Broad Temperature Window Research Articles

Rechargeable Battery Electrolytes Capable of Operating over Wide Temperature Windows and Delivering High Safety

AbstractLi‐ion batteries (LIBs) are the energy storage systems of choice for portable electronics and electric vehicles. Due to the growing deployment of energy storage solutions, LIBs are increasingly required to function safely and steadily over a broad range of operational conditions. However, the conventional electrolytes used in LIBs will malfunction when the temperatures fall below zero or elevate above 60 °C. Further, conventional electrolytes are toxic and flammable, leading to severe safety risks, especially in the case of an accident or overheating. Therefore, an ever‐growing body of research has been dedicated to the development of electrolytes characterized by high ionic conductivity, excellent electrochemical stability, and operability over a wide temperature range. In this Progress Report, the optimization of liquid‐based electrolytes achieved by controlling Li salts, functional additives, and solvents is discussed first. Next, gel‐polymer and all‐solid‐state electrolytes (i.e., ceramics, polymers, and their composites) are presented. Examples of advanced batteries (Li/Na/Zn‐ion batteries and Li‐metal batteries) capable of working over a broad temperature window are highlighted. Morever, recent computational studies aimed at designing and understanding electrolytes are reviewed. Finally, challenges and perspectives regarding emerging electrolyte materials are proposed with the goal of triggering the further development of high‐performance, safe, and wide‐temperature‐operating electrolytes.

Local structure of Pt species dictates remarkable performance on Pt/Al2O3 for preferential oxidation of CO in H2

State-of-the-art production of industrial hydrogen predominantly derives from the reforming of hydrocarbons. However, the unavoidable ∼1 % CO in this hydrogen resource usually poisons proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and other applications. An effective solution to eliminate CO involves the preferential oxidation of CO in H2-rich stream (PROX). Here, we report that ∼1.4 nm Pt nanoparticles supported on inert substrate (Al2O3) can catalyze total CO conversion and CO2 selectivity in a temperature range from −30 to 120 °C. Detailed characterizations indicate that this remarkable performance is determined by the local structure of Pt active centers. The ensemble of Pt(OH) and metallic Pt plays a more critical role compared with PtOx or the only Pt°. On this ensemble, O2 activation is favored while CO adsorption is weakened and H2 adsorption is inhibited, which facilitate the preferential oxidation of CO rather than H2, thus enabling a broad temperature window for 100 % selective CO removal.

Enhanced electrocaloric effect in the Sm and Hf co-doped BaTiO3 ceramics

In this work, the electrocaloric (EC) effect was studied in the (100-x)BaHf0.2Ti0.8O3-xBa0.94Sm0.04TiO3 (BHT-xBST) ceramics fabricated by the conventional solid-reaction method. By tuning composition to their diffuse phase transition (DPT), invariant critical point (ICP) and first-order phase transition (FPT), the large electrocaloric response with a temperature change of ΔT = 0.46 °C (at 64 °C) under 30 kV/cm and an electrocaloric strength of ΔT/ΔE = 0.18 K mm/kV under 12 kV/cm were achieved in BHT-70BST. In addition, BHT-50BST shows a broad EC working temperature window from 28 °C to 68 °C because of its diffusion behavior near the ferroelectric-to-paraelectric phase transition and multiphase coexistence. The maximum ΔT of BHT-50BST is larger than that of BHT-40BST with only diffusion character but no multiphase coexistence. This work may provide a design strategy to enhance EC performance with a broad working temperature region in lead-free rare-earth doped BaTiO3-based ceramics by combining the diffusion behavior, multiphase coexistence and heterovalent substitution.

Develop high efficient of NH3-SCR catalysts with wide temperature range by ball-milled method

To develop high efficient NH3-SCR catalysts with wide temperature range, a series of novel catalysts based on MnOx-CeO2/TiO2 and V2O5-WO3/TiO2 with various mixing-ratios were prepared via ball-milled method for selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3. N2-Sorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared transform spectroscopy (in-situ DRIFTS) were used to characterize the catalysts. The ball-milling catalysts exhibited over 90% NO conversion in 200–400 °C, good N2 selectivity and high poison resistance to SO2 and H2O in broad temperature window when compared to their original materials (e.g., the 5MnCe/Ti-5VW/Ti (BM-6 h). The good SCR performance of xMnCe/Ti-yVW/Ti (BM-6 h) indicated that the milled-mixing method was a promising way in developing wide temperature range SCR catalysts. The XPS results showed that the ratio of (V3++V4+)/Vn+, Mn4+/Mn3+ and Ce3+/Ce4+ on the surface of xMnCe/Ti-yVW/Ti (BM-6 h) samples were higher than that on the MnCe/Ti(raw/BM-6 h) and VW/Ti(raw/BM-6 h), and increased as the duration of ball-milled process extended. The possible routes for electron transfer between the V, Mn and Ce components on the ball-milled mixing catalysts were proposed. The DRIFTS results showed that the surface of 5MnCe/Ti-5VW/Ti (BM-6 h) was mainly covered by ionic NH4+ at low temperature due to abundant Brønsted acid sites. The ionic NH4+ reacted with NO2 nitro compounds and gaseous NO via “fast SCR” reaction route at low temperature. In addition, the coordinated NH3 dominated the SCR reaction by reacting with gaseous NO in “standard SCR” route at high temperature (i.e. ≥350 °C).

Kinetics of Bulk Lifetime Degradation in Float‐Zone Silicon: Fast Activation and Annihilation of Grown‐In Defects and the Role of Hydrogen versus Light

Float‐zone (FZ) silicon often has grown‐in defects that are thermally activated in a broad temperature window (≈300–800 °C). These defects cause efficient electron‐hole pair recombination, which deteriorates the bulk minority carrier lifetime and thereby possible photovoltaic conversion efficiencies. Little is known so far about these defects which are possibly Si‐vacancy/nitrogen‐related (VxNy). Herein, it is shown that the defect activation takes place on sub‐second timescales, as does the destruction of the defects at higher temperatures. Complete defect annihilation, however, is not achieved until nitrogen impurities are effused from the wafer, as confirmed by secondary ion mass spectrometry. Hydrogenation experiments reveal the temporary and only partial passivation of recombination centers. In combination with deep‐level transient spectroscopy, at least two possible defect states are revealed, only one of which interacts with H. With the help of density functional theory V1N1‐centers, which induce Si dangling bonds (DBs), are proposed as one possible defect candidate. Such DBs can be passivated by H. The associated formation energy, as well as their sensitivity to light‐induced free carriers, is consistent with the experimental results. These results are anticipated to contribute to a deeper understanding of bulk‐Si defects, which are pivotal for the mitigation of solar cell degradation processes.

Enhancing ZnO nanowire gas sensors using Au/Fe2O3 hybrid nanoparticle decoration

Heterojunctions are an important strategy for designing high performance electrical sensor materials and related devices. Herein, a new type of metal-semiconductor hybrid nanoparticle has been successfully used to remarkably sensitize the surface of ZnO nanowires for detecting NO2 with high responses over a broad temperature window ranging from room temperature to 600 °C. These hybrid nanoparticles are comprised of iron oxide nanowires with well dispersed single crystalline Au nanoparticles. The hybrid nanoparticle decorated ZnO nanowires have achieved a giant response, as high as 74 500 toward NO2 gas, about 42 times that of Au decorated ZnO nanowire sensors. This dramatic enhancement may be attributed to the efficient charge transfer across the Au–Fe2O3 Schottky and Fe2O3–ZnO semiconductor heterojunction interfaces. Due to the incorporation of thermally-stable Fe2O3 nanoparticles as the support of Au nanoparticles, the working temperature of nanowire sensors was successfully extended to higher temperatures, with an increase of 200 °C, from 400 °C to 600 °C. Such a combination of semiconductor heterojunction and semiconductor-metal Schottky contact presents a new strategy for designing high performance electrical sensors with high sensitivity, stability, selectivity, and wide operation temperature window, which are potentially suitable for advanced energy systems such as automotive engines and power plants.

Effect of partial substitution of Ce for La on the structural, magnetic and abnormal thermal expansion properties of La1-Ce Fe11.2Al1.8 alloys

Abstract NaZn13-type La(Fe, M)13-based (M = Si, Al) intermetallic compounds find wide applications, ranging from microelectronics to space technology, because of their significant abnormal thermal expansion (ATE) associated with their huge magnetovolume effect. In this work, element La was partially substituted in LaFe11.2Al1.8 by element Ce to optimize the ATE characteristics of these alloys. The obtained average thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) of La0.8Ce0.2Fe11.2Al1.8 reaches as large as −21.7 × 10−6 K−1 in the temperature range of 100–200 K, which is nearly 25% larger than that of LaFe11.2Al1.8 (−17.31 × 10−6 K−1). Magnetic measurements confirmed that the improved negative thermal expansion (NTE) property is attributed to the enhanced magnetization originating from the magnetic coupling between Ce and Fe atoms. Additionally, smaller negative thermal expansion was observed in La0.4Ce0.6Fe11.2Al1.8 with an average CTE of −1.6 × 10−6 K−1 in a broad operating temperature window from 10 to 170 K. The enhanced NTE values of La(Fe, Al)13-based alloys with partial substitution of Ce for La demonstrated in this work show the potential of their practical applications.

Tailored Alkali Resistance of DeNOx Catalysts by Improving Redox Properties and Activating Adsorbed Reactive Species

SummaryIt is still challenging to develop strongly alkali-resistant catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3. It is generally believed that the maintenance of acidity is the most important factor because of neutral effects of alkali. This work discovers that the redox properties rather than acidity play decisive roles in improving alkali resistance of some specific catalyst systems. K-poisoned Fe-decorated SO42−-modified CeZr oxide (Fe/SO42−/CeZr) catalysts show decreased acidity but reserve the high redox properties. The higher reactivity of NHx species induced by K poisoning compensates for the decreased amount of adsorbed NHx, leading to a desired reaction efficiency between adsorbed NHx and nitrate species. This study provides a unique perspective in designing an alkali-resistant deNOx catalyst via improving redox properties and activating the reactivities of NHx species rather than routinely increasing acidic sites for NHx adsorption, which is of significance for academic interests and practical applications.

Chiral Photonic Liquid Crystalline Polyethers with Widely Tunable Helical Superstructures.

Liquid crystalline polymers with tunable structures on the scale of visible wavelength are important in optical technology due to their enhanced mechanical stability, processability, and structural integrity. Herein, we report a series of cholesteric liquid crystalline (CLC) polyethers with a widely tunable pitch length and a broad CLC phase window through a bottom-up structural design. The well-defined multicomponent polyethers were successfully synthesized by utilizing monomer-activated anionic ring-opening polymerization. Through adjustment of the composition of chiral cholesteryl (Ch) and photochromic azobenzene (Az) mesogenic moieties, rich phase behaviors have been discovered, and a phase boundary diagram was constructed consequently, wherein cholesteric helical superstructures in a broad composition range and temperature window straight down to the glassy state at room temperature were achieved. Particularly, the planar oriented helical superstructures can exhibit widely tunable and switchable reflections over the entire visible range across red, green, and blue colors through temperature and light control, which are closely related to the extraordinary flexibility of the polyether backbone. Their thermo-light dual-responsive properties provide an alternative opportunity to fabricate smart and switchable polymeric LC materials for optical applications.

Copper-Iron Bimetal Ion-Exchanged SAPO-34 for NH3-SCR of NOx

SAPO-34 was prepared with a mixture of three templates containing triethylamine, tetraethylammonium hydroxide, and morpholine, which leads to unique properties for support and production cost reduction. Meanwhile, Cu/SAPO-34, Fe/SAPO-34, and Cu-Fe/SAPO-34 were prepared through the ion-exchanged method in aqueous solution and used for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with NH3. The physical structure and original crystal of SAPO-34 are maintained in the catalysts. Cu-Fe/SAPO-34 catalysts exhibit high NOx conversion in a broad temperature window, even in the presence of H2O. The physicochemical properties of synthesized samples were further characterized by various methods, including XRD, FE-SEM, EDS, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, UV-Vis-DRS spectroscopy, NH3-TPD, H2-TPR, and EPR. The best catalyst, 3Cu-1Fe/SAPO-34 exhibited high NOx conversion (> 90%) in a wide temperature window of 250–600 °C, even in the presence of H2O. In comparison with mono-metallic samples, the 3Cu-1Fe/SAPO-34 catalyst had more isolated Cu2+ ions and additional oligomeric Fe3+ active sites, which mainly contributed to the higher capacity of NH3 and NOx adsorption by the enhancement of the number of acid sites as well as its greater reducibility. Therefore, this synergistic effect between iron and copper in the 3Cu-1Fe/SAPO-34 catalyst prompted higher catalytic performance in more extensive temperature as well as hydrothermal stability after iron incorporation.

Near-zero thermal expansion and high thermal conductivity from ambient to cryogenic temperatures in Hf0.87Ta0.13Fe2Cux

Stable material properties against large and frequent temperature variations are strongly desired in modern industry. Here we report the combination of low thermal expansion, high thermal conductivity and good mechanical properties in Hf0.87Ta0.13Fe2Cux, all of which are well retained from ambient down to cryogenic temperatures. Cu partially substitutes for Hf/Ta atoms, causing a continuous suppression of negative thermal expansion. For x ≥ 1.25 the precipitation of Cu phase remarkably improves the overall thermal conductivity and compressive strength of the compounds. The excellent comprehensive performance covering such a broad temperature window suggests the wide applications of current composites, for example in cryogenic engineering.

Preparation of the Coupling Co-Precipitation and Impregnation Catalyst Ag/Al₂O₃ with High Catalytic Performance in Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO with C₃H6.

This brief paper reported an Ag/Al₂O₃ catalyst of high catalytic performance in C₃H6-SCR (selective catalytic reduction with C₃H6 as the reducer), and demonstrated a new strategy for the preparation of high active Ag/Al₂O₃ catalyst by the coupling co-precipitation and impregnation method. The results show that the coupling co-precipitation and impregnation catalyst was higher active than the usual impregnated catalyst in C₃H6-SCR of NO with broad active temperature window (420-600 °C), and the highest conversions of NO achieved 91% over the coupling co-precipitation and impregnation catalyst at 500 °C. The porous structure parameter, crystal phase structure, surface acidity property and particle morphology of the Ag/Al₂O₃ catalyst were characterized by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV-vis spectra and temperature programmed desorption of ammonia (NH₃-TPD), respectively. Based on the characterization, it is found that the catalyst prepared by the coupling co-precipitation and impregnation method has smaller particles and better dispersion than the usual impregnated catalyst, and so the catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic activity. NH₃-TPD results illustrate that the weak and medium-strong acid sites is conducive to the reactivity of catalyst.

Near-Zero Thermal Expansion and High Thermal Conductivity from Ambient to Cryogenic Temperatures in Hf0.87ta0.13fe2cux

Stable material properties against large and frequent temperature variations are strongly desired in modern industry. Here we report the combination of low thermal expansion, high thermal conductivity and good mechanical properties in Hf0.87Ta0.13Fe2Cux, all of which are well retained from ambient down to cryogenic temperatures. Cu partially substitutes for Hf/Ta atoms, causing a continuous suppression of negative thermal expansion. For x ≥ 1.25 the Cu precipitates remarkably improves the overall thermal conductivity and compressive strength of the compounds. The excellent comprehensive performance covering such a broad temperature window suggests the wide applications of current composites, for example in cryogenic engineering.

Magnetic structure and uniaxial negative thermal expansion in antiferromagnetic CrSb.

Negative thermal expansion (NTE) has been found in a growing number of ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials; however, it remains a challenge to discover antiferromagnetic (AFM) NTE materials. Here, we report the uniaxial NTE properties of AFM intermetallic CrSb systematically, and reveal its uniaxial NTE mechanism for the first time. The present AFM intermetallic CrSb shows uniaxial NTE at high temperature and over a broad temperature window (αa = -6.55 × 10-6 K-1, 360-600 K). The direct experimental evidence of neutron powder diffraction reveals that NTE is induced by the AFM ordering of the Cr atom. The present study demonstrates that due to the transition from an AFM ordered structure to a paramagnetic disordered configuration, the negative contribution to the thermal expansion from the magnetovolume effect overwhelms the positive contribution from anharmonic phonon vibration. This study is of interest to find antiferromagnetic NTE materials.

Facile Fabrication of Ce/V-Modified Multi-Channel TiO2 Nanotubes and Their Enhanced Selective Catalytic Reduction Performance.

To optimize one-dimensional (1D) TiO2 nanofibers, tailor-made multi-channel TiO2 nanotubes have been successfully fabricated by electrospinning technology. After loading with Ce and V, the CeVTi-tube catalyst exhibited a broad working temperature window and acceptable resistance to H2 O and SO2 for elimination of NOx . The corresponding analysis revealed that the multi-channel structure provided more surface adsorbed oxygen species and that the wall of nanotubes anchored active components efficiently, which was beneficial to improve the stability as well as dispersion of the active components. Besides, a synergistic effect between Ce and V easily occurred at the CeVTi-tube catalyst, and its reducibility was significantly improved since the electron transformation between Ce and V was dramatically enhanced. Consequently, the tailor-made multi-channel CeVTi-tube catalyst exhibited satisfied de-NOx efficiency at the temperature range of 220-460 °C. It seemed that the multi-channel TiO2 nanotubes hold great potential as an excellent carrier for SCR catalysts.

In situ supported VOx on carbon nanotubes for the low-temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3

The vanadium oxide/carbon nanotube (VOx/CNTs) composite catalyst was prepared by in-situ growth of VOx nanoparticles on CNTs with a cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) assisted reflux route. The in-situ prepared catalysts exhibit better NH3-SCR activity in a broader temperature window at low temperature than those prepared by impregnation or a mechanically mixed method. The structural characterizations show that vanadium oxide nanoparticles have a good dispersion on the CNTs surface, with much lower valence vanadium species and chemisorbed oxygen species. The physics-chemistry properties indicate that there is a strong interaction between the VOx and CNTs, and the catalysts present a larger amount of stronger acid. The abovementioned reasons have eventually led to the enhancement of NH3-SCR activity.

Near Room Temperature PE-ALD of Nanostructured Gold for Enhanced Raman Scattering

Currently only two Au ALD processes exist, using two different precursors. The first Au ALD process, reported by Griffiths et al. [1], is a three step process using Me3AuPMe3 as the precursor in combination with an oxygen plasma and water vapour as the reactants. The deposition of metallic gold was reported at a deposition temperature of 120°C, with only some carbon and oxygen impurities present in the film (6.65% C and 1.83% O). A growth per cycle of 0.05 nm per cycle was achieved. The other Au ALD process, reported by Mäkelä et al. [2], uses Me2Au(S2CNEt2) as the precursor and ozone as the reactant. Deposition between 120-180°C was reported with self-limiting growth at 180°C and a growth rate of 0.09 nm per cycle. The deposited films had low resistivity values (4-16 µΩ cm) and were chemically pure with few impurities, O (2.9%), H (0.9%), C (0.2%), and N (0.2%). A new plasma enhanced ALD process has been developed using Me3AuPMe3 and H2 plasma as the precursor and reactant, respectively. Saturating behaviour for both precursor and reactant is achieved. The growth per cycle for this process is 0.03 nm per cycle. The process exhibits a broad saturating temperature window, from 50°C to 120°C. This temperature window is limited by decomposition of the precursor above 120°C. X-ray diffraction measurements show that the as-deposited gold films are poly crystalline (face centered cubic). The deposited gold films are very pure, with no phosphorous present in the film and very few carbon impurities (0.3%). Low resistivity values (5.85 µΩ cm), close to the bulk value of gold (2.44 µΩ cm), were achieved. The surface chemistry and growth mechanism are investigated using in-situ RAIRS measurements, optical emission spectroscopy, and mass-spectrometry. Scanning electron microscopy measurements show that the initial growth starts with the nucleation of gold particles on the surface, as is the case for most noble metal ALD processes. The formed gold nanoparticles grow and coalesce during the ALD process. The spacing of the gold particles makes this process interesting for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Free space Raman measurements were performed on some of the samples and these showed excellent surface enhancement of the Raman signal of a monolayer of 4-nitrothiophenol bound to the ALD gold films. As far as we know is this the first report of an ALD gold film that shows SERS properties. In contrast to other SERS substrate fabrication methods, often involving lithography, this ALD process provides a direct way to fabricate SERS substrates on both planar and complex substrates, without the need for a lot of process steps. [1] M. B. E. Griffiths, P. J. Pallister, D. J. Mandia, and S. T. Barry, Chem. Mater. 28(1) (2016) 44-46 [2] M. Mäkelä, T. Hatanpää, K. Mizohata, J. Räisänen, M. Ritala, and M. Leskelä, Chem. Mater. 29(14) (2017) 6130-6136

Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx with NH3 by Using Novel Catalysts: State of the Art and Future Prospects

Selective catalytic reduction with NH3 (NH3-SCR) is the most efficient technology to reduce the emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from coal-fired industries, diesel engines, etc. Although V2O5-WO3(MoO3)/TiO2 and CHA structured zeolite catalysts have been utilized in commercial applications, the increasing requirements for broad working temperature window, strong SO2/alkali/heavy metal-resistance, and high hydrothermal stability have stimulated the development of new-type NH3-SCR catalysts. This review summarizes the latest SCR reaction mechanisms and emerging poison-resistant mechanisms in the beginning and subsequently gives a comprehensive overview of newly developed SCR catalysts, including metal oxide catalysts ranging from VOx, MnOx, CeO2, and Fe2O3 to CuO based catalysts; acidic compound catalysts containing vanadate, phosphate and sulfate catalysts; ion exchanged zeolite catalysts such as Fe, Cu, Mn, etc. exchanged zeolite catalysts; monolith catalysts including extruded, washcoated, and metal-mesh/foam-based monolith catalysts. The challenges and opportunities for each type of catalysts are proposed while the effective strategies are summarized for enhancing the acidity/redox circle and poison-resistance through modification, creating novel nanostructures, exposing specific crystalline planes, constructing protective/sacrificial sites, etc. Some suggestions are given about future research directions that efforts should be made in. Hopefully, this review can bridge the gap between newly developed catalysts and practical requirements to realize their commercial applications in the near future.

An environmentally friendly FeTiSOx catalyst with a broad operation‐temperature window for the NH3‐SCR of NOx

AbstractA novel FeTiSOx catalyst prepared by a simple hydrolysis coprecipitation method was used for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with NH3, which exhibited high catalytic activity (NOx conversion of >97% and N2 selectivity of >95%) and tolerance for both H2O and SO2 at a broad temperature window of ~325–475°C. The characterization results showed that the formation of Fe–O–Ti and Fe–O–S species could significantly enhance the acidic sites of the catalyst, which play an important role in NH3 absorption and their catalytic activity. The Fe3+ ions in the bulk anatase TiO2 could significantly enhance the redox properties for the SCR reaction and suppress the side reaction of NH3 oxidation to NO or N2O. In addition, the reaction mechanism was discussed based on in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy measurements and kinetic investigation, indicating that the reaction was dominated by the Eley–Rideal mechanism over the FeTiSOx catalyst.

Spatially Confined Tuning the Interfacial Synergistic Catalysis in Mesochannels toward Selective Catalytic Reduction.

Low-temperature selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides (NO x) with NH3 (NH3-SCR) has been identified as a promising strategy to mitigate the pollution of NO x. The fine control of synergistic effect and the suppression of aggregation of the active component, however, are still the challenge because of the weak interaction between the active component and matrix. In this work, a series of Ce-promoted Mn-based heterogeneous catalysts supported on mesoporous silica (SBA-15) with different Mn contents were prepared by two separated impregnation processes. Low-temperature NH3-SCR activity demonstrates that the Mn content in the catalyst has a great influence on the activity of the NH3-SCR reaction. The 20% MnO x-CeO x/SBA-15 catalyst exhibited the best catalytic performance in a broad temperature window. Moreover, it exhibits enhanced resistance to SO2 and H2O and long-term durability during 72 h reaction. The highly dispersive active phase, the formation of solid solution, the high ratio of Ce3+, and the spatial confinement effect largely contribute to the outstanding activity and durability of the 20% MnO x-CeO x/SBA-15 catalyst. Finally, a monolithic catalyst fabricated by the 20% MnO x-CeO x/SBA-15 catalyst powder and cordierite substrate show promising industrial application.