Brittle Failure Mode Research Articles

Local bond-slip behaviour of reinforcing bars in fibre reinforced lightweight aggregate concrete at ambient and elevated temperatures

This paper presents an experimental investigation of the bond-slip behaviour of reinforcing bars in fibre-reinforced lightweight aggregate concrete (FRLWAC) at ambient and elevated temperatures. Sixty-four bond-slip specimens with four target temperature exposures, two concrete covers and four steel fibre contents were tested to failure. The experimental results showed that exposure to elevated temperature shifted failure pattern from more ductile pull-out to brittle splitting modes, and reduced the peak bond strength and toughness of bond-slip behaviour. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the concrete-steel interface showed that thermal mismatch induced microcracks contributed to degradation of bond strength, in addition to temperature induced degradation of concrete materials. The temperature exposure also negated beneficial effect of concrete cover in enhancing bond behaviour. Addition of steel fibre helped in preventing brittle failure mode, enhancing bond strength in specimens with small concrete cover and improving the post-peak bond-slip behaviour at all target temperatures. A simple semi-analytical bond-slip model that considers different failure modes and incorporates fibre-reinforced concrete tensile behaviour from Swedish Code SS 812310 was proposed and validated based on the test results in this study.

Progressive damage analysis of three-dimensional hybrid braided composite under short beam shear loading

For decades, single fiber reinforced composites exhibited defects of low damage tolerance resulting from brittle failure mode, which limits their further application. Therefore, hybrid composites are emerging as a new research hotspot. In this work, three-dimensional five-direction hybrid braided composites composed of different configurations of carbon and aramid yarn was manufactured. The short beam shear experiments and full-size mesoscale numerical simulation based on real braided structure computed by computed tomography (CT) image were established to investigate the hybrid effect and progressive damage process of composite. Studies have shown that neat carbon composites display the characteristics of brittle fracture, and hybrid composites demonstrate a remarkably toughening effect. The KaCb (CaKb) sample displays a 102.0% (58.7%) greater failure displacement than neat carbon composite under transverse (longitudinal) loading. Through the increasing bending deformation, the damage mode transforms to a ductile failure. The stress localization in the loaded area is retarded, and the synergistic load-bearing capacity of axial and braiding yarn is improved. This work reveals the synergistic bearing mechanism and progressive damage process of multicomponent composites with complex textile structures, which provides a theoretical basis for designing more types of hybrid composite.

Experimental and numerical investigation on flexural behavior of concrete beams strengthened by different NSM tendons

To comprehensively study the flexural behavior of RC beams strengthened by means of near-surface mounted (NSM) technology, 142 simply supported concrete beams strengthened in flexure with a wide variety of NSM materials, including fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs) and metallic materials were collected from previous experimental studies. The effects of the material properties and number of NSM reinforcements on the failure modes of beams strengthened with the NSM system were analyzed. The enhancements in the load-bearing capacity, ductility, and energy consumption capacity of beams were discussed. By classifying the NSM strengthening materials into brittle reinforcement and ductile reinforcement, the results demonstrated that beams strengthened with brittle NSM reinforcement were prone to premature brittle failure modes, as beams strengthened with only one FRP tendon easily failed through rupture of FRP, and those with more than one tendon were prone to debonding failure. Whereas beams using ductile materials were more likely to fail in a ductile manner. A numerical analysis was performed to predict the maximum strength of beams strengthened with different materials and prestress levels. Conservative prediction was observed for beams that failed by concrete crushing, and overestimated prediction was observed for beams governed by debonding failure or rupture of NSM tendons.

Influence of face sheet thickness on flexural strength characteristics of carbon/epoxy/Nomex honeycomb sandwich panels

This study presents the findings of an investigation into the effect of varying the thickness of a carbon/epoxy face sheet of a Nomex honeycomb sandwich panel on its the flexural properties. The thickness (hs) of the face sheet was varied by increasing the number of plies from one 0.25 mm thick layer to eight such layers, giving a total nominal thickness of 2.0 mm, whilst maintaining a constant thickness of the core. The flexural properties of the sandwich panels were investigated through a series of three- and four-point bending tests. A particular focus was on identifying changes in the failure mode with increasing face sheet thickness. The flexural properties of the sandwich panels were predicted using sandwich beam theory, where the deviation from the experimental values was shown to be less than 13%. A two parameter Weibull distribution model was used to predict the maximum flexural load using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) tool and an excellent level of correlation was observed with the experimental values. The difference between the predicted maximum load values and the experimental results was below 5% in all cases. A brittle mode of failure was observed in the thickest panel. The sandwich panel based on 1.5 mm thick face sheet was identified as being the most appropriate design, both in terms of strength and stiffness.

A Mixture Design of Microconcrete Containing Quartz and Discarded HDPE Particles: Case Study

This work investigated the feasibility of replacing quartz aggregates with discarded high-density polyethylene (HDPE) particles in a cementitious matrix for secondary structural applications in civil construction. A mixture design technique was used to assess the effect of the constituents on the physical-mechanical properties of composites, such as density, water absorption, flexural strength, compressive strength, and dynamic modulus. The aggregate/cement ratio ranged from 3.76 to 5.25, and the water/cement ratio was kept constant at 0.5, whereas a minimum of 30 vol% HDPE particles was considered in the system. The optimized responses and fractions were determined by considering five different scenarios through the statistical method desirability. The gradual replacement of quartz aggregates by HDPE led to a more porous material, increasing water absorption and reducing mechanical properties. However, these composites exhibited a less rigid characteristic, revealing a less brittle failure mode. Whereas the optimized density was obtained for the minimum matrix and maximum HDPE fractions, the optimal response for the mechanical properties and water absorption presented an opposite behavior, that is, maximum cement matrix fraction and minimum HDPE fraction. Multiobjective optimization proved to be a promising technique for identifying the optimal mix of recycled microconcrete for a given application.

Influence of some factors on the mechanical properties of cement-treated clay for shallow mixing in Vietnam: A comparative study

The compressive strength of cement-treated soil is known as the most crucial factor, which governs the quality of cement-treated soils. Indeed, many factors affect the compressive strength of cement-treated soils, including cement types and contents, water/cement ratio, soil types, as well as curing conditions, etc. In which, curing conditions, cement types, and soil types are the most important factors that govern the compressive and durability of cement-treated clay. Three cement types and two types of clay were used to prepare the specimens of cement-treated clay with three cement dosages (100, 150, and 200 kg/m3 of soil). The specimens of cement-treated clay were cured under two conditions (sealed and drying). The results showed that drying conditions significantly increased the unconfined compressive strength of cement-treated soils regardless of cement types, cement contents, soil types, and ages as compared to those under sealed conditions. The unconfined compressive strength of specimens under drying conditions was approximately 1.3–2.5 times higher than that under sealed conditions. Cement type significantly affected the performance (compressive strength and elastic modulus) of cement-treated clay regardless of cement content. The cement-treated clay specimens under sealed conditions showed a ductile failure mode while those under drying conditions exhibited a brittle failure mode. Finally, soil type significantly influenced the compressive strength and elastic modulus of cement-treated clay regardless of cement content and curing condition.

Effect of Fly Ash and Steel Fiber Content on Workability and Mechanical Properties of Roadway Side Backfilling Materials in Deep Mine

The stable bearing capacity of roadside backfill body (RBB) is the key to control the surrounding rock deformation of gob-side entry retaining (GER) in deep mining. In this paper, slump and uniaxial compressive strength tests were conducted to study the changes of the slump and RBB mechanical properties of RBB fresh mixture under the influence of different percentages of fly ash (FA), river sand, and amounts of steel fiber (SF) admixture. The results show that (1) the slump first increases and then decreases with the increase of the FA proportion, while 20% of FA proportion is the critical point. In addition, SF has little influence on slump. However, when the proportion of FA is 60% and the content of SF is 0.4%, the slump reaches the minimum value of 130 mm. (2) The peak strength and residual strength increase with the increase of the FA proportion, and the strength gain starts to decrease when the FA proportion exceeds 40%. Moreover, SF only has a small effect on the peak strength when the dosage is 0.8%. (3) The post-peak strain difference decreases with the increase of the FA proportion and increases with the increase of the SF content. The addition of SF can make up for the reduced capacity of RBB to post-peak deformation caused by the addition of FA to a certain extent. (4) The addition of fly ash does not change the brittle failure mode of RBB. Furthermore, after the addition of SF, RBB changes from brittle to ductile failure mode. This study can provide experimental and theoretical basis for improving the bearing capacity of RBB and maintaining the stability of GER.

Compressive and flexural behavior of alkali-activated slag-based concrete: Effect of recycled aggregate content

Alkali-activated concrete (AAC) is a more eco-friendly alternative than conventional concrete since its production does not need cement. As a majority of the concrete volume is consumed by aggregates, there is a need to reduce the utilization of natural aggregates thereby reducing the exploitation of natural resources. This paper deals with the effect of recycled concrete aggregate (RA) content on the compressive and flexural behavior of slag-based AAC. The compressive stress-strain behavior (i.e., failure pattern, compressive strength, peak strain, elastic modulus and toughness) and flexural properties were studied. Finally, the carbon emissions and cost effectiveness of AAC with various RA contents were assessed. The results show that all the concrete specimens under both compression and flexure exhibit brittle failure modes due to the poor aggregate-matrix interfacial transition zones. The addition of RA weakens the flexural properties of concrete. However, as the RA content changing from 0% to 100%, the compressive properties of peak strength, elastic modulus and toughness exhibit a first slight increase and then decrease trend. The RA content in AAC can reach 75% to achieve the same compressive strength compared to plain concrete due to the excellent dense structures. Based on the test results in current study and literature, an empirical analytical model is developed to generate the compressive stress-strain curve of AAC with various RA contents.

Investigations on erosion performance of carbon fiber–epoxy-based composite adhesion on 16Cr5Ni steel

This work presents a novel insight into slurry erosion behavior of thin layer of carbon fiber–epoxy-based composite adhered on 16Cr5Ni steel (adhesive coating) to evaluate its viability as a feasible candidate for slurry erosion applications. Experiments were conducted on a laboratory-developed slurry erosion test rig under accelerated conditions to study the effect erosion parameters namely slurry concentration, impact angle, and impact velocity. Under all the experimental conditions, adhesive coating showed better slurry erosion resistance in comparison with bare 16Cr5Ni steel specimens. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that in the case of bare 16Cr5Ni steel; ploughing, micro-cutting, crater, plastic deformation, and lip formation were identified as main mechanism responsible for slurry erosion, whereas in the case of adhesive coating; pitting, cracking, fracturing, and shearing-off were found to be mainly responsible for material loss. It implies that adhesive coating showed a brittle mode of failure under slurry erosion conditions, whereas 16Cr5Ni steel exhibited a ductile mode of erosion.

Dynamic Response and Deformative Mechanism of the Shape Memory Polymer Filled with Low-Melting-Point Alloy under Different Dynamic Loads.

Low-melting-point alloy (LMPA) was used as an additive to prepare epoxy-resin-based shape memory polymer composites (LMPA/EP SMP), and dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) tests were performed to demonstrate the shape memory effect, storage modulus, and stiffness of the composites under different load cases. The composites exhibited an excellent shape recovery ratio and shape fixity ratio, and a typical turning point was observed in the storage modulus curves, which was attributed to the melting of the LMPA. In order to investigate the dynamic deformation mechanism at high strain rates, split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) experiments were performed to study the influence of the strain rate and plastic work on the dynamic mechanical response of LMPA/EP composites. The results showed that there was a saturated tendency for the flow stress with increasing strain rate, and the composites exhibited a typical brittle failure mode at high strain rate. Moreover, an obvious melting phenomenon of the LMPA was observed by SEM tests, which was due to the heat generated by the plastic work at high strain rate. The fundamental of the paper provided an effective approach to modulate the stiffness and evaluate the characteristics of SMP composites.

Relationship between failure strain, molecular weight, and chain extensibility in biodegradable polymers

Prior to degradation, biocompatible polymers exhibit ductile behaviour and yield stress offers a suitable design approach. However, as degradation proceeds the material transitions to a brittle failure mode, suggesting a more conservative design approach is necessary. Here, we predict the evolving ductility of biodegrading polymers, concentrating on the relationship between molecular weight and failure strain, εf, in poly (lactic acid). Several datasets are chosen from literature to explore the relationship, with an overview of the experimental techniques provided. Failure criteria are proposed and examined alongside these datasets: the first assumes εf is related to the finite chain extensibility of an average chain; the second introduces an exponential empirical trend; the third proposes a modified extensibility criterion (based on the first criterion) that considers the entire molecular weight distribution; and the fourth offers an alternative to the third by considering the effect of chain scissions. Combining the failure criteria with a previously introduced time-dependent kinetic scission model provides results as a function of degradation duration. The predictions obtained can offer insight into material failure, particularly at advanced stages of degradation.

An Example-Guide for Rapid Seismic Assessment and FRP Strengthening of Substandard RC Buildings

This paper presents a rapid seismic assessment and Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) retrofit design methodology which relies on the European design guidelines recently published in Chapter 8 of fib Bulletin 90 on the use of externally applied FRP reinforcement in the seismic retrofitting of reinforced concrete (r.c.) structures. For this purpose, an example-guide is developed with step-by-step hand calculations aiming to facilitate engineers of practice and researchers working in the field to easily understand the proposed methodology. A three-storey, pilotis-type residential r.c. building is selected typical of the Mediterranean construction practice in the 1970s. The methodology followed only aims to provide preliminary results on seismic assessment and retrofitting before the implementation of more sophisticated analysis if need be (e.g., in case of irregular buildings). The assessment procedure identified that the columns of the ground storey, being the most critical structural elements for the stability of the structure, are vulnerable to brittle failure modes. To remove all the brittle failure modes attributed to inherent deficiencies and enhance the overall deformation capacity of the building, the strengthening schemes applied in the ground storey (pilotis) is a combination of local strengthening measures, such as FRP wrapping, and global interventions. The latter may refer to the addition of r.c. jacketing to the central column to remove slenderness and of metal X-braces to modify the lateral deflection shape of the building and thus moderate the interstorey displacement demand.

Visualizing pseudo‐ductility in carbon/glass fiber hybrid composites manufactured using infusible thermoplastic Elium® resin

AbstractIn this study, two different type of glass and carbon fiber hybrid laminates were manufactured using a low‐viscosity thermoplastic resin that is, Elium®. A detailed microstructure visualization study was conducted using X‐ray computed tomography (XCT) analysis. The viscoelastic properties were examined through dynamic mechanical analysis. The mechanical performance was investigated through flexural and tensile tests along with a fractographic study using optical and scanning electron microscopy. The XCT analysis revealed a weak interface between the Elium® resin and the glass fabric, with glass fiber specimens exhibiting a void content of 1.24%, in contrast to the carbon fiber specimens which showed void content of only 0.28%. Therefore, adding glass fabric layers in the hybrid laminates increased the void content, which had a negative impact on the overall mechanical performance. The average flexural strength of the hybrid specimen having G2C4G2 stacking sequence was observed to be 254% higher than pure GFRPC specimens. Similarly, the tensile strength and Young's modulus of the same hybrid specimen showed 155% and 380% increases, respectively, compared to the GFRPC specimens. This increase was primarily due to higher stiffness of the carbon fibers and their better fiber – matrix interface. Whereas the tensile strain of the hybrid specimen having G3C2G3 stacking sequence was 37% higher than that of the CFRPC specimens. The SEM images highlighted fiber fracture and brittle failure modes in the carbon fiber specimens, in contrast to fiber pullout, interfacial failure, poor fiber‐matrix bonding and ductile failure modes in the glass fiber specimens.

Dry sliding and slurry abrasion behaviour of wire arc additive manufacturing – Cold metal transfer (WAAM-CMT) cladded inconel 625 on EN8 steel

Inconel 625 was cladded over tillage material EN8 with Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) - Cold metal Transfer (CMT) using varied input parameters. For examining the effectiveness of developed clads; dry sliding and slurry abrasion tests were conducted as per ASTM G65 standards under varying parameters. It has been perceived that cladded specimens have shown higher wear resistance than bare tillage material owing to their comparatively higher microhardness. The superlative results for maximum resistance to mass loss was found at 144 A current, 15.3 V voltage, 5 m/min wire feed speed, and 10 cm/min scanning speed. The bare and Inconel 625 cladded EN8 steel have showed ductile and mixed (ductile as well as brittle) mode of failure, respectively.

Influence of mixed-angle screw installations in CLT on the cyclic performance of commercial hold-down connections

Mass timber products such as cross-laminated timber (CLT) are continuously gaining popularity in the construction industry due to their low carbon footprint, high strength-to-weight ratios, and good aesthetics. Seismic performance of CLT shear walls is often governed by the connections such as hold-downs and shear keys as CLT panels generally have high in-plane strength and stiffness. This paper presents a study investigating the benefit of mixed-angle screwed hold-down connections for CLT shear walls in seismic regions. A total of 42 connection tests were conducted and different connection configurations were studied. By choosing an appropriate ratio of inclined and 90° fasteners and using capacity design to prevent brittle failure modes, the connections were able to consistently achieve high strength and stiffness, and moderate to high ductility ratios. An overstrength factor of 2.3 was also derived for the tested connections. Comparisons to the predictive Eurocode 5 equations demonstrated that current design equations are reasonably accurate.

Application of Sustainable Concrete in the Seismic Evaluation of an Innovative Type of Buckling Restrained Brace

The Buckling Restrained Braced Frame (BRBF), consisting of a ductile steel core in concrete or a steel tube encased in concrete, is constructed to avoid brittle failure modes. The application of ductile materials with improved damping properties, such as tire-derived lightweight aggregate concrete, has not been investigated in BRBF systems, but it enhances the overall performance of the system and contributes to sustainability. Hence, this study aims to investigate the influence of such an application on the response modification, overstrength, and ductility factors, as well as the general earthquake performance, of 4-, 8-, and 14-story special reinforced concrete moment resisting frames equipped with BRBF. The current study compares 48 different BRBF models with TDA infill and conventional concrete infill by considering various bracing configurations, such as Chevron (Inverted V and V), Split X, and Single-Leg BRBF, and different span lengths of 6 m and 8 m. The evaluations include nonlinear response history analyses intended to provide insights into the performance of BRBF when exploiting the available experimental stress–strain characteristics of tire-derived lightweight aggregate concrete as an alternative material. Furthermore, the effectiveness of using tire-derived lightweight aggregate concrete as an alternative damping material in BRBF is examined by comparing BRBF with the new damping properties of concrete. Buildings equipped with BRB encased in TDA showed reduced base shear demand (by an average of 7%) when compared to concrete infill, and the prescribed value for the response modification factor for buildings of 50 m or less provides an acceptable estimation of the lower bond factors in approximately 95% of the cases. Furthermore, when a system requires more damping, the application of BRB encased in TDA is recommended.

Effect of Inadequate Lap Splice Length on the Collapse Probability of Concrete wall Buildings in Malaysia

Background: In recent decades, Malaysia has shown a significant increase in the number of constructed high-rise buildings due to rapid urbanization and an increase in its population. However, due to the country's low seismicity, the majority of such tall buildings and infrastructures have not been designed against seismic actions. Therefore, they do not comply with the required seismic detailing and often suffer from inadequate lap splice length. After the 2015 Sabah earthquake that imposed significant damage to public buildings, the seismic vulnerability of buildings in Malaysia received increasing attention. As a result, researchers have tried to quantify the seismic vulnerability of buildings in Malaysia through the development of fragility curves. Objectives: In Malaysia, most developed seismic fragility curves for buildings have not taken into account the effect of inadequate lap splice length. Therefore, this study investigates to what extent an inadequate lap splice length can alter the concrete wall buildings’ probability of collapse. Methods: Two 25-story concrete wall buildings with an identical plan but different parking levels were selected. Fifteen natural far-field earthquake records were used in the incremental dynamic analysis to calculate the inter-story drift demand and capacities. The inelastic response of beams and columns was simulated through the lumped plasticity model, and that of concrete walls and slabs was taken into account through the fiber-based distributed plasticity model. The effect of inadequate lap splice length in columns was simulated in the finite element models using the proposed method in ASCE/SEI 41-17 code. The developed fragility curves were compared with those established by other researchers for the same buildings. Results: It was observed that seismic-induced damage mostly concentrated on the columns of parking levels while the concrete walls remained in the elastic region. The obtained inter-story drift capacities were all less than 2%. Besides, the inter-story drift capacities of interior frames were less than half of exterior frames. The exterior frame of the building with three parking levels exhibited a larger probability of exceeding the CP limit state than the interior frame. A similar observation was made for the building with five parking levels when the PGA was more than 0.25g. Moreover, the probability of exceeding the CP limit state of the exterior frame with three parking levels was significantly more than that of the exterior frame with five parking levels. A similar observation was made for the interior frames when the PGA was larger than 0.2g. Furthermore, the conducted comparison showed that an inadequate lap splice length could increase the concrete wall buildings’ probability of collapse between 38 to 89%. The increase in the collapse probability of the interior frame with five parking levels was almost twice that of the exterior frame. Conclusion: It was concluded that the inadequate lap splice length could significantly reduce columns’ rotational capacity and result in brittle failure mode and limited residual strength. Besides, the inadequate lap splice length of columns reduced the inter-story drift capacity of investigated buildings and significantly increased their probability of collapse. Therefore, it was strongly suggested to include the effect of inadequate lap splice length in the finite element models when conducting seismic vulnerability studies.

The role of glass fiber morphology on the friction behavior and wear mechanism of low steel-NAO hybrid railway brake shoes

The influence of glass fibers’ length and morphology on the friction performance and wear mechanism of railway brake shoes was studied. The friction characterization was done on a full-scale railway dynamometer and the microstructural analysis was performed by optical and SEM microscopy. It was observed that glass fibers lead to higher friction coefficients and lower wear rates. These effects were linked to different wear mechanisms. Steel fibers are more prone to being pulled out from the composite, while glass fibers show a brittle mode of failure that prevents them from being removed from the friction surface and allows them to keep on acting as primary plateaus. This helps to keep a third body layer stable while reducing wear.

Nonlinear analysis of flat slab‐column connections to optimize the use of HPFRC under monotonic vertical loading

AbstractNumerous studies have shown that incorporating fibers in concrete can improve its mechanical properties, including tensile strength and toughness. Due to these outstanding properties, the use of fiber‐reinforced concrete (FRC) composites has been investigated for applications in structural members subjected to shear, in which brittle failure mode may occur. An example of this type of application is the use of high/ultrahigh‐performance fiber‐reinforced concrete (HPFRC/UHPFRC) in flat slab‐column connections as an alternative to shear reinforcement. The experimental results revealed that the use of advanced concrete materials led to an increase in the punching shear and deformation capacities. Despite these advantages, the use of HPFRC/UHPFRC in practical design is somehow limited by the lack of guidelines in codes for this type of new material. Furthermore, the study of constitutive models for nonlinear finite element analysis is also necessary. In this regard, this article addresses the simulation of two‐way slabs with HPFRC, subjected to concentrated monotonic vertical loading, tested in a previous experimental study, where the HPFRC was used only in a limited slab region around the column, and the rest of the slab was cast with normal strength concrete. The numerical models were developed in the commercial finite element software DIANA. The concrete nonlinear behavior was modeled by a total strain‐based constitutive model, in which the HPFRC softening is represented by a tensile stress‐crack width (σ − w) relationship. The validity of the numerical model is checked by the comparison with the experimental results and a punching shear mechanical model, leading to the formulation of a closed‐form equation. Finally, a parametric study was conducted to extrapolate the results obtained in the experimental campaign and to optimize the use of HPFRC to obtain a more economical and sustainable solution.

A finite element study on the ultimate lateral drift capacity of interior reinforced concrete flat slab-column connections

Reinforced concrete (RC) flat slabs may be a part of the lateral load resisting system or may only serve as a gravity load bearing element in RC structures. In both cases, RC slab-column connections have a crucial role in the global seismic performance of RC buildings. Punching shear failure in flat slabs concentrated in the slab-column connection region is a common brittle failure mode which can adversely affect the global seismic behavior of structures. However, few studies have been done on the numerical simulation of brittle shear failure in slab-column connections under simultaneous gravity and lateral loads. In this paper, to evaluate the behavior of RC slab-column connections under simultaneous gravity and lateral loads and to examine the effects of various influential parameters on the lateral drift capacity of the connections, a numerical study is conducted on interior slab-column connections. The investigated influential variables are the flexural reinforcement in the slab, slab thickness, and the dimensions of the supporting column. The numerical study is implemented in the finite element software ABAQUS. First, the numerical model is verified through modeling three interior RC slab-column connections tested in other experimental studies. Then, all the connections are analyzed under the simultaneous effects of gravity and lateral loads and their lateral load-drift curves are determined. According to the analysis results, in addition to the gravity load intensity, other variables such as flexural reinforcement ratio, slab thickness, and the size of the supporting column affect the lateral behavior of the connection.