Broad Rivers Research Articles

Narratie en synthese – een praktisch probleem voor de lezing van literatuurgeschiedenis. Casus: Morciniec

Two models of writing a companion to the history of Dutch literature for Non-Dutch readers are discussed here: a ‘narrative synthesis’ vs. a broader ‘study of cultural history’. They both take here into account the Renaissance perspective. The impulse for the article is a book by Norbert Morciniec, Historia literatury niderlandzkiej do końca 19. wieku (History of Dutch literature till the end of the 19th century), published in 2019. This book is compared both with a former book of Dorota & Norbert Morciniec from 1985, Historia literatury niderlandzkiej (History of Dutch Literature) and the large two-volume history of the literature from the Low Countries, Widzę rzeki szerokie… (I see broad rivers…) from 2018, edited by Jerzy Koch & Piotr Oczko. The situation in 1985 and that in 2018/19 are defi nitely varied: not many translations of Dutch literature into Polish at the beginning, and no academic centres… Today it is not so: thanks to the pioneering work of Norbert Morciniec.

Latam Shipbuilding Competitiveness

After an introduction on the region’s shipbuilding industry, it moves into an analysis of some aspects of this industry’s competitiveness, comparing Latin American (LatAm) shipyards with those of other regions with more developed industries. Among the m se aspects are: productivity, learning curve, specialization, labor cost, delivery times and government policies. Second part deals with specific opportunities for domestic shipyards and ideas for developing their competitive advantages to generate value and social impact in the region, while safeguarding the environment. Six niches or opportunities are presented here, which are in all cases related to casting a new regard on Nature in our region. Nature being understood as the sum of natural resources, with the riches in fishery and offshore hydrocarbons standing out among them, but also those of the broad navigable rivers and lastly that of a privileged geographical position in terms of the extreme closeness to the Antarctic.

In search of America\u2019s old covered bridges

America’s first documented wooden covered bridge was erected at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1805. Hundreds were constructed within two decades and at least 10,000 by the later 1800s. As settlers moved West, broad rivers were crossed with inventive structures incorporating timber trusses ingeniously developed by carpenters. Called covered bridges because of the roof and siding needed to protect the timber trusses, they became ubiquitous features on the American landscape. Over the past two centuries, most covered bridges were lost to flood, ice, arson, lightening, decay, as well as “progress,” replaced by “modern” iron, concrete, and steel spans. Of some 700 covered bridges remaining, many are mere replicas of their original forms no longer supported by timber trusses. Genuine historic bridges remain largely from the last half of the 1800s while civic boosterism has led to claims of earlier dates with often questionable authenticity. This essay presents three wooden covered bridges constructed in the 1820s along a 10-mile stretch of the Wallkill River in New Paltz, New York. Of the three, only Perrine’s Bridge, constructed first in 1821 and covered in 1822, is still standing with intact Burr timber trusses. Perrine’s is an iconic structure with exceptional heritage value because of authentic re-building and restoration in 1834, 1846, 1917, and 1968. Using documentary records, this essay establishes an accurate intertwined chronology for the three bridges, detailing nineteenth century building practices and contentious mid-twentieth century struggles pitting preservationists wanting authentic restoration against those wanting removal.

Integrating various satellite images for identification of the water bodies through using machine learning: A case study of Salah Adin, Iraq

This research aims to extract water bodies from several types of satellite images by using machine learning. There are several methods to apply the extraction of information about water bodies such as unsupervised classification, supervised classification. This project applied the supervised classification method to extract water bodies and building geodatabase for the water bodies in Salah Adin, Iraq by applying remote sensing and GIS technique. The satellite images which have been used in this research include satellite images from RapideEye satellite with spatial resolution (5×5) m at 2011, where these images used to extract canals of water, also used images from Sentinel-2 satellite with spatial resolution (10 × 10) m at 2017 to extract lakes, and broad rivers. In addition, DEM raster (90) m at 2011 from ASTER satellite was used to extract the water streams, which are expected to be channels of water discharge in flood situations. During implementation of the methodology of the research the most important issue which appear is using multi data to extract all types of water bodies in study area also to avoid the pixel mixed problem, this case was evident when using RapidEye satellite images in the confluence of the river in the surrounding wetlands, which led to inaccurate results in the geometric dimensions of the river, although the high spatial resolution but the influenced element on the accuracy of results is radiometric resolution. The result shows the random forest of machine learning algorithm is overcome on the other algorithms such as decision tree machine learning, maximum likelihood and support vector machine. The high accuracy of image classification to extract the water bodies depend on integrating the three satellite images.

Tennessee River Resource Stewardship and Protection: The Tennessee River Line Trail Project and Partnerships

The Tennessee River had a long and colorful history of transporting Native Americans, settlers, armies, and cargo of all types in 1700s and 1800s. The headwaters of the Tennessee River, the largest tributary of the Ohio River, originates in the Appalachian Mountains of eastern United States. Created by the confluence of the Holston and French Broad rivers at Knoxville, the Tennessee River flows approximately 1049 km to Paducah, Kentucky where it drains into the Ohio River. This paper highlights how the landscape and geological resources of the Tennessee River and tributaries watershed contributed to the successful economic development of this historical region of North America. The Tennessee River is one of the most biologically diverse freshwater systems in the United States. Environmental challenges included an unsuccessful attempt to keep invasive species, such as the Asian carp, out of the Tennessee River and the Kentucky Lake. The 1049 river kilometer Tennessee River regional trail system with charter River Towns was designed to promote recreational tourism, increase the use of the Tennessee River and to create generations of people who care about the river and are willing to provide environmental stewardship of the watershed resources and protect the river.

Landscape Fires in Transbaikalia

This paper presents results of wildfire studies conducted Transbaikalia over the last five decades. Station-based experimental investigations into fire hazards of vegetation accomplished at the regional forest fire stations during those years covered all altitudinal vegetation zones, representative landscape localities and forest types. Route investigations were made in different natural areas. Arial monitoring of landscape fires was used during two fire seasons. Long-term effects of fires in the Baikal Natural Area and in Central Transbaikalia were investigated. Fire regimes in vegetation complexes were analyzed and for each of them the duration of the fire hazard was determined both as the total duration for the entire season and as a continuous duration for the period of the fire maximum. Characteristics of the regimes for the altitudinal belts are provided in three versions according to precipitation amounts for a season (normal, dry and wet). It is found that forest fires occur in intensive and extreme fire regimes where most of the vegetation complexes of the region become exceptionally hazardous as compared to adjacent areas. In such a situation, there are almost no barriers to fire, except for broad rivers, lakes and mountain crests. The forest fire frequency index is high due to a predominance of light coniferous stands. A rapid spread of fires is also promoted by dry grass stands and fire-hazardous shrubs where the fire is spreading nearly as fast as the speed of wind. It was established that unmown meadows, and abandoned pastures and croplands in the outskirts of villages present the threat of devastating fires not only in forests but also in settlements. In a situation, such as the one that arose in 2015, landscape fires turn to a natural disaster with severe forest-ecological consequences. Surviving forest stands decrease in productivity and increase in self-thinning, followed by an increasing degradation caused by subsequently recurring fires. Burns undergo local deforestation or a long-lasting replacement of coniferous stands by deciduous forests. The future runoff from the burned-over areas is able to enhance pollution of Lake Baikal. It is concluded that the EMERCOM resources used to fight the latest fires in Transbaikalia showed very little promise because of being delayed. A reasonable alternative to EMERCOM would involve advanced forecasting of high risks of fire occurrence in order to rapidly fight fires with moderate expenses without letting them turning to a natural disaster.

Multilocus phylogeny of the Crocidura poensis species complex (Mammalia, Eulipotyphla): Influences of the palaeoclimate on its diversification and evolution

AbstractAimThis study aims to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the Crocidura poensis species complex and to identify factors driving diversification within it. We tested whether: (a) there is a pattern of allopatric differentiation coincident with the location of hypothesized Pleistocene forest refugia, (b) sister taxa are separated by broad rivers, (c) sister taxa occupy adjacent but distinct habitat.LocationSub‐Saharan African forests and adjacent savanna.TaxonShrews.MethodsAnalyses were based on 247 specimens collected from across the distribution of the species complex. We reconstructed the phylogeny (Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods) and assessed historical biogeography of this taxonomic group using a combination of mitochondrial and nuclear markers. We mapped the genetic diversity and estimated the divergence times by a relaxed clock model. Informed by multilocus species delimitation methods, we discussed possible taxonomic implications.ResultsThis complex is composed of nine major genetic lineages (proposed species). The earliest split within this complex occurred after 2.0–2.4 Ma, which corresponds to a period of increased aridity and/or extreme environmental variability. Most other divergence events occurred after the Early‐Middle Pleistocene Transition (1.2–0.8 Ma). Divergent selection across ecological gradients could explain diversification within the West African lineage. In Central Africa, the observed phylogeographic pattern fits the Pleistocene refuge hypothesis and supports the existence of multiple small rather than a few large forest refugia during glacial maxima. Large rivers, like the Congo and Sanaga Rivers, are important barriers to gene flow for several lineages but probably were not the primary cause of differentiation.Main conclusionsBoth geographic isolation in distinct forest refugia and divergent selection along ecological gradients could explain Pleistocene diversification within this complex.

Diel Patterns and Temporal Trends in Spawning Activities of Robust Redhorse and River Redhorse in Georgia, Assessed Using Passive Acoustic Monitoring

AbstractThe conservation of imperiled species depends upon understanding threats to the species at each stage of its life history. In the case of many imperiled migratory fishes, understanding how timing and environmental influences affect reproductive behavior could provide managers with information critical for species conservation. We used passive acoustic recorders to document spawning activities for two large‐bodied catostomids (Robust Redhorse Moxostoma robustum in the Savannah and Broad rivers, Georgia, and River Redhorse M. carinatum in the Coosawattee River, Georgia) in relation to time of day, water temperature, discharge variation, moonlight, and weather. Robust Redhorse spawning activities in the Savannah and Broad rivers were more frequent at night or in the early morning (0100–0400 hours and 0800–1000 hours, respectively) and less frequent near midday (1300 hours). Spawning attempts in the Savannah and Broad rivers increased over a 3–4‐d period and then declined. River Redhorse spawning activities in the Coosawattee River peaked on the first day of recording and declined over four subsequent days; diel patterns were less discernible, although moon illumination was positively associated with spawning rates, which was also observed for Robust Redhorses in the Savannah River. Spawning activity in the Savannah and Broad rivers was negatively associated with water temperature, and spawning activity increased in association with cloud cover in the Savannah River. A large variation in discharge was only measured in the flow‐regulated Savannah River and was not associated with spawning attempts. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show diel and multiday patterns in spawning activities for any Moxostoma species. These patterns and relationships between the environment and spawning activities could provide important information for the management of these species downstream of hydropower facilities.

Multifractal Detrended Cross-Correlation Analysis of sunspot numbers and river flow fluctuations

We use the Detrended Cross-Correlation Analysis (DCCA) to investigate the influence of sun activity represented by sunspot numbers on one of the climate indicators, specifically rivers, represented by river flow fluctuation for Daugava, Holston, Nolichucky and French Broad rivers. The Multifractal Detrended Cross-Correlation Analysis (MF-DXA) shows that there exist some crossovers in the cross-correlation fluctuation function versus time scale of the river flow and sunspot series. One of these crossovers corresponds to the well-known cycle of solar activity demonstrating a universal property of the mentioned rivers. The scaling exponent given by DCCA for original series at intermediate time scale, ( 12 – 24 ) ≤ s ≤ 130 months , is λ = 1.17 ± 0.04 which is almost similar for all underlying rivers at 1 σ confidence interval showing the second universal behavior of river runoffs. To remove the sinusoidal trends embedded in data sets, we apply the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) method. Our results show that there exists a long-range cross-correlation between the sunspot numbers and the underlying streamflow records. The magnitude of the scaling exponent and the corresponding cross-correlation exponent are λ ∈ ( 0.76 , 0.85 ) and γ × ∈ ( 0.30 , 0.48 ) , respectively. Different values for scaling and cross-correlation exponents may be related to local and external factors such as topography, drainage network morphology, human activity and so on. Multifractal cross-correlation analysis demonstrates that all underlying fluctuations have almost weak multifractal nature which is also a universal property for data series. In addition the empirical relation between scaling exponent derived by DCCA and Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA), λ ≈ ( h sun + h river ) / 2 is confirmed.

Two-dimensional model of channel deformations caused by Ice-jam formation

Variation in bottom relief in the tailraces of hydroprojects during the winter, and in the presence of an ice cover in a markedly nonstationary flow may differ appreciably from that during the summer. To investigate this phenomenon, we developed a two-dimensional longitudinal-transverse model of channel deformations under conditions favorable to ice-induced difficulties on broad rivers with curvilinear sections and with consideration given to the passage of high-water and permissible waves and the possibility of ice-jam formation. The model in question may be useful to hydrologists studying the effect of river ice on ecologic and geomorphologic processes, and also flood-protection agencies working to reduce ice-jam risks, and engineers assigning operating regimes at hydroprojects during the winter.

Tentacles of Jihad: Targeting Transnational Support Networks

2006 Quadrennial Defense Review Report begins with a statement of strategic clarity: The United States is a nation engaged in what will be a (1) From the suburbs and cities of North America and Europe, the deserts, jungles, and villages of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, the long is indeed a global one that has been and will continue be a challenge for the professionals tasked with waging it. This war is characterized by its transnational nature, and although our military forces are heavily engaged in Iraq and Afghanistan, we must be vigilant in our appreciation of the breadth and depth of the strategic battleground. One gets a sense of the magnitude of the challenge by examining the service and support mechanisms of al Qaeda and its progeny. ways in which our enemies learn and adapt pressure, as well as recruit followers and resupply combatants, offer important insights into the nature of the conflict. Using safe houses, smuggling rings, secured communications, and personnel who connect individuals training and support networks, our enemies benefit from an interconnected global system that enables violent groups and handicaps intelligence and law enforcement agencies. recent example of a Belgian woman traveling Iraq perform a suicide attack against a US military convoy is a case in point. (2) A convert Islam, the woman typifies the growing threat facing Europe, America, and the nascent democracy in Iraq. Both the global jihadist movement and insurgent forces in Iraq utilize support networks that are best characterized by their mobility, flexibility, and fluidity. (3) Understanding and successfully targeting the service and support networks of terrorist groups is a prerequisite for success in the war. Importance of Mobility and Support Networks In the aftermath of the 11 September 2001 attacks, a disproportionate amount of effort was devoted targeting and eliminating the sources of terrorist financing the detriment of other, more critical support mechanisms. (4) While eliminating the terrorist and insurgent leadership cells, waging the ideological war against the Salafist historical narrative, and addressing the root causes of radicalization are critical success in the war on terrorism, these efforts must be supported by counterterrorism strategies that target the connective tissue between the enemy's strategic desires and their operational or tactical efforts. Transnational support networks are an overlapping feature of both the global jihadist movement and the Iraqi insurgency, and, if properly targeted, they constitute the Achilles' heel of these networks. (5) Efforts at understanding, targeting, and eliminating transnational support networks should be a main effort of counterterrorism strategy. If successful, these efforts will greatly aid the United States and its allies in both prosecuting the war on terror and quelling the insurgency in Iraq. ability train, move, and nourish combatants across vast distances in time and space is a constant feature of modern warfare. War, with its numerous tentacles, according Carl von Clausewitz, prefers suck nourishment from main roads, populous towns, fertile valleys traversed by broad rivers, and busy coastal areas. (6) ability of a commander maneuver forces rapidly or clandestinely contributes significantly to sustaining the initiative, exploiting success, preserving freedom of action, and reducing vulnerability. (7) Clausewitz believed that service and support capabilities in a protracted conflict were critical success, writing, Where a state of equilibrium has set in, in which troops move back and forth for years in the same province, subsistence is likely become the critical concern. In that case, the quarter-master-general becomes the supreme commander, and the conduct of war consists of organizing the wagon trains. …

Fluorescence Fingerprint of Waters: Excitation-Emission Matrix Spectroscopy as a Tracking Tool

In this report, an optical method for tracking sources of water entering rivers and oceans is applied to the Congaree River in Columbia, South Carolina. The Congaree River forms at the confluence of two rivers, the Saluda and the Broad. Excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectra of water samples from the rivers were constructed by scanning emission spectra from 300 to 600 nm as a function of excitation wavelength from 200 to 290 nm. The two sources of water in the Congaree River were easily distinguishable on the basis of the EEM spectra of the water samples. In addition, the average composition of water in the Congaree River and hence the relative flow rates of inflowing Saluda and Broad Rivers could be determined. In this report, the characteristic fluorescence of the river water samples and the stability of the EEM spectra of the river samples over several months are presented.

Dinosaurs and other fossil vertebrates from fluvial deposits in the Lower Cretaceous of southern Tunisia

Remains of dinosaurs and other vertebrates (sharks, bony fishes, coelacanths, turtles, crocodilians, pterosaurs) are reported from the Chenini Formation of the Tataouine region in southern Tunisia. The Formation is part of the ‘continental intercalaire’, a succession of continental deposits of Early to Late Cretaceous age distributed over the whole of North Africa and the Sahara. It consists of bar and channel deposits of broad rivers that flowed NNW from the mid-Sahara region towards the southern shore of Tethys. Dinosaur-bearing units in the ‘continental intercalaire’ have been dated to the Hauterivian to Cenomanian, and the Chenini Formation is possibly Albian in age. Dinosaur fossils include abundant teeth of the theropods Carcharodontosaurus and Spinosaurus, as well as postcranial elements of theropods and a medium-sized sauropod. A tooth of an ornithocheirid is the first report of a pterosaur from the region. The dinosaur bones and teeth were transported some distance and deposited in a channel lag, associated with less damaged locally derived material such as fern fronds, coprolites, fish teeth and scales, and crocodilian scutes.

Visionaries

In a dream I had some time ago, I was walking with a small party of explorers through a wilderness of high mountains, virgin forests, and broad rivers. We were heading West, much as early European explorers must have done on the North American continent, guided by Native Americans, or on their own. However, in my dream we had a unique guide, a mighty eagle who soared and circled above us, leading us to mountain passes or places to ford the broad rivers in our path. The eagle served as our eyes, giving us a perspective far beyond our own abilities to see. I have come to think of Jung as that eagle, a man with incredible vision and perspective, whose works still act as a guide when one begins to explore the inner wilderness, the realm of the personal and collective unconscious. I have been asked by acquaintances in other fields, what is “new” in Jungian psychology these days? My answer is always the same. “We, the second and third generations of Jungians, are still exploring the dimensions of a vast wilderness that Jung discovered and wrote about. He saw far ahead of most of us, and still points the way.”

Alternative models of vertebrate speciation in Amazonia: an overview

The main hypotheses proposed to explain barrier formation separating populations and causing the differentiation of vertebrate species in Amazonia are based on different (mostly historical) factors, as follows. (1) Changes in the distribution of land and sea or in the landscape due to tectonic movements or sea-level fluctuations (Paleogeography hypothesis). (2) The barrier effect of Amazonian rivers (River hypothesis). (3) A combination of the barrier effect of broad rivers and vegetational changes in Northern and Southern Amazonia (River-refuge hypothesis). (4) The isolation of forest blocks near areas of surface relief in the periphery of Amazonia during dry climatic periods of the Tertiary and Quaternary (Refuge theory). (5) Competitive species interactions and local species isolations in peripheral regions of Amazonia due to invasion and counterinvasion during cold/warm periods of the Pleistocene (Disturbance-vicariance hypothesis). (6) Parapatric speciation across steep environmental gradients without separation of the representative populations (Gradient hypothesis). Several of these hypotheses are probably relevant to a different degree for the speciation processes in different faunal groups or during different geological periods. The paleogeography hypothesis refers mainly to faunal differentiation during the Tertiary and in combination with the Refuge hypothesis; Milankovitch cycles leading to global climatic-vegetational changes affected the biomes of the world not only during the Pleistocene but also during the Tertiary and earlier geological periods. New geoscientific evidence for the effect of dry climatic periods in Amazonia supports the predictions of the Refuge theory.

Avian species richness in tropical South America

The most extensive biomes of tropical South America, in particular the Amazonian Forest, are the richest in total number of bird species and number of endemic species. On the other hand, relative diversity of species and endemic species (number of species per 10,000 km2 of biome) is highest in areally restricted and/or isolated biomes like the Pacific Colombian‐Ecuadorian Forest, the Andean Montane Forest and the Pantepui Montane Forest. Local species richness is highest in Amazonia, especially in upper Amazonia where 400 to 430 forest bird species (over 500 species, if water‐birds and migrants are included) occur at individual localities. Very high species richness characterizes also the avifaunas of the forests which extend, from upper Amazonia, far eastward in the hilly country both to the north and to the south of the central Amazon Valley. By contrast, local species diversity is considerably reduced in central Amazonia. The avifaunas at individual Amazonian localities are five to six times richer in species than north Temperate Zone avifaunas. “Excess” tropical species richness is explained by several factors, viz. tighter species packing, additional tropical guilds and increased size ranges of tropical guilds. Interspecific competition has a prominent role in determining the range limits of numerous parapatric bird species in the lowlands as well as along the slopes of the Andes. The total number of forest bird species at individual sites decreases with elevation in the Andes closely paralleling a similar trend of decreasing forest stature. During Cenozoic time (Tertiary‐Quaternary), tropical and high latitude avifaunas have been affected by similar vicariance processes (which probably caused extensive faunal diversification), viz. paleogeographic changes in the distribution of land and flooded areas, separation by broad rivers, and climatic‐vegetational fluctuations (leading to the isolation of restricted populations in temporal ecological refugia).

Through the microcirculatory maze with machete, molecule, and minicomputer (1986 Alza lecture)

This is a personal historical essay on meanderings through the jungle of the microcirculatory swamp. Because one pretends that the wandering was purposefully exploratory, a few guideposts are placed at positions where one could discern blaze-marks from earlier wanderers, and the path cut a little wider along some of the routes that may be enjoyed by investigators wanting to put their blazes along more distant paths. Naturally, one starts by coming up the broad rivers, then branching into the little streams. Each of us chooses to seek a different "mother lode," up a different stream.

Geographic Variation in Some Amazonian Forest Birds

Geographic variation in several common species of Amazon birds is studied through computer analyses and hand-contouring of mensural and color characters. Contour maps of individual characters illustrate regional gradients in character variation within Amazonia. These patterns permit meaningful application of the subspecies concept. Broad rivers are barriers to dispersal for some forest interior species, introducing steps or breaks in regional gradients of geographically variable characters. The extent of these breaks varies considerably between species, and they disappear entirely in the headwater regions of the Amazon tributaries. The strong- flying, canopy and forest-edge species show gentle clinal variation in Amazonia, with gradients not broken by major rivers. Pitangus sulphuratus shows symmetrical, par- allel dines of increasing body size both north and south of the Amazon basin. In Myrmoborus myotherinus, character variation is pronounced, though quite different between males and females in central Amazonia. Broad regions of uniform character expression, connected by narrow transition zones, correspond to areas of species endemism, whose origins may lie in the historical climatic and vegetational fluctua- tions in the Amazon basin.

Lateral mixing of the Liard and Mackenzie rivers downstream from their confluence

Data relating to the mixing rate of the Liard and Mackenzie Rivers were collected in June 1968, for a distance of 300 miles (~482.8 km) downstream from their confluence. Samples were collected from 11 cross sections, spaced about 30 miles (~48.3 km) apart. At each cross section, 5 surface samples and 3 subsurface samples from a depth of 20 ft (~6 m) were collected, to give a total of 88 samples.The temperatures at the 88 sample points were measured in place. Secchi disk transparency readings were taken for the 55 surface sites. Water samples collected at the 88 sites were laboratory tested for their turbidity, conductivity, and sodium and chloride concentrations.Analyses of the results show that the Mackenzie and Liard waters were not fully mixed some 300 miles (~482.8 km) downstream from their confluence. Some overflow and underflow, due to density differences, probably occurred.Quite possibly the long distance required for mixing may be more common, in large broad rivers, than is generally realized.

Ecology of North Indian Ramapithecus

IN a report on the ecology of North Indian Ramapithecus, Tattersall1 claims “… in general the Nagri environment can justifiably be characterized as one of tropical forests interspersed with broad rivers and tree savanna.” He reaches this conclusion after examining some of the mammalian genera reported from the deposits of the Nagri Zone.