Broad-spectrum Resistance Research Articles

Fine-mapping of PmHHM, a broad-spectrum allele from a wheat landrace conferring both seedling and adult resistance to powdery mildew

IntroductionCommon wheat is a leading global food crop that impacts food security. Wheat powdery mildew (PM), caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), poses a significant threat to grain yield and flour quality. The identification and utilization of broad-spectrum resistance genes against PM are essential for effective disease control.MethodsThe resistance spectrum test during the seedling stage and the identification of resistance during the adult stage were conducted to evaluate the wheat landrace Honghuamai (HHM). Five segregating populations were investigated to assess the inheritance of PM resistance in HHM. To map its PM resitance gene, bulked segregant analysis, molecular mapping and comparative genomic analysis were also used in the present study.ResultsHHM shows remarkable adult resistance in the field and is nearly immune to all 25 Bgt isolates used in seedling tests, making it an excellent source of PM resistance. PM resistance in HHM was determined by a single dominant gene, temporarily named PmHHM. It was then fine-mapped to an interval with a genetic distance of 0.0031 cM and a physical distance of 187.4 kb on chromosome 4AL of the Chinese Spring reference sequence v.2.1. Four genes were identified in the target region, three of which encode nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins. Comparative genomic analysis revealed presence/absence variations (PAVs) of the PmHHM locus among common wheat varieties.DiscussionThese closely linked molecular markers will not only benefit the cloning of the gene underlying PmHHM but also facilitate the efficient utilization of the gene in breeding programs.

Genomic Characterization of Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST895 Isolates from Canine Origins Through Whole-Genome Sequencing Analysis

The widespread application of carbapenems and other broad-spectrum antibiotics has significantly escalated the threat posed by highly drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae to human public health. In this research, we isolated a carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae strain from the feces of pet dogs at a veterinary hospital in Changchun, Jilin Province, China. To gain insights into its genetic makeup and resistance mechanisms, we conducted comprehensive whole-genome sequencing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing on the isolated strain. Our findings revealed the presence of three distinct plasmids within the strain, classified as IncFIB&IncFII, IncR, and IncX3. Notably, the blaNDM-5 gene, conferring resistance to carbapenems, was uniquely harbored on the IncX3 plasmid, which was devoid of any other resistance genes beyond blaNDM-5. In contrast, the remaining two plasmids, IncFIB&IncFII and IncR, were found to encode an array of additional drug resistance genes, contributing to the strain’s broad-spectrum resistance phenotype. The IncX3 plasmid, specifically, measures 45,829 bp in length and harbors the IS5D-blaNDM-5-Ble-MBL-PRAI cassette, which has been closely linked to the dissemination of blaNDM-5 genes in K. pneumoniae strains. We reported the blaNDM-5-carrying IncX3 in K. pneumoniae isolates recovered from the pet dog and revealed the molecular characterization. Emphasis should be placed on, and continuous monitoring carried out for, the dissemination of K. pneumoniae harboring the blaNDM-5 gene among humans, companion animals, and their related environments.

Sophisticated regulation of broad-spectrum disease resistance in maize.

Maize production suffers largely from the unpredictable and often simultaneous occurrence of multiple diseases, highlighting the urgent need for broad-spectrum resistant (BSR) genes. Recently, Zhu et al. identified a ZmCPK39-ZmDi19-ZmPR10 module that confers resistance to three maize (Zea mays) foliar diseases, providing a strategic framework to improve maize BSR.

Generation of novel bpm6 and dmr6 mutants with broad-spectrum resistance using a modified CRISPR/Cas9 system in Brassica oleracea.

Using an optimized CRISPR/Cas9 system to knock out the BTB-POZ and MATH domain gene BoBPM6 and the DOWNY MILDEW RESISTANCE 6 gene in Brassica oleracea resulted in new lines with broad-spectrum disease resistance.

Specificity and tunability of efflux pumps: A new role for the proton gradient?

Efflux pumps that transport antibacterial drugs out of bacterial cells have broad specificity, commonly leading to broad spectrum resistance and limiting treatment strategies for infections. It remains unclear how efflux pumps can maintain this broad spectrum specificity to diverse drug molecules while limiting the efflux of other cytoplasmic content. We have investigated the origins of this broad specificity using theoretical models informed by the experimentally determined structural and kinetic properties of efflux pumps. We developed a set of mathematical models describing operation of efflux pumps as a discrete cyclic stochastic process across a network of states characterizing pump conformations and the presence/absence of bound ligands and protons. These include a minimal three-state model that lends itself to clear analytic calculations as well as a five-state model that relaxes some of the simpler model's most strict assumptions. We found that the pump specificity is determined not solely by the drug affinity to the pump-as is commonly assumed-but it is also directly affected by the periplasmic pH and the transmembrane potential. Therefore, changes to the proton concentration gradient and voltage drop across the membrane can influence how effective the pump is at extruding a particular drug molecule. Furthermore, we found that while both the proton concentration gradient across the membrane and the transmembrane potential contribute to the thermodynamic force driving the pump, their effects on the efflux enter not strictly in a combined proton motive force. Rather, they have two distinguishable effects on the overall throughput. These results highlight the unexpected effects of thermodynamic driving forces out of equilibrium and illustrate how efflux pump structure and function are conducive to the emergence of multidrug resistance.

The Role of Genetic Resistance in Rice Disease Management

Rice (Oryza sativa) is a crucial staple crop for global food security, particularly in Asia. However, rice production faces significant challenges from various diseases that can cause substantial yield losses. This review explores the role of genetic resistance in rice disease management, focusing on the molecular mechanisms underlying plant–pathogen interactions and strategies for developing resistant varieties. The paper discusses qualitative and quantitative resistance, emphasizing the importance of resistance (R) genes, defense-regulator genes, and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in conferring broad-spectrum disease resistance. Gene-for-gene relationships in rice–pathogen interactions are examined, particularly for Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and Magnaporthe oryzae. The review also covers recent advancements in breeding techniques, including marker-assisted selection, genetic engineering, and genome editing technologies like CRISPR-Cas. These approaches offer promising avenues for enhancing disease resistance in rice while maintaining yield potential. Understanding and exploiting genetic resistance mechanisms is crucial for developing durable and broad-spectrum disease-resistant rice varieties, essential for ensuring sustainable rice production and global food security in the face of evolving pathogen threats and changing environmental conditions.

The intestinal microbial community and function of Riptortus pedestris at different developmental stages and its effects on development

IntroductionRiptortus pedestris is a destructive pest that threatens multiple leguminous crops in China. The intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in the growth and reproduction of host insects. However, the composition and function of the gut microbiota at different developmental stages remain unclear.MethodsHere, metagenomic sequencing was performed to clarify the gut microbial diversity and function in 2nd-, 3rd-, 4th-, and 5th- instar nymphs (2 N–5 N) and female adults (FAs) of R. pedestris and the effects of vital gut bacteria on development was detected. The gut bacteria have the stage specificity, indicating their function in the development of R. pedestris.ResultsEnterococcus and Caballerronia were the predominant bacteria present during the development of the 2 N–FAs. In addition, the microbial abundances in the 3 N and 4 N guts were significantly greater than those in the others guts. Furthermore, 5 N harbored the abundant microbiota Burkholderia-Paraburkholderia-Caballeronia. The metabolic pathways were significantly enriched from 2 N to FAs. Carbohydrate metabolism, including glycoside hydrolases (GHs) and glycosyl transferases (GTs), occurs throughout the entire developmental stage. Many antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were detected from 2 N to FAs. The bacteria from Pseudomonadota and Bacillota presented a broad spectrum of antibiotic resistance. Excitingly, Burkholderia bacteria eliminated by antibiotic treatment were unable to molt normally, and their lifespan was shortened in nymphs, indicating that the gut microbiota had a significant effect on nymph development.ConclusionIn summary, our results, for the first time, systematically illustrate the abundance and function across the gut microbiota from the different developmental stages of R. pedestris and demonstrate that the genera Burkholderia are crucial during the development of R. pedestris. This study provides the basis for stinkbug management strategies that focus on the pivotal gut microbiota.

Improving panicle blast resistance and fragrance in a high-quality japonica rice variety through breeding.

Huruan1212 (HR1212) is well-regarded for its superior eating and cooking quality in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China. Still, its high susceptibility to rice panicle blast and lack of fragrance have limited its further spread and utilization. Pigm and Pi-ta are two dominant genes known for their stable broad-spectrum resistance against rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, while badh2 is the crucial gene that regulates rice aroma. In this study, we utilized a molecular marker-assisted selection backcrossing strategy to introduce Pigm, Pi-ta, and badh2 into introgressed lines employing re-sequencing for precise genetic background selection. Finally, we selected three introgressed lines, including two that carry Pigm with the highest background recovery rates, showing eating and cooking qualities similar to those of HR1212, and one line that pyramids Pigm, Pi-ta, and badh2, which features a strong aroma. They all displayed significantly enhanced resistance to panicle blast and improved yield compared to HR1212. In conclusion, this study expanded the germplasm resources of japonica, providing a material foundation for enhancing breeding programs aimed at developing rice blast-resistant and high-quality fragrant japonica varieties. Additionally, the study demonstrated that integrating molecular markers and re-sequencing can inform breeders' decision-making more precisely and efficiently.

Small molecules unlock broad-spectrum plant resistance.

Small molecules unlock broad-spectrum plant resistance.

Shallow Shotgun Sequencing of Healthcare Waste Reveals Plastic-Eating Bacteria with Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic Resistance Genes

The burgeoning crises of antimicrobial resistance and plastic pollution are converging in healthcare settings, presenting a complex challenge to global health. This study investigates the microbial populations in healthcare waste to understand the extent of antimicrobial resistance and the potential for plastic degradation by bacteria. Our metagenomic analysis, using both amplicon and shallow shotgun sequencing, provided a comprehensive view of the taxonomic diversity and functional capacity of the microbial consortia. The viable bacteria in healthcare waste samples were analyzed employing full-length 16S rRNA sequencing, revealing a diverse bacterial community dominated by Firmicutes and Proteobacteria phyla. Notably, Proteus mirabilis VFC3/3 and Pseudomonas sp. VFA2/3 were detected, while Stenotrophomonas maltophilia VFV3/2 surfaced as the predominant species, holding implications for the spread of hospital-acquired infections and antimicrobial resistance. Antibiotic susceptibility testing identified multidrug-resistant strains conferring antimicrobial genes, including the broad-spectrum antibiotic carbapenem, underscoring the critical need for improved waste management and infection control measures. Remarkably, we found genes linked to the breakdown of plastic that encoded for enzymes of the esterase, depolymerase, and oxidoreductase classes. This suggests that specific bacteria found in medical waste may be able to reduce the amount of plastic pollution that comes from biological and medical waste. The information is helpful in formulating strategies to counter the combined problems of environmental pollution and antibiotic resistance. This study emphasises the importance of monitoring microbial communities in hospital waste in order to influence waste management procedures and public health policy. The findings highlight the need for a multidisciplinary approach to mitigate the risks associated with antimicrobial resistance and plastic waste, especially in hospital settings where they intersect most acutely.

Application of Nano-Titanium Dioxide in Food Antibacterial Packaging Materials.

Food waste and food safety issues caused by food spoilage have been brought into focus. The inhibition of food spoilage bacteria growth is the key to maintaining food quality and extending the shelf life of food. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is an efficient antibacterial strategy which provides a new idea for the antibacterial preservation of food. Nano-titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) with PDI characteristics has attracted the interest of many researchers with its elevated efficiency, broad-spectrum antibacterial resistance, low cost, safety, and non-toxicity. Nano-TiO2 photodynamic antibacterial properties have been studied extensively and has a great application value in the field of food packaging. The antibacterial properties of nano-TiO2 are linked to its photocatalytic activity and are influenced by factors such as reactive oxygen species production, bacterial types, etc. Polymer-based nano-TiO2 packaging has been prepared using various methods and applied in various foods successfully. In this review, the latest research on photocatalytic and antibacterial mechanisms and factors of nano-TiO2 is discussed, and its applications in food antibacterial packaging are also explored comprehensively. Challenges and future perspectives for nano-TiO2-based food packaging applications have been proposed. This review aims to provide a whole comprehensive understanding of novel antibacterial packaging systems based on nano-TiO2.

Secreted Xylanase PstXyn1 Contributes to Stripe Rust Infection Possibly by Overcoming Cell Wall Barrier and Suppressing Defense Responses in Wheat.

Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) secretes a plethora of cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) to facilitate fungal invasion during infection. However, the functions and molecular mechanisms of the CWDEs from Pst remain unclear. In this study, we identified a secreted xylanase, named PstXyn1, with the GH10 domain. PstXyn1 was significantly up-regulated at the early infection stage of Pst. The signal peptide of PstXyn1 was confirmed to be functional. The purified PstXyn1 showed detectable xylanase activity. In addition, we found that PstXyn1-silenced wheat plants exhibited broad-spectrum resistance against multiple Pst pathotypes. Colloidal gold labeling and transcriptome sequencing analyses revealed that PstXyn1 contributed to xylan degradation in host cell walls and suppressed the expression of defense-related genes. Conclusively, our results indicate that PstXyn1 is secreted as an important virulence factor to overcome host cell wall barriers and compromise immune responses for fungal invasion, providing potential targets for improving wheat resistance to stripe rust.

All Roads Lead to Rome: Pathways to Engineering Disease Resistance in Plants.

Unlike animals, plants are unable to move and lack specialized immune cells and circulating antibodies. As a result, they are always threatened by a large number of microbial pathogens and harmful pests that can significantly reduce crop yield worldwide. Therefore, the development of new strategies to control them is essential to mitigate the increasing risk of crops lost to plant diseases. Recent developments in genetic engineering, including efficient gene manipulation and transformation methods, gene editing and synthetic biology, coupled with the understanding of microbial pathogenicity and plant immunity, both at molecular and genomic levels, have enhanced the capabilities to develop disease resistance in plants. This review comprehensively explains the fundamental mechanisms underlying the tug-of-war between pathogens and hosts, and provides a detailed overview of different strategies for developing disease resistance in plants. Additionally, it provides a summary of the potential genes that can be employed in resistance breeding for key crops to combat a wide range of potential pathogens and pests, including fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, and insects. Furthermore, this review addresses the limitations associated with these strategies and their possible solutions. Finally, it discusses the future perspectives for producing plants with durable and broad-spectrum disease resistance.

PtrA, Piz-t, and a novel minor-effect QTL (qBR12_3.3–4.4) collectively contribute to the durable blast-resistance of rice cultivar Tainung 84

BackgroundRice blast caused by Pyricularia oryzae is a major threat to rice production worldwide. Tainung 84 (TNG84) is an elite japonica rice cultivar developed through the traditional pedigree method. It has maintained superior blast resistance since its release in 2010. This study aimed to investigate the genetic factors underlying the durable resistance of TNG84 in Taiwan.ResultsQuantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping was conducted using 122 F2 individuals and F2:3 families derived from the cross of TNG84 and a susceptible japonica cultivar Tainan 11 (TN11). Using 733 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) obtained through genotyping-by-sequencing and three P. oryzae isolates (D41-2, 12CY-MS1-2, and 12YL-TT4-1) belonging to different physiological races and Pot2 lineages, a major QTL was identified in the region of 52–54 cM (9.54–15.16 Mb) on chromosome 12. Fine-mapping using 21 F5:6 recombinants delimited the QTL to a 140.4-kb region (10.78 to 10.93 Mb) containing the known resistance gene Ptr. Sequencing analysis indicated that TNG84 carries the resistant PtrA allele and TN11 carries the susceptible PtrD allele. Investigation of the Ptr haplotypes in 41 local japonica rice cultivars revealed that eight PtrA-containing cultivars (19.5%) consistently exhibited good field resistance in Taiwan from 2008 to 2024. Subsequently, a few F5:6 lines (P026, P044, P092, and P167) lacking the resistant Ptr allele were observed to exhibit a resistant phenotype against P. oryzae 12YL-TT4-1-lab. Trait-marker association analyses using eight F6:7 homozygous recombinants, 378 BC1F2 from P044 backcrossed to TN11, and 180 BC1F2 from P092 backcrossed to TN11, identified Piz-t on chromosome 6 and a new QTL located between 3.3 Mb and 4.4 Mb on chromosome 12 (designated as qBR12_3.3–4.4). Analysis of 12 selected BC1F2:3 lines derived from P044 demonstrated that in the absence of Ptr and Piz-t, qBR12_3.3–4.4 alone reduced the disease severity index from approximately 6.3 to 3.9.ConclusionsPtrA is likely the primary gene responsible for the broad-spectrum and durable resistance of TNG84. Piz-t confers narrow-spectrum resistance, while qBR12_3.3–4.4 contributes partial resistance. The discovery of qBR12_3.3–4.4 has provided a new source of blast resistance, and the markers developed in this study can be utilized in future breeding programs.

Imaging NRF2 activation in non-small cell lung cancer with positron emission tomography

Mutations in the NRF2-KEAP1 pathway are common in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and confer broad-spectrum therapeutic resistance, leading to poor outcomes. Currently, there is no means to non-invasively identify NRF2 activation in living subjects. Here, we show that positron emission tomography imaging with the system xc− radiotracer, [18F]FSPG, provides a sensitive and specific marker of NRF2 activation in orthotopic, patient-derived, and genetically engineered mouse models of NSCLC. We found a NRF2-related gene expression signature in a large cohort of NSCLC patients, suggesting an opportunity to preselect patients prior to [18F]FSPG imaging. Furthermore, we reveal that system xc− is a metabolic vulnerability that can be therapeutically targeted with an antibody-drug conjugate for sustained tumour growth suppression. Overall, our results establish [18F]FSPG as a predictive marker of therapy resistance in NSCLC and provide the basis for the clinical evaluation of both imaging and therapeutic agents that target this important antioxidant pathway.

Insight into Rice Resistance to the Brown Planthopper: Gene Cloning, Functional Analysis, and Breeding Applications.

This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of rice resistance to the brown planthopper (BPH), a major pest that poses significant threats to rice production through direct feeding damage and by transmitting viruses such as Rice grassy stunt virus (RGSV) and Rice ragged stunt virus (RRSV). We highlight the emergence of various BPH biotypes that have overcome specific resistance genes in rice. Advances in genetic mapping and cloning have identified 17 BPH resistance genes, classified into typical R genes encoding nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins and atypical R genes such as lectin receptor kinases and proteins affecting cell wall composition. The molecular mechanisms of these genes involve the activation of plant defense pathways mediated by phytohormones like jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and ethylene, as well as the production of defensive metabolites. We also examine the complex interactions between BPH salivary proteins and rice defense responses, noting how salivary effectors can both suppress and trigger plant immunity. The development and improvement of BPH-resistant rice varieties through conventional breeding and molecular marker-assisted selection are discussed, including strategies like gene pyramiding to enhance resistance durability. Finally, we outline the challenges and future directions in breeding for durable BPH resistance, emphasizing the need for continued research on resistance mechanisms and the development of rice varieties with broad-spectrum and long-lasting resistance.

Phytol-induced interplant signaling in maize facilitates EXP-A20-driven resistance through ACO31-dependent ethylene accumulation against Ostrinia furnacalis.

Plants have evolved sophisticated defense mechanisms against insect herbivores, including cell wall fortification through lignin biosynthesis. Insect attack primes systemic acquired resistance in plants, preparing them to respond more swiftly and vigorously to subsequent insect assaults. Here, we found that Beauveria bassiana-exposed maize plants can emit phytol upon infestation by Spodoptera frugiperda, inducing plant-to-plant (PTP) communication of alert signals for neighboring plants, and revealed the expansin protein EXP-A20 as a pivotal node mediating maize defense responses in neighboring plants against the destructive pest Ostrinia furnacalis via stimulation of ethylene (ET) synthesis and lignin production. Through virus-induced gene silencing, we showed that EXP-A20 is essential for maize resistance, while downregulating ET and lignin pathways. Critically, protein-protein interactions determined via luciferase complementation and yeast two-hybrid assays demonstrated that EXP-A20 binds to and likely activates the ET-forming enzyme gene ACO31 to initiate defense signaling cascades, representing a novel signaling modality for expansins. Treatment with the plant volatile phytol has known insecticidal/priming activity, but we found that its effectiveness requires EXP-A20. This finding highlights the importance of EXP-A20 upstream of hormone-cell wall crosstalk in defense activation by volatiles. Overall, our multifaceted dissection of EXP-A20 revealed key molecular intersections underlying inducible maize immunity against herbivores. Furthermore, we provide functional evidence that extensive cell growth processes directly stimulate defense programs in plants. Our work opens new avenues for enhancing durable, broad-spectrum pest resistance in maize through the use of volatile organic compounds and PTP interactions.

Whole-Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Regulatory Network of Immune Response in Dapulian Pig.

There is a consensus that indigenous pigs in China are more resistant than modern commercial pigs in terms of disease resistance. Generally, the immune response is an important part of anti-disease capability; however, the related mechanism in pigs is largely puzzling. Here, the public transcriptome data of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from Dapulian (Chinese local breed) and Landrace (Commercial breed) pigs after stimulation with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C, a conventional reagent used for simulation of the viral infection) were reanalyzed, and the immune response mechanism in different pig breeds was investigated from a transcriptomic perspective. Of note, through comparative analyses of Dapulian and Landrace pigs, the candidate genes involved in swine broad-spectrum resistance were identified, such as TIMD4, RNF128 and VCAM1. In addition, after differential gene expression, target gene identification and functional enrichment analyses, a potential regulatory network of miRNA genes associated with immune response was obtained in Dapulian pigs, including five miRNAs and 12 genes (such as ssc-miR-181a, ssc-miR-486, IL1R1 and NFKB2). This work provides new insights into the immune response regulation of antiviral responses in indigenous and modern commercial pigs.

Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses of the Piz-t-Mediated Resistance in Rice against Magnaporthe oryzae.

Magnaporthe oryzae causes devastating rice blast disease, significantly impacting rice production in many countries. Among the many known resistance (R) genes, Piz-t confers broad-spectrum resistance to M. oryzae isolates and encodes a nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat receptor (NLR). Although Piz-t-interacting proteins and those in the signal transduction pathway have been identified over the last decade, the Piz-t-mediated resistance has not been fully understood at the transcriptomic and metabolomic levels. In this study, we performed transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses in the Piz-t plants after inoculation with M. oryzae. The transcriptomic analysis identified a total of 15,571 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from infected Piz-t and wild-type plants, with 2791 being Piz-t-specific. K-means clustering, GO term analysis, and KEGG enrichment pathway analyses of the total DEGs identified five groups of DEGs with distinct gene expression patterns at different time points post inoculation. GO term analysis of the 2791 Piz-t-specific DEGs revealed that pathways related to DNA organization, gene expression regulation, and cell division were highly enriched in the group, especially at early infection stages. The gene expression patterns in the transcriptomic datasets were well correlated with the metabolomic profiling. Broad-spectrum "pathway-level" metabolomic analyses indicated that terpenoid, phenylpropanoid, flavonoid, fatty acid, amino acid, glycolysis/TCA, and phenylalanine pathways were altered in the Piz-t plants after M. oryzae infection. This study offers new insights into the molecular dynamics of transcripts and metabolites in R-gene-mediated resistance against M. oryzae and provides candidates for enhancing rice blast resistance through the engineering of metabolic pathways.

The plant signal peptide CLE7 induces plant defense response against viral infection in Nicotiana benthamiana.

In plants, small peptides are important players in the plant stress response, yet their function in plant antiviral responses remains poorly understood. Here, we identify that the plant small peptide, CLAVATA3/ESR-RELATED 7 (CLE7), enhances plant resistance to Chinese wheat mosaic virus infection in Nicotiana (N.) benthamiana. Subsequent investigations demonstrate that CLE7 recognizes receptor kinase NbPXC3 to control the plant antiviral response. Moreover, CLE7-NbPXC3 signaling induces NbMKK2-controlled NbMPK4 phosphorylation, resulting in phosphorylation of the transcription factor NbEDT1. NbEDT1 phosphorylation is involved in the transcriptional activity of NbNCED3, which is a rate-limiting enzyme in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis. Moreover, CLE7 activates broad-spectrum disease resistance to multiple RNA viral infections. Our study indicates that CLE7 induces a plant antiviral response through a series of immune signal transductions in N.benthamiana and provides a foundation for the exploration of efficient viral disease management methods based on plant small peptides.