Broad Bean Plants Research Articles

Expression of Neuropeptide F Gene and Its Regulation of Feeding Behavior in the Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum.

Neuropeptide F (NPF) signaling systems are widespread and highly evolutionarily conserved from vertebrates to invertebrates. In fact, NPF has been identified in many insect species and plays regulatory roles in diverse physiological processes, such as feeding, learning, reproduction and stress responses. NPF operates by interacting with the NPF receptor (NPFR). Here, we characterized and determined the presumed role of NPF signaling in the wingless parthenogenetic pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed that the expression levels of both NPF and NPFR transcripts varied across developmental stages, which implies that the NPF signaling system might participate in the developmental regulation of aphid physiological processes or behaviors. The NPF transcript was mainly detected in the head but not in the gut, whereas the NPFR transcript was mainly detected in both the gut and head. In addition, the NPF transcript levels were markedly up-regulated in starved aphids compared with satiated aphids, and the transcript levels recovered after re-feeding. In contrast, the NPFR transcript levels remained stable in starved and re-fed aphids. Furthermore, RNAi knockdown by the injection of NPF dsRNA into wingless adult aphids significantly reduced their food intake. Further analysis of the modification of aphid feeding behavior on broad bean plants using electrical penetration graphs (EPGs) revealed that both the probing time and the total duration of phloem activity decreased significantly in the NPF treatment group. These results indicated a lower appetite for food after NPF knockdown, which could explain the reduction in aphid food intake. NPF silencing was also shown to reduce reproduction but not survival in aphids. Overall, the results of these experiments suggest that NPF plays an important role in regulation of feeding in A. pisum.

Effect of Phosphorus Solubilizing Bacteria on Nutrients uptake by Broad bean (Vicia faba L.) Plant and phosphorus availability at different Phosphorus Levels

Effect of Phosphorus Solubilizing Bacteria on Nutrients uptake by Broad bean (Vicia faba L.) Plant and phosphorus availability at different Phosphorus Levels

Cowpea Aphid Aphis craccivora Koch as Insect Vector of Faba Bean Necrotic Yellow Virus (FBNYV) on Broad Bean Plants.

Ability of Aphis craccivora Koch to transmission of faba bean necrotic yellow virus (FBNYV) on broad bean plants was studied under laboratory conation. These studies were carried out in the laboratory of plant protection institute, Zagazig. The result show that the acquisition threshold feeding periods were ranged between 60 - 120 min. Incubation periods in A. craccivora ranged between 120-160 min., while in celery plants was 12 - 18 days.

Effect of spry with concentrations of zinc on growth and yield of two broad bean ( Vicia faba L.) cultivars

Afield experiment was conducted at Hussainyah township of Kerbala, Iraq , during the winter season of 2014 . The aim was to investigate the effect of foliar application of zinc on growth and yield of two Vicia faba L. cultivars . The experiment design was (RCBD) in factorial experiments with three replications in two factors. .The first factor included two broad bean cultivars (local and luz de otono) . The second factor included zinc concentrations (10 , 20 , 30 ,40 mg L-1 ) in addition to control treatment (broad bean plants which application with distilled water only) .The result showed that local cultivar plants gave the highest values of branches number, 100 seed weight , pods number and seed yield which were 9.55 branch plant-1 ,12.48 pod plant 123.33 gm and 2617 kg h-1 , respectively . Broad bean plants that sprayed with zinc concentration 10 mg.L-1 gave the highest values of branches number, seed number pod-1 and seed yield 13.05 branch plant-1 ,4.55 seed pod-1 and 2878 kg h-1 , respectively . Broad bean plants that sprayed with zinc concentration 30 mg L-1 gave highest values of plant height and 100 seed weight 67.17 cm and 126.05 gm . The interaction between zinc concentration and cultivars was significant in most studied traits , the local cultivar which sprayed with zinc concentration 20 ml L-1 gave the highest seed yield 3505 kg h-1 .

Nitrogen uptake and transfer in broad bean and garlic strip intercropping systems

Utilization and transfer of nitrogen (N) in a strip intercropping system of garlic (Allium sativum L.) and broad bean (Vicia faba L.) have been investigated rarely. The objectives of this study were to quantify N uptake and utilization by intercropped broad bean and garlic and determine the magnitude of N transfer from broad bean to garlic. Field and pot trials were carried out in the Erhai Lake Basin in China using 15N tracer applied to the soil or injected into broad bean plants. Strip intercropping of garlic and broad bean increased N absorption (47.2%) compared with sole crop broad bean (31.9%) or sole crop garlic (40.7%) and reduced soil residual N. Nearly 15% of 15N injected into petioles of broad bean intercropped with garlic was recovered in garlic at harvest, suggesting that N could be transferred from broad bean to strip intercropped garlic. The findings provide a basis for evaluating legumes' role in optimizing N fertilization when intercropped with non-legumes.

Effects of calcium salts in controlling Phytophthora pistaciae, the causal agent of pistachio gummosis

The ability of calcium chloride and calcium sulfate to control pistachio gummosis caused by Phytophthora pistaciae was evaluated both in vitro, on solid and liquid media, and in vivo, on broad bean, a potential annual host of the pathogen, and seedlings of three pistachio cultivars. In vitro, all concentrations of the salts (1.5, 4, 8 and 15 mM) reduced mycelial growth, dry weight of mycelial mats, and sporangial production of the pathogen. Calcium chloride reduced the size and volume of sporangia, antheridia and oogonia. Calcium sulfate also reduced the size and volume of sporangia, but it had less impact on the volume of oogonia and increased the size of antheridia and the volume of oospores. Moreover, concentrations of both calcium salts higher than 1.5 mM reduced zoospore discharge and induced cyst germination. In vivo, application of calcium salts before and after inoculation of sterilized soil with P. pistaciae reduced the mortality of broad bean plants and different cultivars of pistachio trees compared to the respective controls. Analyses using atomic absorption showed calcium concentrations to increase in the foliage of Ca-treated broad bean and pistachio plants. Based on the results, the application of calcium chloride to P. pistaciae infested soils could be more advantageous than calcium sulfate to control P. pistaciae gummosis in commercial pistachio crops.

INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC AND BIO CONDITIONERS ON CALCAREOUS SOIL PROPERTIES AND YIELD OF BROAD BEAN PLANT

A field experiment was conducted on calcareous soil at El- Nubaria (private farm at the 10,000 Fed Village), El- Behera Governorate for two successive winter seasons (2015- 2016) and (2016- 2017) . Broad bean plant ( Vicia faba . Nubaria 1) was used as a tested plant to study the efficiency of some conditioners, compost (town refuse), potassium humate as organic and Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Viceae strain ICARDA 441 as bio fertilizers on some calcareous soil properties and yield of broad bean. The treatments were: A-The cultivation methods (row and strew). B-The conditioners: organic (compost 10 ton fed-1 and potassium humate 15 L fed-1) and bio (Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viceae strain ICARDA 441). Results indicated that, EC, pH and CaCO3 % of the studied soil were decreased, where OM was increased as a result of using both organic and bio conditioners compared to the control treatment. An improvement in soil physical properties as affected by soil conditioners was observed. Wherever a slight decreased soil bulk density (BD), an increase in total porosity (TP) and soil aggregation as dry and wet stable aggregates at using organic conditioners than biofertilizer were occurred. As well as soil hydraulic conductivity (HC) and moisture content at both field capacity (FC) and available water (AW) were increased compared to the control. Town refuse compost application achieved the highest biological, grain yield and 100 grains weight of broad bean plant followed by potassium humate treatment. Generally, the different soil properties and crop yield of broad bean plant grown on calcareous soil was more affected by the row cultivation method, town refuse compost and potassium humate, than bio fertilizer addition compared to the control.

Imaging of root zone processes using MRI T1 mapping

Noninvasive imaging in the root soil compartment is mandatory for improving knowledge about root soil interactions and uptake processes which eventually control crop growth and productivity. Here we propose a method of MRI T1 relaxation mapping to investigate water uptake patterns, and as second example, in combination with neutron tomography (NT), property changes in the rhizosphere.The first part demonstrates quantification of solute enrichment by advective transport to the roots due to water uptake. This accumulation is counterbalanced by net downward flow and dispersive spreading. One can furthermore discriminate between zones of high accumulation patterns and zones with much less enrichment. This behavior persists over days. The second part presents the novel combination of MRI with neutron tomography to couple static, proton density information of roots and their interface to the surrounding soil with information about the local water dynamics, reflected by NMR relaxation times. The root soil interface of a broad bean plant is characterized by slightly increasing MRI and NT signal intensity but decreasing T1 relaxation time indicating locally changed soil properties.

Pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris) reduce secretion of extrafloral nectar in broad bean (Vicia faba)

1. Herbivores sometimes suppress plant defences. This study tested whether the presence of pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris) on broad bean (Vicia faba) led to decreased secretion of extrafloral nectar (EFN) which functions as an indirect plant defence against herbivores.2. To determine effects of aphid infestation on EFN secretion, a comparison was done between EFN secretion in uninfested plants and that in plants infested by A. pisum and another aphid species (Aphis craccivora Koch).3. When broad bean plants were infested by A. pisum, they secreted significantly smaller amounts of EFN than did uninfested plants and A. craccivora‐infested plants. There was no significant difference in EFN secretion between uninfested plants and A. craccivora‐infested plants. The number of extrafloral nectaries did not differ among the three treatments.4. These results suggest that A. pisum reduced EFN production in broad bean plants.

Infestation of Broad Bean (Vicia faba) by the Green Stink Bug (Nezara viridula) Decreases Shoot Abscisic Acid Contents under Well-Watered and Drought Conditions.

The response of broad bean (Vicia faba) plants to water stress alone and in combination with green stink bug (Nezara viridula) infestation was investigated through measurement of: (1) leaf gas exchange; (2) plant hormone titres of abscisic acid (ABA) and its metabolites, and of salicylic acid (SA); and (3) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content. Furthermore, we evaluated the effects of experimentally water-stressed broad-bean plants on N. viridula performance in terms of adult host–plant preference, and nymph growth and survival. Water stress significantly reduced both photosynthesis (A) and stomatal conductance (gs), while infestation by the green stink bug had no effects on photosynthesis but significantly altered partitioning of ABA between roots and shoots. Leaf ABA was decreased and root ABA increased as a result of herbivore attack, under both well-watered and water-deprived conditions. Water stress significantly impacted on SA content in leaves, but not on H2O2. However, infestation of N. viridula greatly increased both SA and H2O2 contents in leaves and roots, which suggests that endogenous SA and H2O2 have roles in plant responses to herbivore infestation. No significant differences were seen for green stink bug choice between well-watered and water-stressed plants. However, for green stink bug nymphs, plant water stress promoted significantly lower weight increases and significantly higher mortality, which indicates that highly water-stressed host plants are less suitable for N. viridula infestation. In conclusion two important findings emerged: (i) association of water stress with herbivore infestation largely changes plant response in terms of phytohormone contents; but (ii) water stress does not affect the preference of the infesting insects, although their performance was impaired.

Activity of two silicon salts in controlling the pistachio gummosis-inducing pathogen, Phytophthora pistaciae

Pistachio gummosis is one of the major diseases of pistachio trees in Iran. This study was conducted to achieve non-pesticidal management of the causal agent of this disease, Phytophthora pistacia, using silicon salts. The activities of sodium and potassium silicate in controlling the causal agent of the disease were evaluated. In vitro studies on cultures of P. pistaciae exposed to different silicon salts showed significant inhibition of mycelial growth, sporangial production, cyst germination and a substantial reduced dry weight of mycelial mats. Silicate salts reduced the size and volume of sporangia, but increased the diameter and volume of oospores and had no significant effect on oogonial volume. All tested concentrations of potassium silicate reduced zoospore discharge whereas no such activity was observed for sodium silicate. In vivo trials on broad bean (potential annual host of the pathogen) and seedlings of pistachio cultivars Sarakhs, Badami-Rize-Zarand and Ghazvini with application of silicon salts before and after inoculation of sterilized soil with P. pistaciae significantly reduced the disease by reducing the percentage of colonized roots and the mortality of the hosts in comparison with the control. None of the salts had any significant effects on the pH and electrical conductivity of soil. Analyses using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) showed a significant increase of silicon concentration in Si-treated broad bean and pistachio plants. Based on the results, sodium silicate treatment could be more advantageous than the corresponding potassium salt to P. pistaciae gummosis management.

POPULATION DYNAMICS OF APHIS CRACCIVORA KOCH , LIRIOMYZA TRIFOLII (BURGESS) AND THE ASSOCIATED PREDATORS ON FABA BEAN PLANTS

Two field experiments were carried out in Qaliobia and Kafr EL-Sheikh governorates during 2014/2015 season to study the population dynamics of Aphis craccivora Koch , Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) infesting faba bean plants and the role of the associated predators on the population changes in the tested pests. Broad bean plants were cultivated , weekly leaf samples were collected and examined in the laboratory by a dissecting stereomicroscope as well as the numbers of the three predators: Coccinella undecimpunctata L., Chrysopela carnea (Stephs), and Orius albidipennis (Reut.) were recorded. The obtained results showed that the overall relative abundance of Aphis craccivora and Liriomyza trifolii were 26 and 74 % , respectively at Kafr EL-Sheikh governorate , and were 50% , 34 %, 18% for C. undecimpunctata, C. carnea, O. albidipennis, respectively. As for Qaliobia governorate the overall relative density of Aphis craccivora and Liriomyza trifolii were 48.5 % and 51.5 % , respectively, and were 35.5 % , 37 %, 30 % for C. undecimpunctata, C. carnea, O. albidipennis, respectively. Results also indicated that the three predators reduced the population numbers of A.craccivora and L. trifolii by 36 % and 12 % , respectively. The obtained results showed that C. undecimpunctata was the most active predator against both tested pests .

Complete genomic characterization of milk vetch dwarf virus isolates from cowpea and broad bean in Anhui province, China.

Cowpea and broad bean plants showing severe stunting and leaf rolling symptoms were observed in Hefei city, Anhui province, China, in 2014. Symptomatic plants from both species were shown to be infected with milk vetch dwarf virus (MDV) by PCR. The complete genomes of MDV isolates from cowpea and broad bean were sequenced. Each of them had eight genomic DNAs that differed between the two isolates by 10.7% in their overall nucleotide sequences. In addition, the MDV genomes from cowpea and broad bean were associated with two and three alphasatellite DNAs, respectively. This is the first report of MDV on cowpea in China and the first complete genome sequences of Chinese MDV isolates.

Evaluation of the Moisture Change Ability of Selected Crop Seeds

Abstract The objective of the paper was to investigate the moisture change ability of bean, broad bean, pea, lupine, radish, beetroot, winter wheat, maize, cucumber, pumpkin and sunflower seeds. Seeds absorbed water in the system for measurement of the water absorption kinetics with the capillary and weighting method. The research results were presented in the form of plots of the relation of kinetics of the moisture change of seeds in the time for the first and second stage of the process which precedes germination. Moreover, the water content in seeds for the time of the end of the second stage of water absorption was determined and the maximum water absorption speed coefficient and the time of its obtaining was calculated. The water content for the end of the 2nd stage of its collection was the highest for seeds which include a hard caryopsis and for broad bean plant seeds. The maximum water absorption speed coefficient was the highest for seeds with low initial moisture - radish, beetroot, cucumber and pumpkin. The measurement of the water absorption speed with the use of the capillary and weighting method enabled investigation of seeds with a varied size, construction of a seed coat and chemical composition for a long period of time to the moment seedlings were obtained.

First report of Cucurbit aphid‐borne yellows virus in Vicia faba

There are 17 formally recognised virus species in the genus Polerovirus (family Luteoviridae) according to the ICTV classification released in 2014. Three polerovirus species have been described that affect production in economically important cucurbit crops: Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV), Melon aphid-borne yellows virus (MABYV) and Suakwa aphid-borne yellows virus (SABYV). Two other poleroviruses, Beet western yellows virus (BWYV) and Pepper vein yellows virus (PVYV) have been detected recently in field-grown pepper plants in Turkey (Buzkan et al., 1). During surveys in March 2016, symptoms including chlorosis of young leaves and yellowing of older leaves, suggestive of polerovirus infection, were observed in broad bean (Vicia faba) plants (Fig. 1) in Tarsus, a province in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. A total of 36 diseased plants were tested for the presence of poleroviruses using DAS-ELISA (Dombrovsky et al., 2) and 26 tested positive. A 1.1 kb portion of the polerovirus genome was amplified from all 26 ELISA-positive samples using the general polerovirus primer pair Pol-G-F and Pol-G-R in RT-PCR (Knierim et al., 3). PCR amplicons were subsequently sequenced (GenBank Accession No. KY112798) and subject to a BLASTn search to identify the polerovirus species. According to an alignment of 473 nucleotides of the RdRp, the broad bean isolate showed 98% nucleotide identity with a CABYV isolate from cucumber from Iran (KF425567). To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of CABYV in V. faba in Turkey and globally. CABYV has been reported previously in a range of cucurbit crops in Turkey using DAS-ELISA (Yardımcı & Özgönen, 6). However, the virus species was not confirmed since the CABYV polyclonal antibody used cross-reacts with other poleroviruses (Dombrovsky et al., 2). Since CABYV was first identified in 1992, the virus has been detected worldwide in temperate and subtropical areas (Lecoq et al., 4). Apart from cucurbit crops, other species of agronomic importance that are CABYV hosts include Beta vulgaris and Lactuca sativa, as well as common weed species such as Capsella bursa-pastoris, Papaver rhoeas and Senecio vulgaris which are thought to be virus reservoirs (Knierim et al., 3; Mnari-Hattab et al., 2009). CABYV is a phloem-limited virus that is transmitted in a persistent, non-propagative mode by aphids, including Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae (Lecoq et al., 4). Mixed polerovirus infections increase the risk of the emergence of recombinant viruses. Poleroviruses must be considered as important emerging pathogens in open-field and greenhouse vegetable cultivation. This work was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) (Project No: 113 O 423).

Effect of Cd and Zn Interaction on Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidant Machinery of Broad Bean Plants (Vicia faba L).

The effect of interaction of 50 and 100 µM concentrations of Cd, a non-essential element and 50, 100, 150, and 200 µM concentrations of Zn; an essential micronutrient on growth, physiological, biochemical and molecular processes in Vicia faba L. were studied to evaluate the possible protective role of Zn against Cd toxicity. Treatment with 100 µM Zn and Cd alone caused significant increase in electrolyte leakage percent (ELP), lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide content. Cadmium at 100 μM concentration increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase but decreased those of glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase. On the other hand, under these conditions, thiol content enhanced oxidation of ascorbate (AsA) to dehydroascorbate (DHA) and glutathione (GSH) to glutathione disulfide (GSSG); a clear indication of oxidative stress. The 100 µM Cd treatments, reduced total phenolic content in the roots and shoots of the plant, but Zn application on the contrary enhanced the accumulation of phenolic compounds in the tested organs. In addition, α-tocopherol increased in the roots and shoots at 100 µM Cd and 100 µM Zn. Supplementation of zinc at (200 μM) to Cd at (100 μM) effectively restored thiols, inhibited oxidation of AsA and GSH thus maintained the redox molecules in reduced form. The effect of Cd at100μM cause a slight induction of ascorbate peroxidase (APX, E.C. 1.11.1.11) but inhibition of glutathione reductase (GR, E.C. 1.6.4.2), enzymes of the ascorbate–glutathione cycle (AGC). Zn supplementation not only restored but enhanced the functional activity of all the AGC enzymes (APX and GR). Zn application increased Glutathione-S- transferase (GST, E.C.2.5.1.18) activity. Treatments of Zn-alone did not change the above investigated parameters, but, total phenolic content and α-tocopherol increased in the roots and shoots at 100 µM Cd. These results clearly indicated a protective role of Zn in modulating the redox status of the plant system through the antioxidant pathway AGC, AsA and GSH enzymes to combating Cd induced oxidative stress.

Ameliorative Effect of Salicylic Acid on Growth, Minerals and Nitrogenous Compounds ofVicia fabaL. Plants under Salt Stress

This study aimed to identify the salt tolerance of three broad bean genotypes (Vicia faba L.) and to elucidate the stimulatory role of salicylic acid on the studied bean genotypes under salt stress. Growth, photosynthetic pigments, minerals, membrane integrity and some nitrogenous compounds were evaluated. The three studied broad bean genotypes varied in their salt tolerance and in their response to salicylic acid application. Salinity reduced the shoot growth, the photosynthetic pigments, K+ contents and total proteins while it improved proline, total amino acids, soluble proteins and Na+ contents. Increasing the NaCl-salt level caused more cell membrane injury and electrolyte loss. The Na+/K+ ratio increased with increasing salt concentration in old leaves than in young leaves of bean genotypes. Foliar application of 0.5 mM salicylic acid to the bean genotypes under the different salinity levels improved these attributes significantly. Exogenous salicylic acid succeeded to ameliorate the oxidative stress in bean salt-stressed genotypes especially at the most sensitive genotype Assiut84/4. It can be concluded that broad bean plants could be possibly cultivated in moderate saline soils due to its capacity for osmotic adjustment. Moreover, salicylic acid could be used as a promising compound in broad bean cultivation under salt stress conditions.

Transmission of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ (16SrI) by Osbornellus horvathi (Matsumura 1908) co-infected with “Ca. Phytoplasma phoenicium” (16SrIX)

High population levels of Osbornellus horvathi (Matsumura 1908) in Mediterranean natural environments and our previous findings of adults infected by ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma phoenicium’, in Sicily in 2012, highlight the potential role of this species as a phytoplasma vector. In the present work, O. horvathi and other Auchenorrhyncha species were collected using sticky traps between May-October of 2013 in a natural area in Sicily. The insects were analyzed for phytoplasma detection and characterization. Among the 20 Auchenorrhyncha species collected, only O. horvathi was positive for phytoplasmas. Phytoplasma transmission to periwinkle and broad bean plants by field-collected phytoplasma-infected O. horvathi individuals was also carried out. The number and composition of Auchenorrhyncha populations in the area were described together with information on the biology of O. horvathi. ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ was successfully transmitted to broad bean and periwinkle by field-collected ‘Ca. P. asteris’ and ‘Ca. P. phoenicium’ double-infected O. horvathi, thus highlighting its vector competence for the former phytoplasma. Further studies are required to assess the ability of O. horvathi to transmit ‘Ca. P. phoenicium’.

Reduction of Climate Change Damage Using Chemical Foliar Spray Treated Broad Bean Plants Grown at a Rural Site in Egypt

Reduction of Climate Change Damage Using Chemical Foliar Spray Treated Broad Bean Plants Grown at a Rural Site in Egypt

Interactive Effects of Salinity, Heavy Metal Stresses and Adaptive Compounds on Growth & Photosynthetic Pigments of Broad Bean Plants.

Interactive Effects of Salinity, Heavy Metal Stresses and Adaptive Compounds on Growth & Photosynthetic Pigments of Broad Bean Plants.