Broad Definition Research Articles

Influenza-like illness surveillance may underestimate the incidence of respiratory syncytial virus in adult outpatients

Although respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory infections (ARIs), it is unclear which of the case definitions that prompt swab collection predicts RSV best. We aimed to profile RSV-positive adults and to identify possible RSV case definitions. This individual-based pooled analysis was based on influenza-like illness (ILI) surveillance conducted among Italian outpatient adults. All samples were tested for influenza, RSV and other respiratory viruses. RSV was detected in 5.2% of the 1240 ILI adults tested. The prevalence of fever/feverishness was significantly lower (83.3%) in individuals positive for RSV and those negative for both viruses (79.4%) than in influenza-positive subjects (96.2%). Conversely, 98.3% of RSV-positive adults reported cough. Compared with subjects who tested negative, the adjusted relative risk ratio of cough in RSV-positive subjects was much higher than in influenza-positive subjects (6.89 vs 2.79). Using ARI with cough as the RSV case definition increased specificity. As fever/feverishness is more common among influenza than RSV cases, ILI-based surveillance may underestimate RSV incidence in adult outpatients. While broad ARI definitions are useful for routine RSV surveillance, their low specificity may hamper vaccine effectiveness studies. The use of further ARI qualifiers like cough increases specificity.

A social justice perspective on the delivery of family support

Family support as an approach to working with children, youth, parents, and families is widely practiced across Europe albeit with a range of diverse meanings and interpretations. This paper responds to this ambiguity and provides a conceptual understanding of the delivery of family support in Europe. In doing so it applies a social justice approach critically examining the extent to which Family Support reflects the right of families, children, youth, and parents to be supported. It identifies and critically examines similarities and differences in the meaning and application of family support as a key concept in the European context. It is based on a comprehensive review of literature, mapping multi-disciplinary approaches to the provision of support, based on academic material from 2015 to 2020 and adopting a broad and inclusive definition of family. The paper considers the complexities in developing a universally accepted understanding of family support that: has value for practitioners and managers; is selected as a focus by policy makers; is open to evaluation and research; is compatible with academic research; and most importantly provides responsive and effective support to children, youth, parents and families.

How to implement a “standard of care” regulatory model for pharmacists

National pharmacy associations have increasingly explored regulation according to a “standard of care.” In such a model, pharmacists can provide a wide range of clinical services aligned with their education and training. Based on Idaho’s experience implementing this model, there are five critical steps states must take to enact a standard of care: 1) Adopt a broad definition of “practice of pharmacy;” 2) Allow elasticity for practice innovation over time; 3) Decide which limited instances still necessitate prescriptive regulation; 4) Eliminate all unnecessary regulations; and 5) Strengthen accountability for deviations from the standard of care. States wishing to adopt a standard of care approach can follow this five-step process to enhance patient care and mitigate the lag that is otherwise constant between laws and practice.

Predictors of Multimorbidity (Defined as Diabetes + Hypertension) Amongst Males Aged 15-54 in India: An Urban/Rural Split Analysis.

Objectives: This study aimed to determine which sociodemographic and lifestyle factors may act as predictors of multimorbidity (defined as diabetes + hypertension) amongst men aged 15-54 within urban and rural areas of India. Methods: Data from the latest 2019-2021 India NFHS-5 survey were utilized. Presumed cases of multimorbidity were defined as men who had DM + HTN. A total of 22,411 men in urban areas and 66,768 rural men were analyzed using mixed-effect multi-level binary logistic regression models. Results: Various predictors were found to have a statistically significant association to multimorbidity. Urban areas: Age, region of residence, wealth, religion, occupation, and BMI. Rural areas: Age, education, region of residence, wealth, occupation, caste, BMI, alcohol consumption, media exposure, and tobacco consumption. Conclusion: Departing from the broad operational definitions often studied within literature, this study provided insight into one of the most prevalent specific multimorbidities across India. The urban/rural split analyses revealed substantial differences in high-risk characteristics across both areas, which have commonly been overlooked. These findings may better inform policymakers and assist in effectively reducing multimorbidity-related burden through area-specific preventative programs.

A guide to creating an educator's portfolio for the 21st century.

An educator's portfolio is (EP) a collection of materials for demonstrating and assessing a clinician educator's performance and perspective. Although not all academic institutions require faculty to maintain an EP, it can serve as a valuable tool for both personal reflection and professional advancement. With newer advancements in technology and social media, there are also opportunities to enhance the EP for the digital era. This educator's blueprint highlights eight strategies for creating an EP for the 21st century clinician educator: use your educator's philosophy to introduce and anchor your EP, apply broad definitions of scholarship, include pertinent metrics for all scholarly products, describe mentorship activities, incorporate self-assessment and the assessments from others, report comprehensive accounting of presentations, highlight leadership activities, and utilize technology to facilitate dissemination and sharing of your EP.

Balance in the movement of Russian finance

Subject. The article addresses the balance in the movement of Russian finance. Objectives. The purpose is to determine the balance in the movement of Russian finance. Methods. The study rests on systems approach, using the method of statistical analysis. Results. The study shows high potential of debt securities owned by Russian banks and transferred under repo transactions with the Bank of Russia, with the excess of dynamics of growth of financial assets minus liabilities of the banking system over the monetary base (in a broad definition). The paper revealed dominant growth of financial assets minus liabilities of households and non-profit organizations serving households holding the entire growth in the domestic economy with the fall of non-financial corporations and relatively stable growth of public administration. It also revealed a stable growth of debt securities issued at market value in the context of high volatility and a wide range of the volume of quoted shares of Russian issuers traded on the domestic market, and insignificant growth rates of federal loan bonds. It highlights the problem of balance in the movement of Russian finance, i.e. high volatility and a wide range of the volume of quoted shares of Russian issuers traded on the domestic market, and a drop in financial assets minus liabilities of non-financial corporations. Conclusions. The unveiled balance in the movement of Russian finance, largely maintained through the stable growth of debt securities issued at market value and a significant increase in financial assets minus liabilities of households and non-profit organizations serving households, points out to the monetary authorities the critical opportunities for the development of the financial system.

Metabolic insights from mass spectrometry imaging of biofilms: A perspective from model microorganisms

Biofilms are dense aggregates of bacterial colonies embedded inside a self-produced polymeric matrix. Biofilms have received increasing attention in medical, industrial, and environmental settings due to their enhanced survival. Their characterization using microscopy techniques has revealed the presence of structural and cellular heterogeneity in many bacterial systems. However, these techniques provide limited chemical detail and lack information about the molecules important for bacterial communication and virulence. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) bridges the gap by generating spatial chemical information with unmatched chemical detail, making it an irreplaceable analytical platform in the multi-modal imaging of biofilms. In the last two decades, over 30 species of biofilm-forming bacteria have been studied using MSI in different environments. The literature conveys both analytical advancements and an improved understanding of the effects of environmental variables such as host surface characteristics, antibiotics, and other species of microorganisms on biofilms. This review summarizes the insights from frequently studied model microorganisms. We share a detailed list of organism-wide metabolites, commonly observed mass spectral adducts, culture conditions, strains of bacteria, substrate, broad problem definition, and details of the MS instrumentation, such as ionization sources and matrix, to facilitate future studies. We also compared the spatial characteristics of the secretome under different study designs to highlight changes because of various environmental influences. In addition, we highlight the current limitations of MSI in relation to biofilm characterization to enable cross-comparison between experiments. Overall, MSI has emerged to become an important approach for the spatial/chemical characterization of bacterial biofilms and its use will continue to grow as MSI becomes more accessible.

Real-world Data and Evidence to support a switch in status from Prescription drug to Over the Counter drug as applied by the EMA, the US FDA, the MHRA, and the BfArM

PurposeWe studied under which circumstances and to what extent Real-World Data (RWD) and Real-World Evidence (RWE) were used in regulatory decisions when switching products from Prescription-only (Rx) to Over-the-Counter (OTC) status with the aim of extracting learnings that could be applied in future switches. MethodsSanofi commissioned Clarivate Analytics to identify switches from Rx to OTC in the European Union (centrally by the European Medicines Agency [EMA] and in Germany by the Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte [BfArM]), in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and in the United Kingdom by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) as far back as data were available in the public domain, mainly Health Authority webpages. They covered the period from and including 2022 and went as far back as they could find data in their proprietary database or in the public domain; for the EMA back to 2008, the US FDA back to 2001, the UK MHRA back to 1991, and the German BfArM for the period 2013–2022. We also asked Clarivate to investigate the nature of acceptance of RWD and RWE, and to what extent they are accepted by the different regulators in their decision-making and approval processes. FindingsWe found that the number of drugs available in the OTC segment is higher in regulatory jurisdictions where OTC policies are clear and supplemented by guidelines and transparent decision-making processes at the regulator level. A wide range of different data sources, many of which can be regarded as RWD/RWE in their broadest definitions, have been used to support switches. The data required by regulators to support a switch from Rx-only to OTC availability primarily centers on drug safety—both the drug's intrinsic safety and the safety associated with consumer usage. ImplicationsClear and transparent regulatory switch frameworks are conducive to growing the number of medicines available to consumers willing to self-manage their conditions. Transparent disclosure of the RWD and RWE data sets that regulators have found acceptable in historic switch applications is desirable because it would help sponsors to facilitate and increase prospective switches, thereby benefiting patients and society.

Gig work and gig workers: An integrative review and agenda for future research

SummaryGig workers have become an important component of the contemporary workforce and have generated extensive interest among researchers. The purpose of this article is to provide an integrative review of the literature on gig workers. Consistent with the more recent studies, we adopt a broad definition of gig work, which is characterized by the temporary nature of the work, project‐based compensation, work flexibility, and non‐membership in an organization. We first discuss the major themes in the literature based on an input–process–output framework. Specifically, we review what factors drive individuals to engage in gig work, how gig work impacts gig workers based on four theoretical approaches, and what outcomes individuals experience as a result of engaging in gig work. Based on the literature review, we highlight six future research agendas. We also discuss practical implications for gig workers, traditional organizations, digital labor platforms, and society.

Market Competition and Monopoly Power: Insights from Oligopoly Structure

In this context, the primary objective is to conduct a comprehensive investigation into the real-world implementation and impact of distinct economic models. Through the literature analysis, the paper sets out to examine product competition and corporate conduct within two contemporary markets. Through this meticulous approach, the aim is to unveil the nuanced distinctions and intriguing parallels that exist between Oligopoly and Oligopoly Competitive Markets. First, broad definitions and classifications of both oligopolistic and oligopolistically competitive markets are considered. Second, the subtle differences between the two markets will be shown through specific oligopoly examples (such as OPEC and mobile phone market). Third, detailed analysis of the features of the similarity between the two markets. Finally, the study found that, as two different market structures, the oligopoly market and the oligopoly competition market have completely different gaps in market control and price stability, but it is undeniable that the two markets have the same driving force in innovation.

A narrative journey into the borderland of patient safety: Toward an expanded, relational concept of safety.

"Patient safety" is routinely defined in health services globally as "safety for patients against harm and risk of injury in health care." (Danish Board of Quality in Health Care, 2022, p. 28; translated by the author). This is a standardized, broad, and general definition of what counts as safety. In this article, I argue for an expanded, relational concept of patient safety revolving around experienced patient safety. Recognizing safety as vital for all groups of patients, I follow a dialogical, critical-reflexive approach to focus on safety in a somatic hospital setting in Denmark as it is experienced by people with lived experience of mental distress. Safety in this context is often compromised, contributing to inequity in health for people with mental distress. I present and analyze the narratives of two experts by experience about their somatic hospital stay. As an analytical approach, I draw on Frank's dialogical narrative analysis together with elements from Bakhtin's theory of dialogue and Foucault's theory of power/knowledge. Forefronting voices of those rarely asked and seldom heard, dialogical narrative analysis provides insight into how "patient safety" is enacted through situated negotiations of meaning in the narratives of people with lived experience. The storytellers are continuously struggling to fit in and to be seen as human beings, trying to resist public narratives on mental distress that threaten to limit their scope of action and who they can become. The discussion highlights how unintended emotional and psychosocial harm limit the benefits of patient safety for certain groups in society. In particular, shame, individualized responsibility, and internalized inferiority hinder equity in health. Building on my analysis, I suggest a collaborative, participatory approach for coproducing further knowledge through joint analysis with people with lived experience and nurses from somatic hospital wards.

A bibliometric analysis of trends in the relationship between innovation and food

PurposeFood-related innovations might contribute to a qualitative leap in the transition to sustainable food systems. In this article, the authors map the existing literature on food and innovation in order to identify and systematise major research streams and relate them to current discussions on sustainability. The authors rely on a broad definition of innovation covering specific technological innovations as well as social, environmental and system innovations.Design/methodology/approachThe authors analysed the relationship between innovation and food through bibliometric and content analysis, augmented with visualisation based on data (N = 7,987) extracted from the Web of Science. The published volume, research areas and influential journals were investigated using descriptive analyses.FindingsThis review categorises the literature on innovation and food into six main clusters, showing that most of the studies are carried out at the macro-level related to the global sustainable food systems. Network visualisation allowed them to distribute recent keywords associated with innovation across the agri-food value chain. Moreover, the authors identified environmental, social and economic pillars of innovation, which not only relate to sustainability but also are associated with open innovation as well as social innovation and eco-innovation.Originality/valueThis bibliometric analysis is amongst the first to examine the holistic knowledge structure surrounding a triple concept of innovation, food and sustainability. In addition, the study identifies research gaps and indicates new research directions, which add further value.

Integration of legislation on countering tax crimes in the EU: opportunities and limitations

The subject. The article examines the norms of the current tax and criminal legislation of the EU, the experience of which in the future may be in demand in the process of integrating the legal regulation systems of the EAEU states when developing issues of countering tax crimes. The subject of the article is to analyze the problems of: methodology of tax crime research in the EU and data sampling criteria; integration of national tax systems; definition of tax crime in the EU; spread of VAT fraud.Modern law enforcement practice is analyzed using the system-logical method, which indicates the complication of forms of tax evasion and concealment of actual financial and economic transactions.The main results. It is noted that the need for effective law enforcement to ensure the financial stability of states, to counteract distortions of competition resulting from tax evasion is due to the organized and highly structured nature of a significant part of tax crimes, the expansion of the scale of cross-border tax crimes involving foreign elements. The European legislation does not contain a definition of a tax offense as such, but contains a list of types of behavior with specific descriptions of prohibited behavior. It seems that national legislators deliberately preserve a certain amount of ambiguity between prohibited and permitted tax evasion, offering a broad definition of tax evasion, since narrow specifics in the definition of such offenses can lead to undesirable impunity, exclude a flexible approach in responding to changes in this area of legal relations.As a result of the application of the formal legal approach and comparative analysis, conclusions were obtained that, subject to careful preliminary research and practical verification, successful decisions in the field of combating tax evasion and tax fraud adopted in some jurisdictions can be used to improve the legislative provisions of other states.

Higher penalties, broader definitions, and national standards: Did harmonized Australian workplace health and safety laws reduce workers' compensation receipt?

AbstractA quasi‐experiment was created in Australian policy between 2012 and 2013 when workplace health and safety laws were harmonized in all but two jurisdictions. This reform expanded definitions for duty of care, introduced criminal enforcement, and increased penalties. Using stacked difference‐in‐difference estimation, we fail to find overall reduced workers' compensation probability over the post‐reform period. However, we find significantly reduced workers' compensation probabilities for high‐risk industry workers and workers in single‐location employers. We conclude that more consistent laws may not reduce overall claims and injury if they do not reduce complexity or consider available inspectorate resources, and if jurisdictions have implementation flexibility.

Divergency of Deprivation of Independence and Restrictions of Freedom in the Criminal Justice System in Indonesia

Criminal law has various sanctions and is considered ’effective’ as an effort to prevent, handle, and deal with criminal acts. The concept of sentencing is divided into three theories, and all of them contain elements that limit the freedom rights of a person who commits a criminal act.Therefore, it is very interesting to discuss the divergence of deprivation of independence and limitation of freedom in the criminal justice system in Indonesia. The focus of this research is the study of deprivation of freedom and limitation of freedom in the criminal justice system in Indonesia. The type of research used is normative legal research, where the approach to the problem is a statute approach, conceptual approach, comparative approach, case approach. Deprivation of freedom or restriction of freedom can be interpreted not only as a prison sentence but can be defined as a restriction of freedom in all forms. Restrictions on freedom, eats everything that regulates behavior, activities, and obliges someone to do something, eats can be defined as restrictions on freedom. Limitation of freedom is a broad definition, imprisonment is one type of restriction of freedom, as well as other crimes if there is control or restriction on someone.
 Keywords: deprivation of independence, restrictions of freedom, Indonesia criminal justice

Multimodality Imaging in Cardiomyopathies.

Cardiomyopathy, which is shortly defined as a disease of the myocardium, has a broad definition that includes many different diagnoses. Recent advances in cardiac imaging techniques, including basic and advanced echocardiography, computed tomography, nuclear medicine, and cardiac magnetic resonance, allow for a more accurate evaluation of volumes and thickness of cardiac chambers, systolic and diastolic function of the ventricules, and tissue structure. Multimodality imaging often provides the first clinical suspicion for specific etiologies, especially when the medical and family history is unclear, by identification of red flags of underlying systemic diseases. In this review, we aimed to evaluate the role of multimodality imaging in diagnosis of cardiomyopathies with key images and discussed the effects of genetics on the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic guidance of cardiomyopathies.

Recognising and evaluating the effectiveness of extortion in the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma.

Establishing and maintaining mutual cooperation in agent-to-agent interactions can be viewed as a question of direct reciprocity and readily applied to the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma. Agents cooperate, at a small cost to themselves, in the hope of obtaining a future benefit. Zero-determinant strategies, introduced in 2012, have a subclass of strategies that are provably extortionate. In the established literature, most of the studies of the effectiveness or lack thereof, of zero-determinant strategies is done by placing some zero-determinant strategy in a specific scenario (collection of agents) and evaluating its performance either numerically or theoretically. Extortionate strategies are algebraically rigid and memory-one by definition, and requires complete knowledge of a strategy (the memory-one cooperation probabilities). The contribution of this work is a method to detect extortionate behaviour from the history of play of an arbitrary strategy. This inverts the paradigm of most studies: instead of observing the effectiveness of some theoretically extortionate strategies, the largest known collection of strategies will be observed and their intensity of extortion quantified empirically. Moreover, we show that the lack of adaptability of extortionate strategies extends via this broader definition.

Events and Economic Sustainability- a critical commentary

This critical commentary focuses on the research in Event Management on economic sustainability and events. We begin with a broad definition of an economically sustainable event that builds on economic impact to include social equity, liveability and community well-being, and accounts for environmental and social costs. We consider the methods, approaches and types of events represented in the journal which lack diversity. The findings indicate that quantitative approaches predominate, focused on the direct and indirect contributions of visitor expenditure. Social, natural, and community capital have received less attention. The review calls for greater consideration of the economic sustainability of events beyond the tourism contribution; longitudinal studies on the impacts of events on the economic well-being of communities; understanding how events impact equity; correcting research bias towards Western developed economies by examining different contexts; exploring multiple event types; and investigating the role of planning in realising economically sustainable events.

Аналогия закона при разрешении жилищных споров

Introduction: despite considerable attention to statutory analogy in juridical literature, many theoretical issues remain controversial, and the courts have no clear and understandable guidelines for applying analogy and justifying its admissibility. If we look at housing legislation, studies on these issues are fragmentary in nature, there are no monographic works, while research articles mainly analyze individual situations in which the courts apply statutory analogy in resolving particular housing disputes, or such articles justify the need to apply analogy. Thus, there are no doctrinal studies on the application of analogy in housing legislation. Although statutory analogy has been applied in a significant number of housing disputes, the conceptual framework for this application has not been developed, which indicates the relevance of the current study. Purpose: to form an understanding of statutory analogy in housing legislation; to develop an approach to distinguishing between statutory analogy and subsidiary application of civil law rules to housing relations; to develop criteria to be used in housing disputes in order to identify similarities and differences in legal relations under judicial consideration and thus decide on the possibility of applying analogy; to substantiate the use of teleological (targeted) interpretation for the detection of contradictions to the essence of housing relations as grounds for refusing to apply analogy; to describe the most difficult practical situations related to the application of statutory analogy in the settlement of housing disputes. Methods: based on the dialectical method, which is basic for legal research, the study explores approaches to the understanding of statutory analogy and criteria for its applicability, evaluates the existing scientific views on the identification of similarities of relations for applying statutory analogy, and analyzes the institute of analogy in unity and interrelation with other legal categories. The study also employs the comparative legal method, the method of alternatives, the structural and functional method, the formal legal method, the historical and legal method, the method of interpretation of legal rules. Results: the paper provides narrow and broad definitions of analogy; justifies the use of the term ‘direct subsidiary application’, which made it possible to substantiate that such application of civil law rules to housing relations cannot be regarded as inter-branch analogy; identifies the similarity criteria for legal relations to be used when applying analogy in the settlement of housing disputes. Conclusions: to apply statutory analogy when resolving housing disputes, the similarity of legal relations should be based on the following criteria: the nature of the subjective right (property/obligation/corporate); the nature of legal relations concerning the residential premises in question (free (commercial) / unfree (social)); residing conditions (gratuitous / non-gratuitous). Contradictions to the essence of housing relations should be identified based on teleological (targeted) interpretation rather than through reference to the nature of the subjective right to housing.

Digital music and critical music literacy

ABSTRACT The Society of Music Analysis report indicated that digital music often sits uncomfortably within a curriculum where the main focus is on the non-digital. This article takes as its starting point a broad definition of digital music as both a type of music and a way that music is represented. It will examine how digital music has altered the music landscape within informal and formal educational settings, and it will explore conflicting notions of music literacy while suggesting that traditional arguments about the value of notation fluency in the digital age may be misdirected. Ultimately, it will propose a definition of ‘critical music literacy’ in which Western standard music notation is not the crucial consideration, with implications for the design of music curricula and for progression.