Broad Signal Research Articles

Intelligent Measurement of Coal Moisture Based on Microwave Spectrum via Distance-Weighted kNN

Realizing the rapid measurement of coal moisture content (MC) is of great significance. However, existing measurement methods are time-consuming and damage the original properties of the samples. To address these concerns, a coal MC intelligent measurement system is designed in this study that integrates microwave spectrum analysis and the distance-weighted k-nearest neighbor (DW-kNN) algorithm to realize rapid and non-destructive measurement of coal MC. Specifically, the measurement system is built using portable microwave analysis equipment, which can efficiently collect the microwave signals of coal. To improve the cleanliness of modeling data, an iterative clipping method based on Mahalanobis distance (MD-ICM) is used to detect and eliminate outliers. Based on multiple microwave frequency bands, various machine learning methods are evaluated, and it is found that coal MC measurement using broad frequency signals of 8.05–12.01 GHz yields the best results. Experiments are also carried out on coals from different regions to examine the regional robustness of the proposed method. The results of on-site testing with 27 additional samples show that the method based on the combination of microwave spectrum analysis and DW-kNN has a potential application prospect in the rapid measurement of coal MC.

The balance between protective and pathogenic immune responses to pneumonia in the neonatal lung is enforced by gut microbiota.

Although modern clinical practices such as cesarean sections and perinatal antibiotics have improved infant survival, treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics alters intestinal microbiota and causes dysbiosis. Infants exposed to perinatal antibiotics have an increased likelihood of life-threatening infections, including pneumonia. Here, we investigated how the gut microbiota sculpt pulmonary immune responses, promoting recovery and resolution of infection in newborn rhesus macaques. Early-life antibiotic exposure interrupted the maturation of intestinal commensal bacteria and disrupted the developmental trajectory of the pulmonary immune system, as assessed by single-cell proteomic and transcriptomic analyses. Early-life antibiotic exposure rendered newborn macaques more susceptible to bacterial pneumonia, concurrent with increases in neutrophil senescence and hyperinflammation, broad inflammatory cytokine signaling, and macrophage dysfunction. This pathogenic reprogramming of pulmonary immunity was further reflected by a hyperinflammatory signature in all pulmonary immune cell subsets coupled with a global loss of tissue-protective, homeostatic pathways in the lungs of dysbiotic newborns. Fecal microbiota transfer was associated with partial correction of the broad immune maladaptations and protection against severe pneumonia. These data demonstrate the importance of intestinal microbiota in programming pulmonary immunity and support the idea that gut microbiota promote the balance between pathways driving tissue repair and inflammatory responses associated with clinical recovery from infection in infants. Our results highlight a potential role for microbial transfer for immune support in these at-risk infants.

Abstract 6132: Synchrotron Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy: Characterization of tumor infiltrating monocytes stimulated by the secretome of inflammatory and non-inflammatory breast cancer cells

Abstract Background: Many studies suggested that the pathogenesis of inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is related to inflammatory manifestations and changes in tumor microenvironment (TME). IBC characterized by significantly higher infiltration of tumor associated macrophages (TAMs). TAMs contribute to the metastatic process in IBC patients via secreting many cytokines such as TNF, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 that enhance invasion and angiogenesis. To understand the role of TAMs in IBC, there is a need to firstly understand how IBC TME affect the polarization of tumor infiltrated monocytes via using sensitive and accurate analytical tool. Synchrotron FTIR microspectroscopy (SR-µFTIR) is a highly advanced analytical approach has the ability to detect any biochemical changes even prior to any morphological changes. Herein we will use SR-µFTIR to study the biochemical changes in tumor infiltrating monocytes after stimulation by the secretome of non-IBC and IBC breast cancer cells. Methods: ten breast cancer patients were enrolled in this study (5 IBC and 5 non-IBC). tumor infiltrated monocytes were isolated from patient’s blood samples which collected during modified radical mastectomy surgery. The isolated monocytes were stimulated with the secretome of MCF7, MDA-MB-231 and SUM149 cell line. Synchrotron FTIR Microspectroscopy (SR-FTIRM) single cell analysis was done at SESAME light source. The obtained raw spectral data were processed and analyzed using OMNIC©, PeakFit© V4.12, and Unscrambler© X v.10.4 software. Results: The obtained FTIR spectra showed very intense absorption bands in the region of 1700- 1500 cm-1 attributed to the amide I (ν(C=O), & νAS (C-N), δ (N-H) and amide II ν(C-N), δ (N-H) proteins bands, with a strong broad signal in the 3600-3200 cm-1 related to the νN-H Amides A and B. In addition, three peaks of different intensity and area were detected in the lipids region of the vCH2 and vCH3 stretching modes positioned within the 3000 - 2800 cm-1 range. Curve fitting assignment clearly demonstrate some differences between the three stimulated monocytes in both amide I and II, and lipids regions. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) scores plot of the second derivative spectra of the amide region explain 77% of the variance, with 63% explained by PC1 and 14% explained by PC2. On the other hand, the PCA scores plot of the lipid region explain a total of 92% of the variance with PC1 explaining 72% and PC2 explaining 20%. Conclusion: The obtained results showed that there is different effect of non-IBC and IBC cells on the polarization of tumor infiltrating monocytes even with the cell surface markers look the same and from this, we may start to understand different roles of TAMs in IBC microenvironment. Citation Format: Hossam T. Mohamed, Gihan Kamel, Aya A. El-Sharkawy, Noura El-Husseiny, Mohamed El-Shinawi, Mona M. Mohamed. Synchrotron Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy: Characterization of tumor infiltrating monocytes stimulated by the secretome of inflammatory and non-inflammatory breast cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 6132.

Temperature-induced phase transition and tunable luminescence properties of Ce3+-Mn2+-Zr4+ tri-doped LaPO4 phosphor

Tunable blue-white-orange emitting LaPO4:Ce3+/Mn2+/Zr4+ (LPCMZ) phosphors have been synthesized by co-precipitation followed by calcination. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows the phase transition from hexagonal to monoclinic between 600 and 700 °C, accompanied by the increase of average nanocrystallites size from 8 to 64 nm. The Raman measurements revealed the vibrational modes associated with the LPCMZ crystalline phases, where the band positions and the full width at half maximum values depend on the structural parameters and nanocrystals size. For low-temperature calcination of 500 °C, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed nanoclusters composed of thinner nanoneedles, which developed into a rod-like self-assembly shape for higher calcination temperatures at around 900 °C. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy reveals a broad isotropic EPR signal, assigned to agglomerated/clustered Mn2+ ions, which are dispersed only at high temperatures above 900 °C. The photoluminescence spectra recorded under UV-excitation of Ce3+ ions showed the Mn2+ green/red (546, 630 nm) emissions due to an energy transfer (ET) between Ce3+ and Mn2+. Depending on the calcination temperature, the Mn2+ emission color can be finely adjusted from blue to white and orange.

A C 54 B 2 Polycyclic π-System with Bilayer Assembly and Multi-Redox Activity

A C ₅₄ B ₂ Polycyclic π-System with Bilayer Assembly and Multi-Redox Activity

Whole-Brain Wiring Diagram of Oxytocin System in Adult Mice.

Oxytocin (Oxt) neurons regulate diverse physiological responses via direct connections with different neural circuits. However, the lack of comprehensive input-output wiring diagrams of Oxt neurons and their quantitative relationship with Oxt receptor (Oxtr) expression presents challenges to understanding circuit-specific Oxt functions. Here, we establish a whole-brain distribution and anatomic connectivity map of Oxt neurons, and their relationship with Oxtr expression using high-resolution 3D mapping methods in adult male and female mice. We use a flatmap to describe Oxt neuronal expression in four hypothalamic domains including under-characterized Oxt neurons in the tuberal nucleus (TU). Oxt neurons in the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH) broadly project to nine functional circuits that control cognition, brain state, and somatic visceral response. In contrast, Oxt neurons in the supraoptic (SO) and accessory (AN) nuclei have limited central projection to a small subset of the nine circuits. Surprisingly, quantitative comparison between Oxt output and Oxtr expression showed no significant correlation across the whole brain, suggesting abundant indirect Oxt signaling in Oxtr-expressing areas. Unlike output, Oxt neurons in both the PVH and SO receive similar monosynaptic inputs from a subset of the nine circuits mainly in the thalamic, hypothalamic, and cerebral nuclei areas. Our results suggest that PVH-Oxt neurons serve as a central modulator to integrate external and internal information via largely reciprocal connection with the nine circuits while the SO-Oxt neurons act mainly as unidirectional Oxt hormonal output. In summary, our Oxt wiring diagram provides anatomic insights about distinct behavioral functions of Oxt signaling in the brain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Oxytocin (Oxt) neurons regulate diverse physiological functions from prosocial behavior to pain sensation via central projection in the brain. Thus, understanding detailed anatomic connectivity of Oxt neurons can provide insight on circuit-specific roles of Oxt signaling in regulating different physiological functions. Here, we use high-resolution mapping methods to describe the 3D distribution, monosynaptic input and long-range output of Oxt neurons, and their relationship with Oxt receptor (Oxtr) expression across the entire mouse brain. We found Oxt connections with nine functional circuits controlling cognition, brain state, and somatic visceral response. Furthermore, we identified a quantitatively unmatched Oxt-Oxtr relationship, suggesting broad indirect Oxt signaling. Together, our comprehensive Oxt wiring diagram advances our understanding of circuit-specific roles of Oxt neurons.

Demonstration and modeling of frequency tripler based on GaN Schottky diode pair

Based on GaN Schottky barrier diode (SBD), frequency triplers using anti-parallel diode pair (APDP) are demonstrated and modeled at an output frequency of 3.6 GHz. In addition, two connection schemes, namely series APDP tripler and shunt APDP tripler are explicitly studied and compared. Compared to shunt APDP tripler, series APDP tripler achieved higher output power of −0.14 dBm and smaller minimum conversion loss of 26.9 dB. Precise compact models for both types of triplers were proposed to verify the generation of output power and performance of triplers. In the compact models, nonlinear SPICE parameters of SBD and parasitic parameters of the diode pair were extracted from I–V characteristic and broad band small signal S-parameters. Input and output networks of tripler were de-embedded so that accuracy of harmonic simulations were ensured. The outstanding performance of APDP as a frequency tripler and corresponding models provide a practical option in designing RF multipliers.

Biomimetic enzyme MOF-NADH-mediated and 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine-based colorimetric assay for formaldehyde detection

This work reported a new MOF-NADH-mediated colorimetric assay for highly sensitive detection of FA based on the biomimetic enzyme reductive reaction and the co-catalysis of metalloporphyrin with oxidized 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (oxTMB) as the color indicator in the sensing process. An excellent linear relationship (R2 = 0.9958) was obtained by a broad signal fitting dynamic range of FA (1 μM-25 mM), and the detection limit of the MOF-NADH for FA was 4.5 μM. Specific experiment was also carried out to confirm the selectivity of MOFzyme-NADH system to FA. To realize smart sensing of FA, a test paper strip-based sensor with a portable smartphone sensing platform had been developed to process the RGB values by a color-read APP. Furthermore, the paper strip-based sensor with the smartphone platform had been employed for the practical detection of FA in real samples from environment and food, and series of good results were obtained.

Air Stable Chalcogen-Doped Rubicenes with Diradical Character

Air Stable Chalcogen-Doped Rubicenes with Diradical Character

Vibrational Dynamics of the Intramolecular H-Bond in Acetylacetone Investigated with Transient and 2D IR Spectroscopy.

Acetylacetone (AcAc) has proven to be a fruitful but highly challenging model system for the experimental and computational interrogation of strong intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Key questions remain, however, regarding the identity of the minimum-energy structure of AcAc and the dynamics of intramolecular proton transfer. Here, we investigate the OH/OD stretch and bend regions of the enol tautomer of AcAc and its deuterated isotopologue with transient absorption and 2D IR spectroscopy. The OH bend region reveals a single dominant diagonal transition near 1625 cm-1 with intense cross peaks to lower-frequency modes, demonstrating highly mixed fingerprint transitions that contain OH bend character. The anharmonic coupling of the OH bend results in a highly elongated OH bend excited-state absorption transition that indicates a large manifold of OH bend overtone/combination bands in the OH stretch region that leads to strong bend-stretch Fermi resonance interactions. The OH and OD stretch regions consist of broad ground-state bleach signals, but there is no clear evidence of ω21 excited-state absorptions due to rapid population relaxation arising from strong intramolecular coupling to bending, fingerprint, and low-frequency H-bond modes. Orientational relaxation dynamics persist for timescales longer than the vibrational lifetimes, with polarization anisotropy components decaying within approximately 2 and 10 periods of the O-O oscillation for the OH and OD stretch, respectively. The significant isotopic dependence of the orientational dynamics is discussed in the context of intramolecular mode coupling, diffusional processes, and contributions from proton/deuteron transfer dynamics.

Green synthesis and photoluminescence properties of gold nanoparticles with irregular shapes

Inspired by several conventional ideas, the green phytosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has many advantages over known chemical and physical methods of preparing AuNPs. With no need for special conditions, one can use this approach for large-scale synthesis. Here, we report the green synthesis of AuNPs with irregular shapes by the bio-reduction of tetrachloroauric acid by the extract of Juniperus communis L. The resulting AuNPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, TEM, AFM, SAED, and EDX microanalysis. In the background of the unique morphology of AuNPs, we registered the blue-to-green photoluminescence with a broad plasmon signal that indicates the contributions of AuNPs with different sizes and shapes. The phytosynthesized AuNPs are promising candidates for the application in biomedicine and morphology-dependent surface plasmon resonance sensors.

A search for an unexpected asymmetry in the production of e+μ− and e−μ+ pairs in proton–proton collisions recorded by the ATLAS detector at [formula omitted] TeV

This search, a type not previously performed at ATLAS, uses a comparison of the production cross sections for e+μ− and e−μ+ pairs to constrain physics processes beyond the Standard Model. It uses 139fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded at s=13TeV at the LHC. Targeting sources of new physics which prefer final states containing e+μ− to e−μ+, the search contains two broad signal regions which are used to provide model-independent constraints on the ratio of cross sections at the 2% level. The search also has two special selections targeting supersymmetric models and leptoquark signatures. Observations using one of these selections are able to exclude, at 95% confidence level, singly produced smuons with masses up to 640GeV in a model in which the only other light sparticle is a neutralino when the R-parity-violating coupling λ231′ is close to unity. Observations using the other selection exclude scalar leptoquarks with masses below 1880GeV when g1Reu=g1Rμc=1, at 95% confidence level. The limit on the coupling reduces to g1Reu=g1Rμc=0.46 for a mass of 1420GeV.

Analysis of broadband mid-infrared optical parametric amplification based on LiGaS2, LiGaSe2, LiInS2, and LiInSe2 crystals

Optical parametric amplification (OPA) is a powerful technique for generating mid-IR ultrashort pulses. Determination of proper OPA conditions is based on the study of phase-matching curves. In this paper, we provide this study for L i G a S 2 , L i G a S e 2 , L i I n S 2 , and L i I n S e 2 non-oxide crystals in a type I arrangement. Phase-matching characteristics and gain spectra were calculated when pumped at wavelengths of 1.03, 1.064, 1.94, and 2.1 µm. By pumping few-millimeter-long Li-based crystals at 10 G W / c m 2 pump intensity, the signal gain spectrum bandwidths from a few tens of nanometers to a few thousands of nanometers can be obtained. All these crystals can display a broad bandwidth signal amplification, allowing the generation of broadband mid-IR ultrashort pulses.

Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Broadband Emission of (CH3)3SSnCl3.

We report here on the synthesis, crystal structure, optoelectronic and vibrational properties, as well as the DFT calculations of the novel trimethylsulfonium tin trichloride (CH3)3SSnCl3. The air-stable compound is prepared by reacting the (CH3)3SCl and SnCl2 solid precursors in evacuated silica tubes at 100 °C. According to powder X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement, it crystallizes at room temperature in the orthorhombic space group Pbca (No. 61) with isolated pyramids of [SnCl3]- and (CH3)3S+ units. UV-vis reflectance and photoluminescence spectroscopies reveal a direct energy band gap of 3.85 eV, accompanied by a broad Stokes-shifted luminescence signal. Photoexcitation of the compound at room temperature and at -196 °C results in broadband luminescence with weak magenta emission centered at 400 nm using an excitation at 250 nm. First principal calculations provide insight into the physical properties through the electron and phonon density of states. Multitemperature Raman spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry reveal a reversible phase transition at ca. 70 °C that affects the vibrational modes of the [SnCl3]-. By dissolving (CH3)3SSnCl3 in dimethylformamide in ambient air for a week, oxidation of tin occurs in the "defect" perovskite ((CH3)3S)2SnCl6. The crystal structure of ((CH3)3S)2SnCl6 is also determined with high accuracy via single-crystal X-ray diffraction (cubic space group Pa-3 (No. 205)) and compared with (CH3)3SSnCl3 via Hirshfeld surface analysis.

A machine learning approach to characterize sequential movement-related states in premotor and motor cortices.

Nonhuman primate (NHP) movement kinematics have been decoded from spikes and local field potentials (LFPs) recorded during motor tasks. However, the potential of LFPs to provide network-like characterizations of neural dynamics during planning and execution of sequential movements requires further exploration. Is the aggregate nature of LFPs suitable to construct informative brain state descriptors of movement preparation and execution? To investigate this, we developed a framework to process LFPs based on machine-learning classifiers and analyzed LFP from a primate, implanted with several microelectrode arrays covering the premotor cortex in both hemispheres and the primary motor cortex on one side. The monkey performed a reach-to-grasp task, consisting of five consecutive states, starting from rest until a rewarding target (food) was attained. We use this five-state task to characterize neural activity within eight frequency bands, using spectral amplitude and pairwise correlations across electrodes as features. Our results show that we could best distinguish all five movement-related states using the highest frequency band (200-500 Hz), yielding an 87% accuracy with spectral amplitude, and 60% with pairwise electrode correlation. Further analyses characterized each movement-related state, showing differential neuronal population activity at above-γ frequencies during the various stages of movement. Furthermore, the topological distribution for the high-frequency LFPs allowed for a highly significant set of pairwise correlations, strongly suggesting a concerted distribution of movement planning and execution function is distributed across premotor and primary motor cortices in a specific fashion, and is most significant in the low ripple (100-150 Hz), high ripple (150-200 Hz), and multiunit frequency bands. In summary, our results show that the concerted use of novel machine-learning techniques with coarse grained queue broad signals such as LFPs may be successfully used to track and decode fine movement aspects involving preparation, reach, grasp, and reward retrieval across several brain regions.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Local field potentials (LFPs), despite lower spatial resolution compared to single-neuron recordings, can be used with machine learning classifiers to decode sequential movements involving motor preparation, execution, and reward retrieval. Our results revealed heterogeneity of neural activity on small spatial scales, further evidencing the utility of micro-electrode array recordings for complex movement decoding. With further advancement, high-dimensional LFPs may become the gold standard for brain-computer interfaces such as neural prostheses in the near future.

Synthesis of Finite Molecular Nanotubes by Connecting Axially Functionalized Macrocycles

Synthesis of Finite Molecular Nanotubes by Connecting Axially Functionalized Macrocycles

Decoding gene network models and rates from smFISH data

Predicting transcriptional dynamics of cells provides valuable insight into complex subcellular responses which lead to broad signaling pathways that dictate cellular phenotypic behavior. Understanding the transcriptional dynamics of certain genes is imperative in predicting cellular phenotypes and the behavior of cells experiencing dysregulation from environmental stresses. For this reason, we construct a computational framework that uses the output of single molecule in situ hybridization (smFISH), which supplies us with snapshots of RNA levels amongst the population of cells at different points in time, to accurately deduce the underlying gene network models.

The molecular size continuum of soil organic phosphorus and its chemical associations

The chemical nature of most organic P (Porg) in soil remains ‘unresolved’ but is accounted for by a broad signal in the phosphomonoester region of solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. The molecular size range of this broad NMR signal and its molecular structure remain unclear. The aim of this study was to elucidate the chemical nature of Porg with increasing molecular size in soil extracts combining size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with solution 31P NMR spectroscopy. Gel-filtration SEC was carried out on NaOH-EDTA extracts of four soils (range 238–1135 mg Porg/kgsoil) to collect fractions with molecular sizes of < 5, 5–10, 10–20, 20–50, 50–70, and > 70 kDa. These were then analysed by NMR spectroscopy.Organic P was detected across the entire molecular size continuum from < 5 to > 70 kDa. Concentrations of Porg in the > 10 kDa fraction ranged from 107 to 427 mg P/kgsoil and exhibited on average three to four broad signals in the phosphomonoester region of NMR spectra. These broad signals were most prominent in the 10–20 and 20–50 kDa fractions, accounting for on average 77% and 74% of total phosphomonoesters, respectively. Our study demonstrates that the broad signals are present in all investigated molecular size fractions and comprise on average three to four components of varying NMR peak line width (20 to 250 Hz).The stereoisomers myo- and scyllo-inositol hexakisphosphates (IP6) were also present across multiple molecular size ranges but were predominant in the 5–10 kDa fraction. The proportion of IP associated with large molecular size fractions > 10 kDa was on average 23% (SD = 39%) of total IP across all soils. These findings suggest that stabilisation of IP in soil includes processes associated with the organic phase.

Use of DNA nanosensors based on upconverting nanoparticles for detection of Nosema bombycis by fluorescence resonance energy transfer

In this study, NaYF4:20%Yb, 2%Er upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) were synthesized by solvothermal method and characterized by transmission electron microscopy and upconversion fluorescence spectrometry. The results showed that the UCNP particles present good dispersion and uniform spherical shape with a size of 29 ~ 42nm. Hydroxyl UCNPs were converted to hydrophilic carboxylic acid-functionalized ones by ligand exchange, and the streptavidin was attached on the surface of carboxylic acid-functionalized UCNPs via amide bond. The DNA nanosensors based on UCNPs with DNA probes have been successfully developed. Only the genomic DNA of Nosema bombycis can be specifically detected by the DNA nanosensors when the DNA of Bombyx mori and its pathogens was used as target DNA. When the DNA nanosensors were used to detect the DNA of N. bombycis, a broad emission peak signal appeared at 580nm. There is linear relationship between the signal intensity and DNA concentration of N. bombycis, I580/I545 (R2 = 0.820) and I545/I654 (R2 = 0.901). The detectable minimum concentration of genomic DNA of N. bombycis was 100ng/μL while the tested concentrations of N. bombycis genomic DNA were 3000ng/μL, 1500ng/μL, 1000ng/μL, 500ng/μL, 250ng/μL, and 100ng/μL, respectively. The whole detection process for target DNA takes less than 60min.

Soil phosphomonoesters in large molecular weight material comprise multiple components

AbstractThe majority of soil organic P is typically that of “unresolved” phosphomonoesters, which are associated with organic P (Po) in large molecular weight (MW) fractions. However, the composition of this pool of Po remains unclear and could contain more than one component. Our aim was to identify the number and nature of components in soil extracts of different MW using solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and spectral deconvolution fitting. Three surface soils were collected from native sites, which were extracted for Po using 0.25 M NaOH + 0.05 M Na2–EDTA (unfractionated), followed by size separation using ultrafiltration, resulting in four MW fractions (&gt;10 kDa, &lt;10 kDa, &lt;10 kDa and &gt;3 kDa, and &lt;3 kDa). The NMR analyses revealed a diversity of Po species in all MW fractions across the three soils. In particular, the phosphomonoester region of the &gt;10‐kDa fraction comprised up to 10 components of varying linewidth (0.5–18.6 Hz) and a broad signal (228 Hz). This broad signal was also present in the &lt;3‐kDa fraction, albeit at a lower concentration (average was 29% of that in the unfractionated extracts). Furthermore, solution 31P NMR spectra on the &lt;3‐kDa fraction revealed a diversity of sharp signals (up to 28) in the phosphomonoester region. Overall, our findings show that soil phosphomonoesters in large MW fractions comprise multiple components of varying linewidth.