric communications meet the regulation requirements (e.g., on body tissue at 3.2 GHz, it is 0.78 (1 g) and 0.44 (10 g) W/kg). With an overall miniaturized size, the proposed button antenna could be integrated with clothes. In addition, a multi‐wide bandwidth, circularly polarized radiation, a small size, high efficiency and gain, and low SAR values prove that the proposed antenna can be a potential candidate for wireless body area network and simultaneous wireless information and power transfer applications.

A Millimeter-Wave Spoof-Surface-Plasmon-Polaritons-Fed Dual-Polarized Microstrip Patch Antenna Array

A novel millimeter-wave spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs)-fed dual-polarized microstrip patch antenna array is proposed in this article. A dual-polarized single-layered square patch antenna fed by SSPPs is investigated first acting as the radiators. A method of directly connecting two orthogonal SSPPs with two edges of the square patch is introduced to excite the TM10 and TM01 modes and to achieve promising performance simultaneously. The fabricated antenna element has a measured overlapped impedance bandwidth of 13.7%, an isolation of more than 15 dB between the two inputs, a gain of up to about 6 dBi, and stable dual-polarized radiation patterns. With the use of two SSPPs branches printed on different sides of the substrate, a compact SSPPs power divider with adjustable power dividing ratio is then investigated for realizing the series SSPPs feed network, whose design considerations are discussed in detail. By combining the feed network with the patch elements, a <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 4 SSPPs-fed dual-polarized microstrip patch antenna array is fulfilled. The fabricated prototype confirms a bandwidth of 15% and dual-polarized broadside radiations. Benefitted from the simple single-layered geometry without the metallic ground plane over the major region of array geometry and the dual-polarized unidirectional radiation, the presented designs are valuable to emerging millimeter-wave applications.

Low-profile closely coupled dual-band MIMO antenna using double layer metasurface

AbstractA two-element low-profile closely coupled dual-band MIMO antenna is demonstrated for WiMAX applications. Based on the principle of metasurface (MTS) decoupling, a double-layer MTS consisting of pairs of elliptic patches with two different sizes is proposed. The MTS is loaded above a coupled dual-band MIMO antenna, and the mutual coupling in the lower and upper band is reduced by the larger and smaller elliptic patches, respectively. The edge-to-edge distance of antenna elements is only 0.01λ0 (λ0 is the free-space wavelength at 2.6 GHz). The measured results show that the working bandwidths of the MIMO antenna are 2.5–2.69 and 3.4–3.69 GHz. The −10 dB impedance bandwidths in two bands are 8.83% (2.49–2.72 GHz) and 8.50% (3.38–3.68 GHz), and the isolation between antenna elements is enhanced by 13.5 and 18.4 dB in two bands, respectively. Moreover, broadside radiation performances in two bands are obtained.

A 7 × 8 Butler Matrix-Fed Multibeam Antenna Based on Substrate Integrated Waveguide Technology

In this letter, a novel 7 × 8 Butler matrix (BM) operating in the millimeter-wave band is presented. It is composed of a 3 × 4 BM, two 3 × 4-like BM, two phase shifters and two couplers, achieving equal amplitude output distribution and seven output phase differences (0°, ±45°, ±90°, ±135°). The proposed 7 × 8 BM can be realized by dual-layer substrate integrated waveguide structure easily, which is difficult for merging the two central ports of the traditional 8 × 8 BM. To verify the concept, a multibeam antenna fed by the proposed BM is designed and fabricated, achieving seven beams in the frequency range of 26.5–29.5 GHz. Compared with counterparts, the proposed antenna features compact size, broadside radiation, and relatively wide bandwidth.

Design Approach for Pattern-Reconfigurable Patch Antenna Without Extra Feeding Networks

In this communication, an efficient approach with multiple loading techniques is proposed to design a low profile, single-fed, pattern reconfigurable patch antenna with broadside and dual-beam radiation patterns. Initially, a transmission-line model is developed to theoretically investigate the resonant frequency of a rectangular patch antenna with radiation efficiency ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\eta _{r}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) into consideration as well. It is revealed that the frequency overlap in the two states without significantly sacrificing <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\eta _{r}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> can be achieved by properly loading shorting pins and open-ended stubs. Besides, the two center-loaded elements, i.e., a shunt capacitor and a series inductor, are also studied for demonstration of their unique effects on impedance matching for both states or operating modes. Then, a design guideline is summarized based on the theoretical analysis. Following the developed guideline, two examples working at the same operating frequency of 2.45 GHz are designed, fabricated, and tested. Measured gains of 9.6 (8.7) and 5.6 (5.3 dBi) of antenna example A (example B) are obtained for broadside and dual-beam modes, respectively. The measured and simulated results are observed in good agreement, thereby demonstrating the validity of the proposed scheme. The merits of low profile, high gain, and no need of extra feeding networks make the proposed antennas good candidates for modern communication systems.

High-Gain Millimeter-Wave Antenna-in-Display Using Non-Optical Space for 5G Smartphones

This article presents a high-gain display-integrated antenna topology, for the first time, embedding radiating traces into a nonoptical space, referred to as the dead space (DS), which is the edge part of the display panel; however, it does not perturb the optical illumination of the display. Thus, the proposed antenna topology is denoted as antenna-in-display (AiD). To fit the extremely narrow embedding conditions of the given DS (= <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.03 \lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> at 28 GHz), a new-shape coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed folded dipole antenna was devised and efficiently tailored in the DS area. The bottom side of the panel was modified to render the effect of a coplanar defected ground structure (CDGS) for antenna minimization, and a new asymmetrical antenna geometry was proposed for wideband impedance matching and broadside radiation pattern. Compared with conventional studies, the proposed antenna concept provides an improved gain resulting from the good conductive metal in DS, the complete display visibility, and touch sensor compatibility, whereas the previous antenna-on-display (AoD) approaches inherently suffer from the limited gain obtained at the expense of lower conductivity of the optically invisible antenna electrodes. Because the proposed AiD concept enables the direct fabrication of antenna traces into the DS area of the display panel, eliminating need for an additional film, a lower package profile, and cost reduction can be achieved. The proposed prototype was fabricated and verified using an actual smartphone. The measured data confirm 12.32 dBi gain, 54.3% radiation efficiency, and 3 dB gain bandwidth larger than 3 at 28 GHz.

A Shared-Aperture Cavity Slot Antenna-in-Package Concept Featuring End-Fire and Broadside Radiation for Enhanced Beam Coverage of mmWave Mobile Devices

A shared-aperture cavity slot antenna (SACSA) is proposed and demonstrated at millimeter-wave spectrum for the first time. The endfire and broadside antennas can independently operate within an identical cavity, thus sharing a common aperture. The endfire antenna is implemented as an open-ended cavity slot antenna (CSA) topology featuring <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$+y$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -axis directional beam, and broadside antenna is realized as a cavity backed slot antenna featuring +z-axis directional beam. For reducing a mutual coupling between endfire and broadside antennas, two antennas are designed to feature orthogonal polarization of each other. The reflection coefficients of two antennas satisfy less than −10 dB at operating frequency band while maintaining mutual coupling coefficient under −25 dB. The realized gain of 1 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 4 SACSA is approximately 9.56 dBi for endfire antenna and 8.9 dBi for broadside antenna, and 3 dB scanning angle of both antennas is ± 45° at respective dominant directions. Accordingly, the proposed SACSA can be implemented as a compact size of antenna-in-package (AiP) by sharing the aperture of two antennas and enhancing beamforming coverage by independently steering two separate beams.

Wideband Fabric Antenna for Ultra Wideband Applications using for Medical Applications

Traditional cancer detection imaging techniques suffer high costs, high false negatives, high false positives,and pain. The microwave imaging techniques overcome the limitations, which depend primarily on antenna design. If an antenna is wearable and implantable, the imaging system gives better results with less pain and cost. A wide band fabric antenna that operates at the ultra-wideband frequency with a low specific absorption rate (SAR) on breast phantom is verified. The proposed design has Jeans material as a substrate and the copper patch as a radiating element. The patch is designed in a circular shape with an M-type slot to suppress the spurious modes. The designed antenna model is commonly used for monitoring microwave imaging and has dimensions of 28X30X1.6 mm3. The proposed antenna design covers 2.3-8 GHz frequency with a broadside radiation pattern. The gain over the operating frequency is about 2.3-4.5 dB, and the efficiency is 55 %–79 %. The antenna model was designed and simulated in CST microwave studio. The performance of an antenna is tested on breast cancer to detect the presence of tumor cells in the breast. The antenna analysis on the phantom was done by considering the tumor location and corresponding results are presented. By varying the sizes of the tumor the antenna performance is analysed. The simulated SAR values of the proposed antenna design on breast phantom are under the limits of FCC.

Low RCS, Broadband Polarization Conversion Metasurface Antenna Based on Reactance Loading

A reactance-loaded polarization conversion metasurface (PCMS) is presented and exploited to realize a metasurface antenna (MTA) with both low radar cross section (RCS) and broadband radiation. Distinct from the conventional low-RCS PCMS, a metallic surface with etched open and closed slits is integrated into a PCMS consisting of double L-shaped particle pairs. Due to the edge capacitance induced by open slits and the surface inductance imposed by closed slits, the PCMS is endowed with reactance features that act as a perturbation to modulate the near-field interactions, thereby expanding the polarization conversion bandwidth. Besides, the reactance-loaded metallic surface, which has the same period as L-shaped particle pairs, combined with the grounded substrate, constitutes a broadband metasurface radiator. With the help of characteristic mode analysis, a linearly polarized aperture-coupled PCMS antenna is proposed, which effectively stimulates two resonant modes with broadside radiation to help bring about a broad operating bandwidth of 45.52%. Subsequently, the checkerboard-layout PCMS array is coupled to a sequentially feeding network through apertures on the ground plane, implementing a circularly polarized MTA with a broad 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth of 20.11%. Relying on phase cancellation and outstanding polarization conversion behaviors, an ultrawideband RCS reduction bandwidth of 7–39 GHz (139.13%) is also available.

A Lateral Scanning Periodic Leaky-Wave Antenna Using Reverse Dipole Pair Element for Suppressing -2nd Space Harmonic

This communication presents a periodic leaky-wave antenna (PLWA) with a lateral scanning beam, in which the basic element is composed of a reverse dipole pair (RDP). The operating mechanism of the RDP is first investigated, and it is found that the -2nd space harmonic (SH) is effectively suppressed by loading the reverse dipoles in the center of the periodic element. Meanwhile, the -1st SH is strengthened. Next, two rows of improved directors are introduced to reduce the broadside radiation and compress the beamwidth in the lateral direction. Finally, the element configuration is optimized to eliminate the open-stopband effect in the periodic structure. A prototype of the proposed RDP-based PLWA is fabricated and measured, and it is found that the -2nd SH at 9 GHz is suppressed, and a large front-to-back ratio of nearly 20 dB is achieved at 7.4 GHz in the exact lateral direction. The proposed antenna with single-mode operation provides more choices for low-profile beam scanning systems.

Wide-Angle Spoof Surface Plasmon Polariton Leaky-Wave Antenna Exploiting Prefractal Structures With Backfire to Nearly Endfire Scanning

This letter presents a single-layer, wide-angle, low-cost frequency beam scanning leaky-wave antenna (LWA) based on spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs). Here, two rows of Sierpinski prefractal parasitic patches are placed near an ultrathin planar SSPP waveguide, which can achieve continuous backfire to nearly endfire beam scanning with increasing frequency. The overall width of the proposed antenna is only 0.75 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda _{\text{0}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> (with <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda _{\text{0}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> being the wavelength of the lowest operating frequency). This SSPP LWA provides high-performance backfire and broadside radiations due to applying prefractal units. Simulated results show that the proposed SSPP LWA achieves a wide scanning range from −90 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula> to +58 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula> within the frequency range of 3–8 GHz. The average gain and radiation efficiency of the antenna are 10.9 dBi and 88%, respectively. An antenna prototype is fabricated and measured. The measured results agree reasonably well with the simulated ones.

Broadband Cross-Slotted Patch Antenna for 5G Millimeter-Wave Applications Based on Characteristic Mode Analysis

This article proposes a wideband differentially fed dual-polarized magnetoelectric (ME) dipole for millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) applications. Various electric and magnetic characteristic modes of a slotted patch antenna are investigated and utilized effectively to create a stable broadside radiation pattern, covering fifth-generation (5G) frequency bands from 24.25 to 40 GHz. To implement this, the lifted ground (LGND) concept is applied to achieve a 57.1% impedance bandwidth for a single antenna element. In addition, the three resonances of the antenna can be manipulated independently. The use of differential feeding allows more than 36 dB of port-to-port isolation across the entire operating band. The measured gains of the single element and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 2 array are 8.4 and 13.4 dBi, respectively. Also, the measured results indicate symmetrical E- and H-plane radiation patterns and cross-polarization levels lower than −26 dB. With the favorable electrical performance, compact size, simple structure, and low-cost fabrication, the proposed ME dipole is a promising candidate for mm-Wave Antenna-in-Package (AiP) applications.

Design of a Circuit-Free Filtering Metasurface Antenna Using Characteristic Mode Analysis

This communication presents a method of designing filtering metasurface (MTS) antennas, which is to excite the candidate in-band modes and suppress the out-of-band interference ones. The candidate modes are selected depending on the expected radiation patterns and operating band and excited by choosing a reasonable feeding structure. The suppression of interference modes is achieved by controlling the modal currents with the aid of a characteristic mode analysis (CMA). As a result, the MTS works as a radiator and a filter simultaneously. A <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3\times3$ </tex-math></inline-formula> array MTS antenna is implemented to demonstrate the concept. Targeting the broadside radiation pattern and 5G operating band, two candidate MTS modes are selected. A ground slot is used to excite them and introduce an extra slot mode. The out-of-band interference modes are eliminated by removing specific patches and etching a split slot on the central patch of the MTS. Moreover, to improve the selectivity at the lower band edge, a probe is added at the center of the antenna. The antenna has a simulated −10 dB impedance bandwidth of 25%, covering the 5G n77 band (3.3–4.25 GHz). The out-of-band suppression level exceeds 27 dB. Thin-band peak gain is 10.9 dBi, while the peak efficiency reaches 95%.

Electric-Field Null Bending of a Single Dual-Port Patch Antenna for Colinear Polarization Decoupling Using Characteristic Modes Analysis

A novel design concept for bending the electric-field nulls of a single dual-port microstrip patch antenna (MPA) for colinear polarization decoupling is proposed in this communication. Initially, the electric-field distributions of the traditional MPA are theoretically studied by using characteristic mode analysis (CMA). The results demonstrate that the of electric-field nulls could be bent by combining its two modes. Hence, when the antenna is excited at the left port, electric-field nulls could be formed around the right port. In contrast, electric-field nulls are formed on the left port for the MPA under excitation of the right port. Next, a set of shorting pins is loaded below the radiating patch. Hence, the MPA reallocates the resonant frequencies of these dual modes closely to each other and combines them for low mutual coupling. After that, the slot is cut on the radiator, aiming to improve the impedance matching over the operating band. With these arrangements, the mutual coupling of the MPA between dual ports is successfully decreased with good impedance matching. In final, the proposed MPA is fabricated and measured. Good agreement between the simulated and measured results is obtained, and it proves that the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\vert S_{11}\vert &lt; -10$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dB of the antenna is operated in a range from 5.3 to 5.54 GHz. Besides, the antenna maintains the low-profile, single-layer, and single-element properties. Most importantly, it has generated a broadside radiation pattern with the same polarization, and its isolation is satisfactorily enhanced to above 17 dB, which is much higher than the 3.5 dB of the traditional counterpart. Hence, it can be used for in-band full-duplex (IBFD) systems.

U-Slot Loaded Square Monopole Microstrip Antenna for Wide Band Operation

Abstract: This paper presents the design and development of simple U- slot loaded square monopole microstrip antenna for wide band operation. The proposed antenna is excited through microstripline feed arrangement. The low cost glass epoxy substrate material is used to fabricate the antenna. The antenna operates between 3.16 GHz to 9.96 GHz giving linearly polarized broadside radiation characteristics with impedance band width of 74.4% and a peak gain of 4.2 dB. The proposed antenna may find applications in X band systems..

Design of high-gain wideband substrate integrated waveguide dielectric resonator antenna for D-band applications

The emerging mobile broadband applications and services demand high-performance networks operating at high frequencies. There is need for high gain and wideband antennas for mobile equipment to support high-speed communications in the millimeter (mm) wave and terahertz (THz) frequencies. In this paper, we propose a wideband substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) fed dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) for D-band applications. A rectangular dielectric resonator element is designed to operate in higher order modes. Wideband operation is achieved by merging adjacent resonances of the different modes. We present a systematic and sequential application of impedance matching techniques to merge the passbands of a multi-mode dual-band DRA, to achieve a wideband response. The proposed design operates between 123.97 GHz and 152.13 GHz. This represents a -10 dB bandwidth of 20.39% at the center frequency of 138.05 GHz. The proposed antenna design has stable broadside radiation patterns, exhibiting a high gain of 11.67 dBi, directivity of 13.36 dBi and maximum total efficiency of 79% . The proposed design is suitable for future generation wireless communication in the terahertz band.