Broadcast Sprays Research Articles

Effects of Inosine-5′-monophosphate Dehydrogenase (IMPDH/GuaB) Inhibitors on Borrelia burgdorferi Growth in Standard and Modified Culture Conditions

Borrelia burgdorferi’s inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH, GuaB encoded by the guaB gene) is a potential therapeutic target. GuaB is necessary for B. burgdorferi replication in mammalian hosts but not in standard laboratory culture conditions. Therefore, we cannot test novel GuaB inhibitors against B. burgdorferi without utilizing mammalian infection models. This study aimed to evaluate modifications to a standard growth medium that may mimic mammalian conditions and induce the requirement of GuaB usage for replication. The effects of two GuaB inhibitors (mycophenolic acid, 6-chloropurine riboside at 125 μM and 250 μM) were assessed against B. burgdorferi (guaB+) grown in standard Barbour–Stoenner–Kelly-II (BSK-II) medium (6% rabbit serum) and BSK-II modified to 60% concentration rabbit serum (BSK-II/60% serum). BSK-II directly supplemented with adenine, hypoxanthine, and nicotinamide (75 μM each, BSK-II/AHN) was also considered as a comparison group. In standard BSK-II, neither mycophenolic acid nor 6-chloropurine riboside affected B. burgdorferi growth. Based on an ANOVA, a dose-dependent increase in drug effects was observed in the modified growth conditions (F = 4.471, p = 0.001). Considering higher drug concentrations at exponential growth, mycophenolic acid at 250 μM reduced spirochete replication by 48% in BSK-II/60% serum and by 50% in BSK-II/AHN (p < 0.001 each). 6-chloropurine riboside was more effective in both mediums than mycophenolic acid, reducing replication by 64% in BSK-II/60% serum and 65% in BSK-II/AHN (p < 0.001 each). These results demonstrate that modifying BSK-II medium with physiologically relevant levels of mammalian serum supports replication and induces the effects of GuaB inhibitors. This represents the first use of GuaB inhibitors against Borrelia burgdorferi, building on tests against purified B. burgdorferi GuaB. The strong effects of 6-chloropurine riboside indicate that B. burgdorferi can salvage and phosphorylate these purine derivative analogs. Therefore, this type of molecule may be considered for future drug development. Optimization of this culture system will allow for better assessment of novel Borrelia-specific GuaB inhibitor molecules for Lyme disease interventions. The use of GuaB inhibitors as broadcast sprays or feed baits should also be evaluated to reduce spirochete load in competent reservoir hosts.

Evaluation of transplant drench and foliar insecticide applications for wireworm (Coleoptera: Elateridae) management in sweetpotato.

The revocation of chlorpyrifos tolerances in 2022 left sweetpotato growers without their most important tool to combat a complex of soil-borne root pests that includes wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae). Since then, growers have reported increased root damage despite a rapid pivot to pyrethroid-based management systems to replace mechanically incorporated preplant chlorpyrifos broadcast sprays. Our goal was to evaluate the efficacy of alternative insecticide chemistries and application methods to expand the portfolio of management options for wireworms, specifically Conoderus spp. and Melanotus communis (Gyllenhal). We tested (i) insecticidal transplant water drenches and (ii) a foliar spray program targeting adult elaterids. We found that incorporating insecticides into transplant water reduced wireworm damage when compared to untreated transplant water. Our treatments included a recently registered meta-diamide, broflanilide, which represents a promising path to diversify active ingredients and shift away from an overreliance on preplant and post-directed pyrethroid soil sprays. Foliar spray plots had less damage than plots that did not receive foliar sprays. One benefit of adult-focused management is the availability of effective monitoring tools such as sex pheromones and blacklight trapping. Developing a robust adult monitoring program would enable more precise applications of foliar insecticides versus season-long prophylactic soil sprays targeting larvae. Our results demonstrated a significant benefit to both alternative delivery methods. These management alternatives could expand treatment options beyond traditional preplant and post-directed pyrethroid sprays.

Insecticide Efficacy in Alfalfa Seed Production, 2013

The objective of the study was to evaluate new insecticides for their efficacy against adults and nymphs of WTPB and other insect pests on alfalfa grown for seed production under desert conditions. An insecticide efficacy trial was conducted at the UC Desert Research and Extension Center, Holtville, CA on a stand of CUF-101 alfalfa on beds of 40-inch centers; the stand was sprayed with Dibrom 8 @ 1.5 pt/acre on 20 May 2013 to control pests prior to initiating seed production. The experimental design was RCB using four replicates with 11 insecticide treatments and an untreated check. Plots were eight beds 40 ft wide by 70 ft long, with 5 ft buffers between replicate blocks. The insecticide treatments were applied on the dates at the specified rate equivalencies listed in Table 1. The insecticide treatments were broadcast sprays applied with a Lee Spider Spray Trac, tractor mounted spray boom, equipped with 15 nozzles (TJ-60 11003VS), operated at 30 psi and delivering 36 gpa in a 20-ft wide spray swath. Hasten, a modified vegetable oil surfactant (Wilber-Ellis Company), was applied at 0.25% vol/vol in tank mixtures with each insecticide treatment. The pretreatment (PT) insect population …

Alfalfa Seed Production Insecticide Efficacy in 2014

An experiment to evaluate the efficacy various insecticide treatments for control of alfalfa seed production insect pests was conducted at the University of California Desert Research and Extension Center on a stand of CUF-101 alfalfa on beds of 40 inch centers. The experimental design was RCB using four replicates with nine insecticide treatments and an untreated check. Plots were 50 ft wide (15 beds) and 70 ft long; one non-treated buffer bed between plots and a 5-ft non-treated buffer between replicate blocks. Insecticide treatments were applied on 28 May and 11 June 2014 at the rates specified in the tables. Insecticide treatments were broadcast sprays applied using a Lee Spider Spray Trac spray applicator equipped with 13 nozzles (TJ-60 11003VS) operated at 20 psi, and delivering 26 gpa in a 25-ft wide spray swath. Hasten, a modified vegetable oil surfactant (Wilber-Ellis Company) was added as a surfactant to each insecticide tank mixtures at a concentration of 0.25% vol/vol. To establish insect population uniformity, the entire field was sprayed with Dibrom 8 at 1.0 pt/acre on 29 Apr. The pre-treatment (PT) insect population data were collected on 27 May 2014; 1-day prior to treatment (1-DPT). Post-treatment samples, after the first series of insecticide treatments, were taken on 30 May, 4, 6, and 10 Jun or 2, 7, 9, and 13 days after treatment one (DAT1) and post-treatment, after the second series of insecticide treatments, were taken on 13, 18, 20, and 25 June or …

Guiding farmers' choice for an integrated pest management program against the invasive Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae) in mango orchards in Tanzania

Trials were conducted in the Morogoro Region, Tanzania, to evaluate the effectiveness of three Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs against Bactrocera dorsalis over five seasons. Spot application of molasses bait was compared with broadcast sprays of insecticide dimethoate/lambda cyhalothrin (Karate 5 EC) and spot application of a spinosad bait (Success, Dow AgroSciences) plus mass trapping using methyl eugenol, as components of IPM programs for B. dorsalis. Orchard sanitation and early harvesting of fruits were standard practices in each program. The molasses bait was formulated with crude extracts of Derris elliptica, water and brewery yeast waste. The effective median dose of the bait was determined by exposing adults of B. dorsalis to a range of concentrations of crude extracts of D. elliptica in a laboratory bioassay.Each program was applied in an individual mango orchard and replicated for five seasons with populations being monitored using McPhail traps baited with torula yeast. In addition, fruits were sampled at ripening and individually placed in containers to determine the incidence and infestation rates of emerged fruit fly species. Results show that for the molasses bait 9 g of D. elliptica roots powder soaked in 5 L of neutral soap are required to kill 50% of a B. dorsalis population. The three IPM methods did not differ significantly in reducing fly incidence and infestation rates. We analyzed the three IPM methods on the basis of cost-benefit, environmental protection and health safety, in the light of purpose and market focus of the farmer. It is finally recommended that spot application of botanical bait can be used in IPM programs for fruit flies in smallholder settings. Spot application of Success bait is recommended for commercial farmers targeting organic and export market markets. Broadcast spray of Karate is recommended for commercial farmers, mostly targeting regional markets.

Toxicities and Residual Effects of Toxic Baits Containing Spinosad or Malathion to Control the AdultAnastrepha fraterculus(Diptera: Tephritidae)

An important objective of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is to reduce chemical contamination of the environment and food; for example by replacing broadcast sprays with selective toxic baits. The objective of the study was to evaluate the toxicity and residual effects of the a ready-for-use commercial bait Success* 0.02 CB®, which contains 0.24 g a.i. L -1 of spinosad, and to compare it’s performance to a few other formulations with spinosad and malathion mixed either in hydrolyzed corn protein (Biofruit® 3%) or in sugarcane molasses (7%) on adults Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the laboratory, greenhouse and field conditions. In the laboratory, formulations with spinosad caused mortality equivalent to malathion-based toxic baits 96 h after exposure of the insects, regardless of the attractive substance used. In the greenhouse, Success* 0.02 CB®, resulted in mortality of 81.9% of A. fraterculus adults 7 days after application of treatment; being significantly superior to either standard spinosad or malathion treatments (mortality between 44.1 to 62.1%) in the same evaluation period. In field, in the absence of rain, Success* 0.02 CB® and spinosad formulations with Biofruit® 3% or sugarcane molasses (7%) caused mortalities from 70.0 to 83.0% up to 7 DAT, not differing statistically from the malathion treatments (mortality of 100%) during this time. However, at 10 DAT only malathion formulations with Biofruit® 3% or sugarcane molasses (7%) substantial mortalities, i.e., 73.3% and 76.7%, respectively, which were superior to formulations with spinosad (mortality < 45%). However, at 14 DAT all tested formulations caused less than 40% mortality of A. fraterculus adults. One day after a rain (3.8 mm), the formulations with malathion caused mortalities between 56.7 and 81.8%, which were statistically superior to the formulations with spinosad (mortality < 20%). However, after the occurrence of an additional 0.4 mm of rain, all formulations caused mortality lower than 15%. Biofruit® 3% can be used as a replacement for sugarcane molasses (7%) in formulating toxic baits and Success* 0.02 CB® and other formulations with spinosad may be used to replace malathion to manage populations of A. fraterculus. In practical field operations, the effectiveness of toxic bait formulations may be extended by applying them to the lower canopy where they are partially protected from rain.

Moss Control on Creeping Bentgrass Greens with Standard and Alternative Approaches

Moss is common on creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) putting greens, and more control options are needed. Spot treatment of sodium bicarbonate (44.2 g·L−1) was compared with broadcast sprays of carfentrazone-ethyl (50.5 or 101 g a.i./ha), chlorothalonil (8.2 or 12.8 kg a.i./ha) and a tank mixture of chlorothalonil, mancozeb, and thiram (8.2, 9.8, and 11.5 kg a.i./ha) in 2006 in Lemont, IL. Sodium bicarbonate suppressed moss growth equally as the conventional products. These results led to further experiments in 2008 in which moss suppression was evaluated within standard and alternative putting green management regimes in Manhattan, KS, and Lemont, IL. The standard approach included spring and fall applications of carfentrazone-ethyl (101 g a.i./ha) for moss control, biweekly applications of urea (46N–0P–0K) at 15 kg N/ha, and applications of chlorothalonil (8.2 kg a.i./ha) on a 14-day interval. Conversely, the alternative approach included spring and fall spot treatments of sodium bicarbonate (44.2 g·L−1) for moss control, biweekly applications of a natural organic fertilizer (8N–1P–3K) to provide nitrogen at 15 kg N/ha, and applications of chlorothalonil (8.2 kg a.i./ha) only when dollar spot reached a predetermined threshold level. Standard and alternative regimes were compared at both 3.2- and 4.0-mm mowing heights; synthetic and organic fertilizers applied alone without pest control approaches were included as controls. In Kansas and Illinois, moss coverage using the alternative management regime was not significantly different from that on greens managed using the standard regime. In Kansas, moss severity at a 3.2 mm was 1.6-fold higher than at the 4.0-mm height. In Illinois, sodium bicarbonate suppressed moss equivalently to the carfentrazone-ethyl treatment, and in the fertilizer-only controls, mowing at 3.2 versus 4.0 mm led to more moss coverage. These studies demonstrate that moss can be effectively suppressed on greens using spot applications of sodium bicarbonate and reduced moss encroachment is possible with higher mowing heights.

Effect of Hand Defoliation on Herbicide Efficacy in Honey Mesquite

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of hand defoliation of honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa Torr) before herbicide application on herbicide efficacy. In the greenhouse, the monoethanolamine salt of clopyralid, the butoxyethyl ester of triclopyr, and 1:1 mixtures of clopyralid plus triclopyr were applied as foliar sprays at 140 g ha-1 each on 2-year-old single-stemmed plants averaging 50 cm tall. In the field, the same herbicides were applied as broadcast sprays at rates of 280 g ha-1 on multistemmed trees 1 to 2 m tall. Plants were defoliated prior to herbicide application at 0, 25, and 50% of original foliage. Defoliation at 25 or 50% did not reduce herbicide efficacy compared to nondefoliated plants in the greenhouse or field. The clopyralid:triclopyr mixture was sometimes synergistic in controlling honey mesquite in the greenhouse and field.

Foliar and Root Swell Insecticide Applications to Control Soil Insects in Sweetpotatoes, 1996

Abstract Sweet-potatoes were transplanted on 20 Jun at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of 3 rows 20 ft long with 3 ft between row spacing. An untreated guard row separated each plot from its neighbor. Treatments were replicated 6 times in a RCB. On 7 Jun, all of the plots except the check were treated with Mocap 6EC at 6 lb (AI)/acre broadcast and incorporated. This was to control the overwintering generations of the soil insects. The foliar sprays were applied on 22 and 30 Jul and 5 and 15 Aug, after click beetles (adult form of wireworms) were detected in the black light trap operated at Painter. Both the Mocap broadcast sprays and the foliar sprays were applied with a backpack sprayer using 6 flat fan nozzles/3 row plot and delivering 21 gal water/acre at 40 psi. On 29 Jul, (root swell), the Dyfonate and Diazinon granular treatments were broadcast over the appropriate plots using a hand-held shaker.

Control of Ants on Golf Course Fairway, 1995

Abstract Fifteen treatments were applied 11 Jul for control of ants at Indian Mound Country Club, Ossipee, NH. Plots were 7 X 15 ft, replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Granules were applied with a salt shaker. Mound drenches were applied with a 1 gal hand sprayer. Two fi oz per mound drenched these small mounds without significant runoff. Dusts were applied with a teaspoon. Broadcast sprays were applied with a CO2 boom sprayer, 8004 nozzles, at 40 PSI, in 2 gal water per 1000 ft2. After sprays dried, all plots were irrigated with 0.1 inch water. Plots were rated weekly. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature, 64.4°F; wind, calm; sky, cloudy, soil temperature, 68.4°F; thatch depth, 0.1 inch; soil pH, 5.2; slope, 2%; soil texture, silt loam, sand, 47%, silt 43%, clay, 10%; soil organic matter, 10%; soil moisture 27.9%; post treatment precipitation, daily irrigation (0.1 inch).

Mediterranean Fruit Fly Control on Persimmon, 1989

Abstract The study was conducted at 3 persimmon orchard sites in Kula, Hawaii. At each site, 10 trees were selected, 5 for treatment and 5 for control. Sprays were applied to bearing trees weekly during harvest to control MFF. Applications were made on 25 Oct; 1, 8, 15, and 22 Nov; 1 Dec. A CO2-backpack sprayer was operated at 30 psi, using an adjustable spray nozzle. Each tree received 20 ml of spray (4.9 liters/ha), 2.75 mg Al/ml. The spray was applied as 2-10 ml broadcast sprays, one on each side of the tree. Control trees were not sprayed. Fruits were harvested on 31 Oct; 7, 14, 21 Nov; 1, 8 Dec. Fruits were categorized into marketable fruit and fruit fly damage fruit and counted. Phytotoxicity was evaluated on 26 Oct.

Uniformity and Recovery of Broadcast Sprays Using Fan Nozzles

Abstract Sixty broadcast treatments using three types of fan nozzles were evaluated under field and laboratory conditions to determine the uniformity and percent recovery for the resultant spray deposits. Forty seven of the 60 treatments had percentage recoveries which were > 95%. Coefficients of variation of 15 and 30% indicate that the ratio of the maximum and minimum deposits are likely to be about 1.5 and 2.7, respectively. Four of the 94 L/ha and 17 of the 187 L/ha treatments produced deposits with field coefficients of variation (CV) 95% criteria. Thirteen out of 36 treatments met these joint criteria when the spray was directed straight down but only 5 out of 24 when the spray was directed down and back at 45°. None of the 33 cm height or the Twin Jet 8002 treatments met the joint criteria.

Wyoming Big Sagebrush Control with Metsulfuron and 2,4-D in Northern New Mexico

Field experiments conducted between 1982 to 1988 compared 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] and metsulfuron [2-[[[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) amino)carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoic acid) for control of Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis Beetle and Young) in northern New Mexico. Precipitation was near or above normal during years of herbicide applications. Broadcast sprays of 2,4-D at 2.2 kg/ha were most efficacious during rapid shoot elongation, but mortality averaged less than 38% from treatments applied over 4 separate years. Wyoming big sagebrush shoot growth was greatest in April and May compared to other months, but growth was highly variable among shrubs and probably reduced effectiveness of 2,4-D sprays. The optimum application timing for metsulfuron was during the late-flower growth and fruiting stages. Fall-applied metsulfuron at 0.035 kg/ha provided 65% Wyoming big sagebrush mortality compared to 27% when spring-applied. When metsulfuron was fall-applied at 0.07 kg/ha or higher, control averaged 88% following 3 annual applications. Combining metsulfuron at .0175 kg/ha plus 2,4-D at 1.1 kg/ha was comparable to or more effective than either herbicide applied alone in spring or fall. Total standing crop of grasses increased by nearly 300% after 1 or 2 growing seasons when Wyoming big sagebrush canopy cover was reduced by at least 75% following herbicide treatments.

Effects of sowing date, placement of seed, vegetation suppression, slugs, and insects upon establishment of no‐till alfalfa in orchardgrass sod†

AbstractFour treatments designed to affect some environmental factors during germination and establishment of alfalfa were: two sowing dates (March and May) to produce differences in temperature, light and soil moisture; two sowing methods (notill drill and hand sowing) for creating different degrees of soil‐seed contact; mowing and banded and broadcast sprays of glyphosate to produce varying degrees of plant competition; and methiocarb bait combined with carbofuran granules vs. no pesticide to establish different levels of invertebrate feeding.Alfalfa dry matter (DM) production was affected very little by sowing date in two identical experiments. It was unaffacted by sowing method in experiment 1 (1983) but was significantly higher when alfalfa was sown with a drill in the second trial (1984). Highest alfalfa DM yields were achieved when competition was suppressed by broadcast spraying rather than bands, but details of effect differed in the two experiments.Pesticide treatments yielded more alfalfa DM in the year of establishment. Slugs, Deroceras leave (Müller) and D. reticulatum (Müller), and the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), were among the potential pest species controlled and may have been partly responsible for the observed effects.

Roller Application of Clopyralid for Huisache,Acacia farnesiana, Control

Experiments were conducted in south Texas from 1983 to 1987 to evaluate clopyralid for huisache control using a carpeted roller. Huisache control with clopyralid applied as broadcast sprays or with a carpeted roller generally equaled that from the same rates of picloram or of 1:1 mixtures of clopyralid plus picloram. Applications of herbicides in the fall generally were more effective than in the spring, regardless of application method. In most cases, the herbicides at 48 to 60 g ae/L fall applied with a carpeted roller killed 70% or more of the huisache. Herbicide efficacy was not reduced when all huisache top growth was removed within 1 week after roller application of a 1:1 mixture of clopyralid and picloram at 60 g ae/L. The treat-and-cut sequence should improve the quality of hay from huisache-infested pastures.

Soil Factors and Efficacy of Hexazinone Formulations for Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) Release

Broadcast applications of hexazinone [3-cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione] pellets and foliar sprays were tested at four rates for hardwood control and safety to loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) at each of eight study locations differing in soil characteristics. Reduction in the number of hardwoods in the stand (hardwood density reduction) was greater with the pellet on soils with more than 60% sand, while the liquid formulation was most efficacious for finely textured soils. Hardwood density reduction with the pellet was negatively correlated with percent silt, clay, soil organic matter, and cation exchange capacity, and positively correlated with percent sand. With foliar sprays, hardwood density reduction was positively correlated with hexazinone rate and negatively correlated with soil pH. Pine mortality was positively correlated to percent sand with the pellet and negatively correlated to soil pH with broadcast sprays. Regression models incorporating pine height, herbicide rate, soil texture, cation exchange capacity, soil organic matter, and acidity could explain up to 78% of the variation in hardwood density change and 77% of the variation in pine mortality. Selective control of hardwoods in young loblolly pine stands is a function of hexazinone rate, formulation, and various soil factors.

Evaluation of Insecticides to Control Biotype E Greenbugs on Grain Sorghum, 1984

Abstract This test was conducted in t dryland field of sorghum at the Garden City Branch Experiment Station, Garden City, KS. Eleven insecticide treatments and an untreated were replicated 4 times in randomized complete blocks separated by 0.9-m alleys. Individual plots included 4 rows 7.5 m long spaced 76 cm apart. Insecticides were applied 27 Jul to sorghum (late boot stage) as foliar broadcast sprays using a backpack CO2 pressurized sprayer equipped with Gone Jet hollow-cone sprayer nozzles (TX6). Applications were made at an operating pressure of 2.1 kg/cm2, which delivered 165.5 liters of finished formulation/ha. Air temp at treatment was 20°C and wind velocity recorded at 9.7 km/h from the SW. Total rainfall from treatment to the ast posttreatment count was 3.48 cm. Treatments were evaluated by visually counting live greenbugs on 4 plants randomly selected in each plot m 26 Jul (pretreatment), 30 Jul, 3 Aug, and 10 Aug. Yield estimates were obtained 10 Oct by hand harvesting 6 m of row from each of the center 2 rows of each plot. Samples were threshed, weighed, and yields adjusted to 12.5% moisture.

Black Cutworm Control in Field Corn I, 1985

Abstract ‘Pioneer 3572’ field corn was planted in a sandy loam soil on 20 May at the Mobay Research Farm, Howe, IN. Plots measured 1 row × 15 ft with 4 replications in a completely randomized block design. Granular treatments were applied at planting to the soil as a 7-inch band using a Noble metering unit mounted on a bicycle applicator with no incorporation. Liquid treatments were applied as soil broadcast sprays at planting using 8002E flat fan tips at 20 psi and 20 gpa applied with a CO2 pressurized hand boom. Enclosures measuring 1 ft × 3 ft × 7 inches were randomly placed in each plot and corn populations thinned to 10 plants/enclosure. On 29 May, when the corn plants were in the first true leaf stage, enclosures were infested with 15 late third/early fourth stage laboratory reared black cutworm (BCW) larvae. The number of damaged and cut plants/enclosure was observed daily for 5 days following infestation, and the totals for the period were determined on 3 Jun. Plants were considered cut if severed below the first true leaf. Plants were classified as damaged if cut or if other evidence of feeding was apparent. Percent healthy plants was evaluated 20 days after infestation. Plants were considered healthy only if they appeared completely normal and were not stunted or deformed due to early feeding injury.

Greenbug (Biotype E) Control on Grain Sorghum with Foliar Applied Insecticides, 1983

Abstract This field test was conducted in a dryland field of grain sorghum at the Kans. Br. Agric. Exp. Stn., Garden City, KA. Eleven insecticide treatments and an untreated check were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 4 rows wide (76-cm row spacing) and 10.7 m long. Treatments were applied as broadcast sprays over the row with a compressed air backpack sprayer delivering ca. 145 liters/ha at an operating pressure of 1.4 kg/cm2. A single application of insecticide was made on 2 Aug at which time plants were in the boot stage. Air temp at application was 24.4°C and wind was recorded at 8 km/h from the SW. Rainfall during the posttreatment sampling period was 0.25 cm on 4 Aug. Greenbugs were visually counted on 4 plants in each plot on 29 Jul (pretreatment) and 5, 9, 16 Aug (posttreatment). Yields were determined by machine harvesting the 2 center rows of each plot on 20 Sep and converting the data to kg/ha at 12.5% moisture.

Germination of Texas Persimmon Seed

Germination of Texas Persimmon Seed