British Style Research Articles

The fate of sporozoites.

In their tribute to Colonel Shortt on his 80th birthday, the renowned malariologists P.G. Shute and Sir Gordon Covell eloquently placed the discovery of the exoerythrocytic (EE) hepatic phase of mammalian malaria parasites in the following historical context (1). "Just as the name of Ross will forever be associated with the discovery that mosquitoes transmit malaria, so too, will the names of Shortt and Garnham will be remembered in connection with the primary tissue phase of the parasite." It has been 52 years since Shortt & Garnham published their milestone finding (2) of the cyst-like body, filled with thousands of merozoites, in the liver of a rhesus monkey that had been inoculated 102 days before with Plasmodium cynomolgi sporozoites from 500 mosquitoes. With their bold experiment they solved a centuries-old mystery -- the source of malaria's parasitaemic relapses. An outstanding parasitological gaffe had been the claim by Fritz Schaudinn (best remembered as the co-discoverer of the Treponema causation of syphilis) that the Plasmodium vivax sporozoite penetrated the erythrocyte (3). Schaudinn's accompanying drawings showed "the theatrical picture of the entry of a malaria sporozoite into a red blood cell", as Knowles commented (4). We may now wonder how such an erroneous observation could have been made by so distinguished and expert a protozoologist. We may also wonder at the pervasiveness of Schaudinn's authority, so powerful that it overrode all the failures to substantiate his findings. According to Shute & Covell (1) the first doubts of Schaudinn's theory came from the malariatherapy centres treating paretics. In practices that today would bring down the wrath of hospital patient oversight committees (and a phalanx of lawyers bearing malpractice briefs), malaria, mostly P. vivax, was induced either by direct inoculation of infected blood (continental European style) or by inoculating sporozoites by mosquito bites or in isolated salivary glands and ground-up thoraces (British style). The blood-inoculated patients were readily, radically, cured with quinine but the sporozoite-induced infections relapsed after the same therapy. The proof, albeit still circumstantial, that Schaudinn was totally wrong, that there was a missing link in the life cycle of human malaria, came from the remarkable experiment of Sir Neil Hamilton Fairley in Australia (5). Fairley showed that the blood of volunteers injected with large numbers of P. vivax sporozoites was infectious to other volunteers for only 30 minutes. The blood then became "sterile" until 7 days later when it once again became infectious to volunteers. Although P. knowlesi had been known as a primate malaria since 1932 (6), during the first half of the 20th century -- until the discovery of P. berghei (7) in a wild tree rat of the Congo -- the avian malarias served as the main experimental models. Distinguished researchers of that period were bird malaria experts, e.g., Huff in the United States, Brumpt in France, Raffaele in Italy, and James in Britain. Bird malarias also relapsed after quinine treatment. Tissue and organ smears from infected birds revealed exoerythrocytic schizonts in reticulo-endothelial and hemoblastic cells (8-10). Prediction held that the exoerythrocytic stage of human and primate malarias would also be located in these tissues and the malaria birdmen were chagrined when the site turned out to be the hepatocyte. Shortt was a traditonalist who held to the importance of lineage in science. He would peer over his half-glasses to issue a stern rebuke to a former student (who might by then be a full professor) for a serious "transgression", such as straying into helminthology: "Remember who your teachers are!" he would say. That line of teachers, in his view, went from the student to Shortt to Rickard Christophers to Ross. In a sense, all present malaria researchers are students in the lineage of Shortt (and, of course, Garnham) and it is fitting in this new millennium to be mindful of the far-reaching impact of the discovery of the EE bodies. …

Police science, British style: pub licensing and knowledges of urban disorder

In mainstream legal scholarship and political theory as well as in some governmentality studies, police is presented as an eighteenth-century form of power/knowledge with close links to the administrative sciences developed in absolutist states. Commentators often state that police regulation has not disappeared but has been largely replaced by liberal governance. This article argues that police powers and knowledges are not, as is generally thought, in a zero-sum, mutually exclusive relationship with liberal governance. The problem space of 'police' is that formed by the desire to prevent urban disorder and incivility. Because it is a field of governance, not a theory or a mentality, police projects can use both liberal and illiberal mechanisms. The legal technology of licensing, a very widely used but under-studied legal tool, allows an old police objective - the promotion of urban order and 'civility' through measures targeting spaces and activities - to be effected by turning the work of managing risks over to the private sector, hence avoiding direct state interference with citizens' liberties. Licensing governs the field of police with a liberal tool. This argument is empirically grounded in a sketch of the history of the rationalities used to justify and evaluate pub licensing in the UK, a history whose ending is taken to be New Labour's 2000 White Paper on liquor licensing and urban disorder.

Hollywood beyond the screen: design and material culture

Hollywood has exerted a profound influence on British style and design. From its earliest days, Hollywood glamour in the form of make-up, hairstyles, and fashion was mimicked by women throughout Britain. But the influence of Hollywood was more than skin-deep. Nearly every form of British material culture in the twentieth century has been influenced to some extent by American style, disseminated through the medium of film to a broad and receptive market.With the erection of the Chrysler Building in New York in the late 20s, representing the city and modern American urban life, the Manhattan skyline became an enduring icon in popular culture on both sides of the Atlantic. Not only Hollywood film, but jazz and American companies all combined to bring the new Moderne style to bear on Britain. The architecture of shops, cinemas, and factories all reflect this influence, as did various forms of transportation and the interiors of homes. Even as late as the consumer boom in the 80s, revivals celebrating the Moderne style were popular in Britain as well as abroad. This influence was naturally not without its critics. The very popularity of American design challenged the aesthetics and elitism of British high arts and remains controversial. Anyone interested in design, material culture, film or architecture will find this book to be a lucid and absorbing exploration of a popular aesthetic. (from publisher's website)

Governance, Patronage Politics, and Democratic Transition in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is a poverty stricken, densely populated, aiddependent country that has become a major test case for the World Bank's new global emphasis on good governance as a prerequisite for rapid growth and sustained economic development. Despite large amounts of aid, the World Bank and Western donors argue that poor governance and weak institutions in Bangladesh have acted as significant constraints on development. The donors have, therefore, embarked upon a set of major programs designed to strengthen political institutions in Bangladesh and ensure good governance based on transparency, accountability, and responsibility. These programs include, among other things, improving the performance and effectiveness of the bureaucracy, the judiciary, and the legislature; strengthening local government; developing public awareness and civil society advocacy; and enhancing the research and policy development capabilities of political parties. The fundamental dilemma faced by the donors, however, is whether foreignfunded institutional and technical fixes can genuinely address problems of governance that are deeply rooted in the country's historical experience and the behavior and values of the Bangladeshi elite. In principle, most Bangladeshis are deeply committed to and have repeatedly fought for the ideal of a British style parliamentary system of government based on the principle of mass franchise. For most of its history, however, this ideal has never been given a fair chance to work due to the country' s repeated periods of authoritarian, military-bureaucratic rule.1 Even

Psychiatry in the Elderly, 2nd ed.

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Book Forum: GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRYFull AccessPsychiatry in the Elderly, 2nd ed.CARL SALZMAN, M.D., CARL SALZMANSearch for more papers by this author, M.D., Boston, Mass.Published Online:1 Feb 2000AboutSectionsView EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail It is gratifying to see the steady increase in psychiatry’s interest in the elderly. An increasing number of comprehensive and excellent textbooks on the topic of geriatric psychiatry and geriatric psychopharmacology are now available in the Untied States. This interest extends to Great Britain as well, where excellent volumes such as Principles and Practice of Geriatric Psychiatry, edited by Copeland and Abou-Saleh (1), have been published. Psychiatry in the Elderly is the second edition of another extraordinary British geriatric resource. With an occasional exception, the contributors to this outstanding volume are all psychiatrists in Britain or in Commonwealth nations. Although their names may not be well-known to American readers, their distinctly British perspective provides a nice counterpoint to American authors.Reflecting the British style, the contents of this book focus on manifest behavior, cognition, and emotion of the elderly, sociological and neurobiological phenomena, and treatment. What is not discussed are psychodynamic formulations or psychoanalytic concepts of the normal aging process. Readers who are interested in Eriksonian concepts of integration versus despair or discussions of the psychodynamics of identity change in retirement, late-life illness, etc., will have to look elsewhere. Even chapters titled “Neurotic Disorders in the Elderly” (a curious inclusion for a book that uses the ICD diagnostic scheme) and on “Personality” lack psychodynamic discussion.Psychiatry in the Elderly, however, offers perspectives that are not always as readily available in American texts. The chapter on sexuality in old age is superb, discussing the details of sexual life in old age without any hint of embarrassment. Another chapter discusses common ethical dilemmas that psychiatrists face when working with older people, such as quality of life, substituted judgment, and allocation of resources. Still another chapter is devoted to the abuse of elderly people. This chapter is buttressed by important data on the incidence and prevalence of abuse of elderly individuals as well as a discussion of crimes perpetrated against the elderly and even by the elderly. There is an extraordinary chapter (with photographs and building plans) on the need for better environments for people with dementia. Another wonderful chapter deals with the problems of caretakers of the elderly, especially those with Alzheimer’s disease, and there is a no-nonsense chapter on the economics and financial realities of the elderly and the need for long-term care services.The chapters on specific disorders and their diagnosis and treatment are equally straightforward but do not offer information that is not otherwise already available to American readers. Diagnostic issues are presented from the British perspective. For example, there is a wonderful discussion about the problems using the term “pseudodementia” and an equally wonderful discussion of the usefulness and problems of the diagnostic category known as “late paraphrenia.” Psychopharmacological treatment is presented in a relatively brief single-chapter overview but is also part of each treatment chapter. American readers are likely to find the psychopharmacology discussions adequate, but there are now available several American texts of geriatric psychopharmacology that provide considerably more detailed discussions of the use of medications than would be expected in a single large volume.Psychiatry in the Elderly would be a particularly welcome addition to the library of any psychiatrist with interest in the elderly or any geriatric psychiatrist practitioner. However, since similar American volumes are already available, the usefulness of this excellent book for American readers is probably as an augmenting rather than primary resource.edited by Robin Jacoby, Catherine Oppenheimer. New York, Oxford University Press, 1997, 776 pp., $189.50; $98.00 (paper).

Kuwait, 1945-1996: an Anglo-American perspective

Middle East Journal- mixed review - This book can be useful for those specialists who are interested in the British style of colonialism in an important part of the world. Asian and African Studies eminently readable...The author has put together a fascinating account of continuity and change and succeeded on every score.

Healthy eating? Diet and cuisine amongst Scottish South Asian people

Reports findings from a qualitative study using focus group discussions and individual interviews, about diet and cuisine among family members from a range of South Asian origins in Scotland. Most participants ate British style breakfasts and lunches but evening meals were eclectic in culinary styles. The widest ranges of cereal, pulse and vegetable foodstuffs were associated with South Asian style cuisine, British style cuisine was more likely to be associated with simple or convenience foods. Parents and some young people were very strongly committed to South Asian cuisine.

Training Field Instructors British Style

A system recently introduced in Britain for training and accrediting social work field instructors addresses concerns about the quantity of competent field instructors and the quality of field education in social work programs. This article discusses the British training/accrediting system for field instructors, its impact on field education in the UK, and its implications for North American schools of social work, field education, and accreditation standards.

Styles of accountability

Drawing on instances of operational management in British and German firms, this paper seeks to contrast different styles of implicating accounting in processes of accountability. It defines styles of accountability as a heuristic device to conceptualise the alignment of local organisational practice and rhetoric with wider societal discourses. As those discourses and their local alignment differ in Britain and Germany, two distinct styles of accountability can be observed: The British style privileges the reality of accounting information in judging proposals for operational action. That style is conceptualised in a return-risk-framework. Within the German style of accountability, accounting information is seen to be less capable of capturing the perceived reality of operational proposals. Processes of accountability rely more strongly on separately conceptualised functional expertise.

Head of a Movement or Arms of the State?

ABSTRACT This paper examines the changing form of state and federal youth councils in Australia and the role of young people in them, in response to changing social and economic conditions. It argues that they were more instruments of state policy than leaders of a national youth movement. Emerging in the Second World War youth councils resourced youth organisations to maintain morale and social order and prepare young men for military service. Though youth delegates were included, councils were dominated by adult elites from traditional youth agencies. Following the war, emphasis moved from control to citizenship, but attempts to establish a British style youth service focused on social and leisure time education were unsuccessful. With the outbreak of the Cold War, conflict with left wing youth organisations escalated. A National Youth Council was finally established to give young Australians access to international forums. Traditional organisations dominated and delegates had difficulty in reconciling ...

Family Therapy, British Style

Family Therapy, British Style

The Irresponsible State? The Politics of Child Daycare Provision in Britain

This article seeks to shed light on the scarcity of public child daycare provision in Britain. Following a brief account of the development of policy since the Second World War, it notes the institutional and discursive fragmentation of the process through which child-care policy has been resolved. However, it concentrates on the way that process has been shaped by the intersection of two variables, the type of issue constituted by child care and the British national policy-making style. It argues that public child-care provision is both a ‘redistributive’ issue, and as such particularly unappealing to recent Conservative governments, and an issue that concerns the family, invoking an ‘ideology of motherhood’. Moreover, national policy style has entailed a reluctance to intervene either in the labour market or in the ‘private’ family sphere. This combination of issue type and policy-making tradition has conspired to marginalize child care on the national policy agenda.

Land-Use Planning and the Housing Market in Britain: The Impact on Housebuilding and House Prices

The impact of the British style of land-use planning upon the outcomes of private housing development and the housing market is examined. A unique cross-sectional database is constructed, and the medium-term elasticity of new housebuilding supply is estimated as a locally variable function of prices, costs, and land supply, with an explicit planning function. The model developed enables quantified projections to be made of the effect of specified changes in planning policy. The policy changes examined include large-scale increases in the volume of land released, changes in the mix of land released, and the use of planning agreements to pay for infrastructure or social housing.

Management Development: British Style

Presents an American view of how British corporations have renewed their efforts to improve the development of managers. Examines management development practices at five corporations to identify the kinds of programmes being instituted to enhance managers′ skills. The results reveal some common practices which attempt to link management development to organizational goals. Priorities range from individual change as the principal purpose to corporate pay‐offs as the primary objective. All programmes suffer from a lack of concrete measurement to determine if these objectives are being met.

Chiefs and colonial rule in Cameroon: inventing chieftaincy, French and British Style

Given the crisis today over the proper power of the State in modern Cameroon (as elsewhere in Africa), chiefs are sometimes considered as a possible alternative focus of authority. Yet chieftaincy is a very variable, context-dependent phenomenon, even when it originated only in the colonial period. The article illustrates this point by examining the different fortunes of the office of chief in two Cameroonian societies, the Maka (who came under French rule) and the Bakweri (who came under British rule). In neither instance (but for different reasons) does chieftaincy appear to offer the alternative, middle-range authority that is needed.

Risk and Resilience, British Style

Risk and Resilience, British Style

British Style Cognitive Behavior Therapy

British Style Cognitive Behavior Therapy Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Psychiatric Problems: A Practical Guide. Keith Hawton, Paul M. Salkovskis, Joan Kirk, and David M. Clark (Eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989. (456 pp.). $32, hardbound. As one may guess from the spelling of the title, this guidebook was written largely by British authors. The British perspective comes through the context many times in this comprehensive compilation of some of the field's leading experts of applications of cognitive-behavioral theory to the hard work of therapy. The range of disturbances considered are not limited to the most severe disorders, as an American connotation of "psychiatric problems" would imply, but includes matters such as marital problems, sexual difficulties, and problem-solving as well. The editors intended the book to provide an integrated guide to the practice of cognitive behavior therapy that deliberately attempts to remedy a common deficiency found in related literature, namely, the assessment of suitability for such treatment. In this and other pragmatics, they succeeded well. Although the chapters are arranged topically around common psychiatric problems with the use of a standard format, practical matters such as focused assessment, engagement of patient collaboration, and treatment resistance are addressed almost routinely in every chapter. The first chapter gives a brief history of the development of cognitive-behavioral principles and treatment to set the stage for a generic second chapter detailing the recommended procedures of a cognitive-behavioral assessment. This approach highlights a characteristic strength of this treatment orientation in that the content of an individual's problems become conceptualized clearly, thus promoting focused interventions. The related matter of attending to the helpee's process, however, tends to be de-emphasized by the same characteristic, especially given this orientation's tendency to be therapist-centered (despite disclaimers to the contrary). The book is aimed ostensibly at experienced therapists to encourage them to "start using cognitive-behavioral treatments in their clinical work." The standard format, nonetheless, should facilitate the novice's acquisition of both the orientation and the procedures unique to cognitive behavior treatment. Remaining chapters address the following areas: anxiety states (panic and generalized), phobic disorders, obsessional disorders, depression, somatic problems, eating disorders, chronic psychiatric handicaps, marital problems, sexual dysfunctions, and problem-solving. Each of the editors, as well as contributors, wrote or coauthored one or more of the topical chapters, and lend further coherence to the book as a whole by referring to each other's remarks. Every topical chapter begins with a description of the condition, delineates relevant assessment procedures as prescribed from Chapter 2, formulates typical problem scenarios, and then proceeds step-by-step through treatment planning and collaborations. Tedious pedantry is minimized by frequent examples, case verbatims, and other anecdotal material that also illustrates the English social context (many times unintentionally). Clark's discussion of anxiety states, fo example, sets the pace by majoring in treatment concepts and procedures. Only two pages are devoted to alternative treatments and empirical studies of the subject. While any one of the chapters could be utilized as a cognitive-behavioral primer, this chapter does an excellent job in depicting cognitive mechanisms in the etiology and maintenance of the multidimensional experience of anxiety. Lik every other chapter, specificity of treatment is advocated and demonstrated; each behavioral, physiological, and cognitive aspect of the condition is carefully described, along with ways the helper/helpee can collaborate to monitor and "experiment" with homework plans. Fortunately, one section emphasizes the voluntary production, as behavioral experimentation, of physiological arousal endemic to panic states, a procedure that is starting to be understood as perhaps the primary key to panic treatment (Barlow & Cerny, 1989). …

Regional gardening books and periodicals: An annotated bibliography

In a world in which “England's green and pleasant land” sets the standard for garden excellence, gardeners in much of the United States will struggle in vain to adapt the British style to their own volatile climates. American regional gardening literature offers a new vision to help gardeners throughout the United States select plants suited to their climates (especially native plants) and use techniques to prevent losses to cold, heat, humidity, or drought. The resulting gardens may not always resemble the traditional English her baceous border, but their beauty and vigor will enhance the often monotonous American suburban landscape.

Ordinary heroes: England international football players in the 1990s

Abstract This paper considers recent debates about the quality of English football, and it also looks at alleged connections between declining standards and the restructuring of the Football League in England. It contrasts the specific qualities of the British style against those more commonly associated in English eyes with the continent and it also looks at the increasing in fluence of television in shaping the consumption of football as a global idiom. It concludes by arguing that growing commercialization and globalization per se cannot alone explain the increased physical stresses on players and the peculiarly robust style of play in Britain. For this one also needs closely to examine discourses on masculinity, class, nation and tradition, and to locate the effects of these discourses as mediators of recent trends in the management and marketing of the sport.

Solomon and Son, British Style

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