Broadcast Coverage Research Articles

The Women’s Olympics? A Gender Analysis of NBC’s Coverage of the 2012 London Summer Games

This study examines NBC’s U.S. prime-time broadcast coverage of the 2012 summer Olympic games for gender equality and compares that coverage to previous years. Olympic coverage is particularly important to female athletes because many receive little media attention beyond Olympic competition. The study found that, for the first time since 1996, NBC gave more airtime to women’s sports than to men’s sports. However, most of that coverage devoted to women’s events was confined to “socially acceptable” sports.

Framing the Danger of Designer Drugs

Media reporting of drug issues has important ramifications for public opinion of drugs and drug trends. This study was conducted to examine the media coverage of a specific new subcategory of drugs, so-called “designer drugs,” using coverage of a highly publicized attack in Miami as a case study. Broadcast news transcripts were analyzed to both identify themes in coverage of this attack and contextualize this reporting in the clinical literature on bath salts, the drug implicated in the attack. Textual analysis of broadcast coverage produced four major emergent themes: (1) vivid and sensational descriptions of the attack and of the effects of the drug, (2) discussion of bath salts use as an “epidemic,” (3) appeals to tighten legislation related to bath salts, and (4) silence on issues related to mental health. In addition, media reporting of this attack did not take into account potentially salient sources of information such as clinical research on rates of use and commonly reported behavioral effects of the drug to place bath salts use in context of this literature. Together, these findings suggest that media coverage of the Miami Zombie Attack framed a novel drug in incomplete and problematic terms. These framing choices dramatically underrepresented the role of mental health in the attack and led to inadequately informed health legislation.

Predicting ATSC 3.0 Broadcast Coverage

The new ATSC 3.0 physical layer will provide broadcasters with new transmission capabilities. Broadcasters will have options as they adjust their future broadcast coverage to best suit local terrain and future populations. Broadcasters will have the option to provide fill-in transmitters to cover previously unserved or under-served areas and populations. Broadcasters will also have the option to use single frequency networks to serve their viewers. In order to estimate and illustrate these new capabilities coverage mapping tools are used to create broadcast coverage maps and to develop an estimate of future served populations. Four U.S. broadcast markets were selected as examples to illustrate the potential future coverage of ATSC 3.0. The four markets—Washington, DC, USA, San Francisco, CA, USA, Atlanta, GA, USA, and Des Moines, IA, USA—were selected as markets with very different terrains and population distributions. Various example coverage maps were created to illustrate performances of individual transmitters and all transmission systems in combination. These examples will be presented as a work-in-progress to illustrate some of the future capabilities of ATSC 3.0.

Improving the Channel Utilization of Basic Safety Message in VANETs with Superposition Coded Modulation

In this paper, we propose a broadcast scheme to effectively utilize the scarce and shared wireless medium for vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). By using superposition coded modulation (SCM), information elements that comprise basic safety messages (BSMs) were delivered with different service qualities determined by real-time traffic situations. The optimal power allocation strategy and achievable performance gain of the proposed method were first theoretically analyzed. To apply the proposed method into practice, the hierarchical quadrature amplitude modulation technology was then employed to implement the proposed SCM-based broadcast scheme for VANETs. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method in real-time traffic environments, a joint traffic-communication simulation was further conducted. Results agree that the proposed method extends the coverage of the BSM broadcast while maintaining an acceptable communication reliability to meet the requirement of driving safety.

Nationalism in the United States and Canadian primetime broadcast coverage of the 2014 Winter Olympics

The CBC’s and NBC’s primetime broadcasts of the 2014 Winter Olympics were analyzed to determine differences between the media treatment of home nation and foreign athletes. The CBC results showed that Canadian athletes represented 48.5% of total athlete mentions and constituted all of the top 20 most-mentioned athletes. NBC results showed that American athletes represented 43.9% of their total mentions and 65% of the top 20 most-mentioned athletes. The CBC was more likely to attribute Canadian athletic successes to commitment and intelligence, and non-Canadian successes to strength. The CBC was more likely to discuss the emotions and background of non-Canadians and make neutral/other comments about Canadians. NBC was more likely to attribute American failures to experience. Comparisons between the networks revealed 30 significant differences in the manner of depicting home athletes compared to athletes from other nations.

Covering Libya: A Framing Analysis of Al Jazeera and BBC Coverage of the 2011 Libyan Uprising and NATO Intervention

This article examines the broadcast coverage by Al Jazeera and the BBC of the 2011 uprising in Libya and the ensuing NATO intervention in the country. Through a comparative analysis of Al Jazeera Arabic, Al Jazeera English, BBC Arabic, and BBC World News, the article evaluates the impact of these two networks' political contexts on their coverage. Both Al Jazeera and the BBC are based in countries that were active participants in the 2011 NATO intervention, Al Jazeera in Qatar and the BBC in the UK. Thus, the 2011 Libyan uprising and NATO intervention presents a prime opportunity to evaluate how the political contexts of these two networks affected their coverage. The sample under study covered a period of roughly four weeks and was analyzed by means of a framing analysis, whereby framing refers to the way a news story is packaged, organized, and narrated. Ultimately, the study found that the coverage of both these networks was aligned with the national and foreign policy interests of their home countries, making their political contexts the main influence on their news agendas. News frames across the sample reflected coverage that was largely supportive of the aims of opposition and the intervention.

An Analysis of the Broadcasting Companies' Horizontal Merger : focusing on local broadcasting coverage expansion of MSO from 2001 to 2014

An Analysis of the Broadcasting Companies' Horizontal Merger : focusing on local broadcasting coverage expansion of MSO from 2001 to 2014

Taking our Pictures

This qualitative research project explores the specific ways in which 12 traditional television, print and internet news organizations in the United States integrated user-generated visual content into news coverage over the course of an ordinary week, June 8–14, 2014. Framed from a cultural materialist perspective, we found that user-generated visual content constituted a minimal part of the print, broadcast and online news coverage. Based on our research, we suggest that traditional media outlets marginalized the use of citizen photojournalism in an effort to control news production, maintain their influence and power, and to reinforce the reliance on ideological notions of accurate, responsible and relevant journalism.

Broadcast coverage of Gaddafi's final hours in images and headlines: A brutal lynch or the desired death of a terrorist?

Gruesome images of Muammar Gaddafi's assassination were broadcast on international news networks. The display of such images raises significant questions about the way the media cover an individual's death; in this case, an individual who was the leader of a United Nations member country and, at the same time, considered by many to be an enemy and a terrorist. The study examined 1,380 images of Gaddafi's last days, from five international news networks, and found that the Israeli channel displayed the highest number of gruesome images. The article argues that when news networks have a clear political agenda, political considerations may trump adherence to professional ethics.

Changing the Game: The Role of Social Media in Overcoming Old Media's Attention Deficit Toward Women's Sport

Social media is now an integral part of modern sports broadcasting, which combines old and new media into a redefined and multidimensional experience for fans. The popularity of social media has particular implications for professional women's sports due to this convergence, and may be utilised by organisations to address some of the issues women's sports face from a lack of traditional broadcast coverage. This article discusses Twitter activity surrounding the ANZ Championship netball competition and analyses the ways social media can help transcend the structural challenges that “old” media has placed on professional women's sports.

Estimating Approach Path Coverage of Aircraft-Derived Meteorological Data in Advanced Air Traffic Management Applications

If appropriately equipped, aircraft traveling throughout the global air space have the unique capability to measure and report high-resolution meteorological data, under all weather conditions. These data can have high economic value for both aviation and nonaviation uses by communicating a dense picture of weather conditions from thousands of ad hoc sensors operating daily in the global air space over areas of an aviation operational interest. However, ensuring that the technology provides adequate levels of service and safety requires a clear understanding of system performance characteristics in conjunction with sensor and data link capabilities, broadcast frequencies, equipage rates, and operational service environment requirements. This paper explores the density of coverage as a measure of performance by presenting the problem as a stochastic area coverage model of a homogeneous dynamic wireless ad hoc sensor network. A model was developed to relate the density needs of various advanced air traffic management applications to the spatial and temporal coverage of aircraft-sensed meteorological data in the airport terminal area. A comprehensive experimental design is presented with varying aircraft equipage rates, message broadcast frequencies, coverage granularities, and traffic demand levels. Infrastructure and sensor limitations are included to capture some realism within the model. Results are determined by solving this variation on a traditional set covering model using Monte Carlo simulation techniques.

The “Ice Queen” Melted and It Won Her the Primary: Evidence of Gender Stereotypes and the Double Bind in News Frames of Hillary Clinton's “Emotional Moment”

During the 2008 primary, Clinton had lost to Obama in Iowa and the polls were very close in New Hampshire. While campaigning, Clinton had an “emotional moment” that was widely covered in the media. A directed analysis of strategy and game news frames in the broadcast coverage of the event revealed that the event was framed as a strategic victory that appealed to female voters and was evidence that she was “cracking under the pressure” of losing a national campaign. These frames reveal the gender double bind that female candidates face, as it suggests that women have to be feminine to win, but that very display of femininity is also evidence that they are not viable candidates.

GETTING CLOSER?

Drawing on the idea that citizen images of crisis events can function as “ruptures” within mainstream journalistic narratives—instances in which distant others can speak and be heard—this article examines from a dual perspective how the global citizen images (photographs and videos) embedded in Finnish print and broadcast coverage of the Arab uprisings and the Japan tsunami disaster facilitate the construction of cosmopolitan imagination. Specifically it explores, first, how emotional proximity is constructed through the conventions of citizen images that break with the aesthetics of professional photojournalism, and, second, how professional journalists see the role of amateur images in their work of reporting distant crises. The analysis identifies four defining characteristics of the aesthetics of citizen images—unconstructedness, unconventional framing, mobility and embodied collectivity—which may invite enhanced affective engagement and reflection. Moreover, it reveals that the increasing significance of global citizen imagery prompts renewed internal reflection on established journalistic practices and norms, but this is not accompanied by a new consideration on the relationship between journalists and their audiences, on journalism as a resource for cosmopolitan attitudes.

Reception Quality Prediction in a Single Frequency Network for the DTMB Standard

Single frequency network (SFN) is an attractive scheme for the digital television terrestrial broadcasting (DTTB) coverage with efficient utilization of the spectral resources. In this paper, a method featuring low complexity and low workload is proposed to estimate the reception quality under the SFN environment with the maximum delay spread of the artificial multipath no longer than the guard interval. Based on the analysis of error probability and channel capacity, this method supports an unambiguous prediction of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) threshold according to the parameters of received signals, which is thus meaningful for system evaluation. We applied this method to the digital television/terrestrial multimedia broadcasting (DTMB) systems, and carried out the laboratory measurements for performance verification. The predicted results show a satisfactory match with the measured results, validating the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method.

지상파방송 난시청 해소를 위한 특정소출력 DTV 중계기(I): 기술기준연구

본 연구에서는 중소규모 지상파 DTV 방송의 난시청지역 해소를 위하여 우리나라 및 외국의 기술현황 및 관련 기술기준들을 고찰하였다. 이를 이용하여 출력 10mW/MHz 이하인 특정 소출력 디지털 텔레비전(DTV) 방송중계용 무선기기의 송신 요구기준을 제안하였으며, 실험을 통하여 제안한 방식의 유효성을 입증하였다. 본 논문에서 제안한 방식은 기존 방식에 비해 경제적이고도 소형으로 중계기를 구현할 수 있어 수 km 미만의 중소규모 난시청 지역이 많이 발생하는 우리나라 DTV 수신환경 개선에 널리 사용될 수 있다. In this paper, worldwide standards and regulations on broadcasting services are reviewed to improve the fringe area of terrestrial DTV broadcasting services. Using these results, in-band/out-of-band emission requirements of low power DTV repeater with 10mW/MHz radiating power are proposed, and experimentally evaluated and verified. Using the proposed regulations, compact and cost-effective DTV repeater can be easily implemented to broaden DTV broadcasting coverage and to improve small/medium size DTV fringe areas.

A Water-Wave Broadcast Scheme for Emergency Messages in VANET

Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is an emerging new technology and a promising platform for the intelligent transportation system. The most important application of VANET is disseminating emergency messages to drivers in case of dangerous events. The effectiveness depends on the design of a broadcast scheme. A simple broadcast scheme encounters many problems such as broadcast storm, connection hole, building shadow, and intersection problems. In this paper, we propose an efficient broadcast scheme that simulates water wave propagation to spread emergency messages. This scheme provides warning services with both space and time constraints. Most existing broadcast schemes provide inadequate strategies for limiting the time period of a warning. We verified the performance of our proposed scheme in a simulated street environment with vehicle movements to show the superiority of this scheme in high broadcast coverage areas.

Media Portrayals of the Female Condom

This study examines newspaper and broadcast news depictions of the female condom from 1993 to 2009 in the three major television networks (ABC, CBS, and NBC), and in 8 of 10 top daily newspapers and 3 of 4 national newspapers published in the United States, according to circulation figures as of September 30, 2008. Given the high rates of sexually transmitted infections in the United States and their effect on women, particularly those between 15 and 24 years of age, it is important to examine media sources and the health information that the public is or is not receiving through these sources. This study (a) examines whether the female condom was depicted positively or negatively in broadcast and newspaper coverage, (b) determines the ways in which the female condom was compared with the male condom and with other contraceptives, and (c) identifies the sources used by journalists in female condom portrayals. The authors discuss the implications of the coverage of the female condom by broadcast and print news.

An Adaptive Cluster-Based Routing Mechanism for Energy Conservation in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

In recent years, many studies have proposed various ways to strengthen wireless networks' performance. In this paper, we identify some drawbacks arising from protocol improved location-aided routing (ILAR). Nodes around the borders of a given broadcast coverage might quickly and easily move out, resulting in a broken routing path. Another problem in ILAR is that, although it may have a better forwarding node available for use a relay node could fail. Therefore we propose a novel routing protocol integrated power balance scheme to help resolve the problems mentioned above. Furthermore, the scheme employs position information and a power-saving scheme to balance the energy of each node and to lengthen the entire network's life. To achieve these goals, there must be a reduction in the simultaneous loading of networks. Therefore, we also propose a cluster-based routing mechanism in mobile ad hoc networks. This mechanism can reduce the loading of networks, energy conservation, and increase the lifetime of nodes and networks.

On Reliable Broadcast in Low Duty-Cycle Wireless Sensor Networks

Broadcast is one of the most fundamental services in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It facilitates sensor nodes to propagate messages across the whole network, serving a wide range of higher level operations and thus being critical to the overall network design. A distinct feature of WSNs is that many nodes alternate between active and dormant states, so as to conserve energy and extend the network lifetime. Unfortunately, the impact of such cycles has been largely ignored in existing broadcast implementations that adopt the common assumption of all nodes being active all over the time. In this paper, we revisit the broadcast problem with active/dormant cycles. We show strong evidence that conventional broadcast approaches will suffer from severe performance degradation, and, under low duty cycles, they could easily fail to cover the whole network in an acceptable time frame. To this end, we remodel the broadcast problem in this new context, seeking a balance between efficiency and latency with coverage guarantees. We demonstrate that this problem can be translated into a graph equivalence, and develop a centralized optimal solution. It provides a valuable benchmark for assessing diverse duty-cycle-aware broadcast strategies. We then extend it to an efficient and scalable distributed implementation, which relies on local information and operations only, with built-in loss compensation mechanisms. The performance of our solution is evaluated under diverse network configurations. The results suggest that our distributed solution is close to the lower bounds of both time and forwarding costs, and it well resists to the wireless loss with good scalability on the network size and density. In addition, it enables flexible control toward the quality of broadcast coverage.

Hawk Eye: A Logical Innovative Technology Use in Sports for Effective Decision Making

Hawk Eye: A Logical Innovative Technology Use in Sports for Effective Decision Making The present study aims at explaining hawk eye technology in sports with regard to their latest trends in the sporting arena. This is one of the most commonly used technologies in the various sports. It has been put to a variety of uses, such as providing a way to collect interesting statistics, construct very suggestive visual representations of the game play and even helping viewers to better understand the umpiring decisions. The Hawk-eye is one such technology which is considered to be really top indentation in various sports. The necessary idea is to monitor the trajectory of the ball during the entire duration of play. We will see how the Hawk-eye technology successfully treats each of these issues and provides a robust system to be used in practice. The Hawk-eye system was developed as a replay system, originally for TV Broadcast coverage. We have thus seen that the Hawk-eye is a great innovation, which puts technology to good use in the field of sports. The international scenario of hawk eye has been discussed while analyzing the data of hawk eye software for reliable decision. The technology is used widely these days, in sports such as Tennis and Cricket. The accuracy which can be achieved with the use of the system is making the authorities think seriously about reducing the human error component involved in important decisions. Hawk eye (artificial judgement) is very excellent and superb decision making power as compared to human being (natural judgement). Hawk-Eye software team is already working on the implementing system for basketball, football, badminton and snooker.