British Review Research Articles

Guidelines for policies on alternatives to allogeneic blood transfusion. 1. Predeposit autologous blood donation and transfusion

SUMMARY This is the first of a series of newly prepared guidelines on alternatives to allogeneic blood transfusion. Further guidelines including the use of cell salvage and of pharmacological approaches to blood conservation will be published in due course. Decades of clinical application demonstrate that it is quite feasible to auto-transfuse blood that has been collected and stored for an interval of up to 6 weeks in standard storage media, and that up to three standard collection volumes (approximately 500 mL) can be collected from normal-sized adults (over 50 kg) during that interval. Furthermore, systems have been developed to reduce risk to participants and to boost haemoglobin (Hb) production during and after the procedure. However, such pre-operative autologous donations (PAD) are not without risk, are of low clinical efficacy and are poorly cost-effective for the vast majority of patients in the UK. These guidelines update those previously issued by the BCSH and do not recommend the practice and use of PAD unless the clinical circumstances are exceptional. They also give an update on the legal regulatory circumstances pertaining to the UK following recent European Directives.

Napoleon and Doctor Verling on St. Helena (review)

Reviewed by: Napoleon and Doctor Verling on St. Helena Bette W. Oliver (bio) Napoleon and Doctor Verling on St. Helena. By J. David Markham . Barnsley, U.K.: Pen & Sword, 2005. 178 pp. $34.87. ISBN 1-844-15250-2. Napoleon Bonaparte has been the subject of numerous books concerning various aspects of his life and career, including his exile on the island of St. Helena from 1815 to 182l. Nevertheless, author J. David Markham, a Napoleon scholar and biographer and president of the Napoleonic Alliance, has discovered something new to add to the historical interpretation of Napoleon and his legacy. In the summer of 1996 while working in the Bodleian Library of Oxford University, Markham happened upon the detailed journal of Dr. James Roche Verling, who had served as a physician on St. Helena during Napoleon's exile there. That journal, published in its entirety for the first time, as well as a collection of letters concerning Dr. Verling became the motivating force behind the publication of this book. It provides a fascinating behind-the-scenes account of the isolation and pettiness of life on St. Helena, especially as compared with Napoleon's former life as emperor of France and conqueror of most of Western Europe. Through the use of Verling's journal the author is able to present a personalized narrative of the former emperor's last days among those who shared his exile. As a physician Verling often described the various maladies affecting Napoleon's companions, including Louis-Joseph Marchand, the emperor's valet and executor of his will, and Count Charles-Tristan de Montholon, also an executor, and his wife. The medical complaints were numerous and perhaps related to the almost palpable boredom of life on St. Helena. [End Page 107] Verling had actually come to the island to serve as Napoleon's physician, but because he had been appointed by Sir Hudson Lowe, the governor of St. Helena, Napoleon refused Verling's services. Lowe was detested by Napoleon, who found his policies terribly restrictive and intrusive. He felt that he was spied upon constantly, which eventually led him to remain indoors much of the time, a practice that contributed to the deterioration of his health. Another physician, a Corsican named Francesco Antommarchi, was selected by Napoleon's mother and his uncle, Cardinal Joseph Fesch. Antommarchi was not as skilled as Verling, and Napoleon knew it, but he was determined not to cooperate with Governor Lowe. The letters from Lowe and his staff relating to Verling were saved and copied; they offer a unique perspective on the political machinations involved with the care of their illustrious prisoner and his associates. Readers of L&CR will appreciate the information on the reading habits of those on the island. The social life on St. Helena offered very little excitement, but books and newspapers were available for diversion; the library even provided a catalog for consultation. Napoleon had always traveled with a large personal library, and he continued to read widely in exile. One letter from Governor Lowe includes a list of books lent to "General Bonaparte" (Lowe refused to refer to him as Napoleon or emperor), and the volumes listed are illustrative of the prisoner's interests (31): Actes, ordannances, decrets et manifests, tieres du Moniteur (6 vols.) Bonaparte peint par lui-même État de la France sous Napoleon Bonaparte Alliance des jacobins français avec le ministre anglais Cinq mois de la révolution française Histoire de la guerre de Russie Guerre de Russie et d'Allemagne Guerre d'Espagne et du Portugal L'ambigu Governor Lowe also listed some novels intended for Mme Bertrand, including Frankenstein, Edgeworth's Dramas, and Headlong Hale as well as several journals: Quarterly Review (November 1817–February 1818), Edinburgh Review (February 1818), British Review (February 1818), and Literary Gazette. Another list indicates books that Governor Lowe wished to be returned from Mme Bertrand: Mandeville, Beppio, Northanger Abbey, Persuasion, and Dance of Life (35, 40). Isolated as they were in the middle of the Atlantic, residents on St. Helena devoured newspapers brought on ships, and they complained when the papers did not arrive in a timely fashion. The absence of Morning...

The Best Years of Our Lives: British Reviews (1947)

Britain had been experiencing a very harsh winter when The Best Years of Our Lives opened in London in early March 1947. Temperatures were below freezing, there were blizzards and even the canals h...

Deceiving the Deceivers: Kim Philby, Donald Maclean and Guy Burgess by S. J. s> Hamrick (review)

174 SEER, 84, I, 2006 refugee, the construction of new communities in Britain and, in some ways most interestingof all, what allthis has meant for the subjectsof study. The final chapter, 'Identities', is less than fifteen pages long but does manage to provide some provocative material.It stressesthe differentways in which people responded to flight from their homes. Some felt free when they obtained Britishpassports,but still retained a sense of being 'Polish'. Others resisted British citizenship on the grounds that it threatened to compromise something they regardedas essentialabout themselves.Even within the same family, children emerge as having widely varying attitudes towards their parents' original nationality. Some see it as something exotic which is to be embraced,othersassomethingcompletelyalien to them. Ifthereis agreement, it seems only that when emigres return to their original homeland decades afterdeparture,theyfinddisappointmentand plenty to complain about. Naturallyit is alwayspossible to find issuesto question about a text. In this case, some might wonder whether it is reallyvalid to push together Poles and Baltsin a singlevolume. Why not one volume for Poles and anotherfor Balts? Why not include Ukrainians as well? How would the interviewees feel about this kind of classification?And are these people really likely to be the most objective source of views about, say, the Latvian Legion and the Holocaust? Forsome tastes, this text might not dwell on issuessuch as the latter two with sufficientdepth and with a sufficientlycriticaleye. A bit more time might also have been spent discussingwhat other oral historicalprojectshave said about areasof ground covered in thisstudy.But stillit would be wrong to finishon a negative note. Tom Lane has produced an entertaining text which attempts the worthygoal of displayinghow meta-politicseventuallygets translatedinto the personal experiences of ordinarymen and women. In the process he has helped make accessible an introduction to phases of history which more typically are overlooked, not least the creeping Soviet takeover of the Baltic Statesin I939-41. The text isjustifiedon these groundsalone. School ofSocialandInternational Studies MARTYN HOUSDEN University ofBradford Hamrick, S.J. Deceiving theDeceivers. KimPhilby, Donald Maclean andGuyBurgess. YaleUniversityPress,New Haven, CT and London, 2004. xvii + 297 pp. Appendices. Notes. Index. [i8.99. IN this intriguing book, S. J. Hamrick, a former US Foreign Service officer, argues that British intelligence knew about the activities of Philby, Maclean and Burgess earlier than people have previously thought. Received wisdom has it that Maclean was exposed as a Soviet agent in April I95I, a month before he and Burgessfled Britain,and that Philbywas only finallyrecognized as a spy when he was confronted by a Britishintelligence officerin Beirut in I963. According to Hamrick, however, certain figuresin Britishintelligence (notably Dick White, head of M16 from I956), knew of their activities some yearsbefore:Maclean, for example, was identifiedas a spy sometime between mid-I948 and August 195o; and the fact that Philbywas an agent was already known before he became head of M16 in Washington in October 1949. REVIEWS 175 However, instead of accusing these men of spying, the British decided to involve them in a counter-espionage operation;in particularPhilby,who was regarded as reliable by Moscow, was used as a channel for passing false information to the Soviets about the extent of the Britishnuclear deterrence; and he was also used as a stalkinghorse in a wider operation to try to trap Maclean and Burgess, an operation that would have succeeded had it not been for 'bungling'in London by Burgessand Blunt. This is allfascinating,even it is not alwayswrittenin an accessibleway. The problem with the argument, as Hamrick himself acknowledges,is that much of the evidence is circumstantial.The case dependspartlyon a certainreading of the British review of the Venona project that took place in I996 (which followed the US National Security Agency's declassificationof the Venona archive in 1995); according to Hamrick, British intelligence's account of Venona's role in exposing Maclean as an agent was deliberatelyselective and even deceptive, and designed to cover up how much M15 had really known. In regardto Philby,the case also owes somethingto a comment once made by a prominent US intelligence officer, General Edwin Sibert, that Philby was used by Washingtonto passfictitiousinformationabout US defence capabilities to Moscow during the Korean War. The detail...

Doubly Chosen: Jewish Identity, the Soviet Intelligentsia, and the Russian Orthodox Church by Judith Deutsch s> Kornblatt (review)

REVIEWS 175 However, instead of accusing these men of spying, the British decided to involve them in a counter-espionage operation;in particularPhilby,who was regarded as reliable by Moscow, was used as a channel for passing false information to the Soviets about the extent of the Britishnuclear deterrence; and he was also used as a stalkinghorse in a wider operation to try to trap Maclean and Burgess, an operation that would have succeeded had it not been for 'bungling'in London by Burgessand Blunt. This is allfascinating,even it is not alwayswrittenin an accessibleway. The problem with the argument, as Hamrick himself acknowledges,is that much of the evidence is circumstantial.The case dependspartlyon a certainreading of the British review of the Venona project that took place in I996 (which followed the US National Security Agency's declassificationof the Venona archive in 1995); according to Hamrick, British intelligence's account of Venona's role in exposing Maclean as an agent was deliberatelyselective and even deceptive, and designed to cover up how much M15 had really known. In regardto Philby,the case also owes somethingto a comment once made by a prominent US intelligence officer, General Edwin Sibert, that Philby was used by Washingtonto passfictitiousinformationabout US defence capabilities to Moscow during the Korean War. The detail was wrong, Hamrick claims, but the idea that Philby was part of a counter-espionage operation, even if Britishratherthan American, was right. Even if Hamrick's thesis remains unproven, his book has much to recommend it. It castslight on the post-warrelationshipbetween the US and Britain,on rivalriesand differencesbetween MI5, MI6 and the ForeignOffice, and the secret world of deceptions operations. It also shows the way in which a legend was later built up around Philby (partly fostered by Philby himself through his I983 memoir, My SilentWar),emphasizing his greatnessas a spy. Hamrick,who clearlydislikesPhilby (callinghim a 'patheticweaklinglooking for recognition and acclaim'), makes a strong case for saying that Philbywas less importantthan is usuallythought. School ofHistory PHILIP BOOBBYER University ofKent Kornblatt,Judith Deutsch. DoublyChosen: JewishIdentity, theSoviet Intelligentsia, andtheRussianOrthodox Church. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI,2004. xii + 203 pp. Appendices.Notes. Selectedbibliography.Index. ?21.50 (paperback). AT the startof the twentiethcenturyhalftheJews in the worldlived in Russia. Jews have played a central and shaping role in Russian culture. At the same time, their identity in Russia came to be defined in a unique way, involving a separationof ethnicity from religion.And in Soviet times the 'religion'option was removed, while the strongest force preservingJewish national identity became negative:Jews felt the effectof theirnationalitymainly in the form of pervasiveofficialand unofficialanti-Semitism. The dissident movement in the USSR took shape in the I96os. Some dissidentsdiscovered religiousfaith. Formost their move was connected with I76 SEER, 84, I, 2006 maintaining one's identity as an individual person as opposed to the Soviet mass, and with 'inner emigration'from Soviet cynicism. Most dissidentswho became religious discovered Russian Orthodoxy. Jews were among them. It iswith thesethatJudith Kornblatt'sbook is concerned. It isbasedon extensive interviewswith Russian and SovietJewish converts to the Russian Orthodox Church. The first question which arises in the reader's mind is: why did these embryonicbelieversnot turn toJudaism?The obvious answeris that thiswas not a real option: there was virtuallyno institutionalJewish religiousactivity in the USSR. As a then recentJewish intellectualemigre told me in the early I98os, 'They did not consciously choose the Christianfaith in preference to Judaism aftersearching,testing and comparingthe two. They were not given a choice: they simplyfound what was nearerto the surface,as it were. If there is only one loaf of bread, the hungry man takes that'. Kornblatt makes the point also that all dissidentswere allies,a minorityof outcasts. Kornblattgives a good deal of space to the influence of FrAleksandrMen', aJewish convert to Orthodoxy and one of the most importantspiritualfigures of thelaterSovietperiod. Men' introducedpeople to a spiritualworldcouched in the language of inclusiveness and universalism, and he was also able to build bridges between the church and secular society, and between science and religion. Kornblatt notes that Jewish converts to Orthodoxy prize the 'ideological "breadth"of "true"Orthodoxy' (p. io8), which is associatedwith tolerance and ecumenism. To this should be added the fact that 'it is...

Réinventer la géographie

In this interview with the British journal New Left Review, David Harvey summarises the main stages of his trajectory, from his first works, which were positivistic in inspiration, to his conversion to Marxism and from his fieldwork to his theorisation of urban space, to his reflections on postmodernity and the transformation of contemporary capitalism, particularly in its global aspects. It is this latter perspective, analysed via the prism of imperialism, which is at the centre of Harvey’s current research and which has political conclusions which relate to the contemporary meaning of the socialist project.

“Empire of the Muse”: American Encounters with Wordsworth

This essay investigates a series of encounters – critical, textual, and personal – between Wordsworth and his American Romantic contemporaries that helped to solidify the poet's transatlantic reputation. In keeping with negative British reviews, Ralph Waldo Emerson, William Cullen Bryant, and William Ellery Channing initially scorned Wordsworth's experimental poetics, but they became earnest advocates of both his poetry and his values as a result of their contemplative reading and their conversations with the poet himself. These writers function as case studies of the larger history of Wordsworth's reception in America: a history fraught by both nationalist suspicion and tremendous creative exchange.

Unreliable Confessions and Miscarriages of Justice in Britain

Miscarriages of justice are sometimes caused by confessions, which are coerced by the police or result from suspects' psychological vulnerabilities during custody and interrogation. In recent years there has been considerable research into police interviewing, psychological vulnerability, and false confessions. This paper summarises the salient British research and reviews briefly 23 high-profile murder cases where convictions based on confession evidence have been quashed on appeal between 1989 and 2002. In over half the cases the appellant's psychological vulnerability, rather than coercive or oppressive interviewing, rendered the confession unreliable. The review of the cases demonstrates that relevant psychological research and expert testimony in cases of disputed confessions have had profound influence on the practice and ruling of the Court of Appeal and the House of Lords. The cases presented in this paper show that it is wrong to assume that only persons with learning disability or those who are mentally ill make unreliable or false confessions. Personality factors are often important in rendering a confession unreliable.

Gardens or Graveyards of Scholarship? Festschriften in the Literature of the Common Law

The German word Festschrift has become the universally accepted term for a published collection of legal essays written by several authors to honour a distinguished jurist or mark a significant legal event. The genre dates back to the mid-19th century on the Continent, but until recently it has made little impression on the literature of the common law. Less than a dozen legal Festschriften had been published in the United Kingdom up to 1968, but since then more than a hundred legal Festschriften have appeared. This article traces the rise of the legal Festschrift in the United Kingdom, and attempts to account for its recent popularity. The nature of legal Festschriften, and the processes and problems of their production, are addressed. Emphasis is placed on the systemic failure to index contributions to legal Festschriften. This gap in the bibliographic resources of the common law consigns an enormous amount of scholarship to oblivion; hence the reference in the title to 'graveyards of scholarship'. An indication of the magnitude of this problem is that the total number of contributions to legal Festschriften between 1969 and 2000 almost equals the total number of articles published in three leading British law reviews over the same period. The article concludes that the failure to index contributions to legal Festschriften by author and subject matter is lamentable, and undercuts the reasons for publishing legal Festschriften in the first place. This article is prompted by the appearance of an ever-increasing number of books of essays honouring distinguished common lawyers. As a genre of legal writing it is of recent origin in the common law world, but it follows a much longer Continental tradition. Up to 1968 there are fewer than a dozen such books published in the United Kingdom—the comparable figure in Germany alone being 70 times that—whereas today they are pouring forth in spate in the

Autobiography in Fragments: The Elusive Life of Edith Simcox

rT ^he January 1870 issue of the North British Review carried a long, learned historical-theoretical essay entitled Autobiographies. Though its confident generalizations and Johnsonian syntax hardly seem the work of a literary novice, it marked the writer's first substantial appearance in print. The essay proposes a three-stage history of autobiography corresponding roughly Comte's three historic periods: first, the epic story of a heroic life written with primitive energy; then, the realistic narrative in which a man stands as a representative of his age; and finally, the more problematic category of post-Romantic autobiography. The modern autobiographer was, it seemed, trapped in an Arnoldian era of decaying originality in which the self and the world could come into no satisfactory relation. He was forced to chronicle thought instead of action, changes of opinion instead of succeeding experience, or else represent the influences of imaginary circumstances upon a real mind (Autobiographies 530). The irresolute subjectivity of the third phase is clearly rendered as a matter for dismay.' The writer of this apparently magisterial essay was a twenty-fiveyear-old woman called EdithJemima Simcox. Born in 1844, she was the youngest of three children and the only girl in an upper-middle-class London family. Her brothers were educated at Oxford; both became Fellows of Queen's College. The elder, Augustus, developed a reputation as a brilliant classical scholar as well as an eccentric; the younger, William, took orders and served as rector of a College living at Weyhill (McKenzie 1-3). Edith herself belonged a generation whose daughters, perhaps even younger sisters, could go women's colleges; she was writing her review of autobiographies just at the time Girton opened its doors. University would have been a natural step for this

Recent Articles in the Field of Public Opinion Research

In this section the International Journal of Public Opinion Research reviews articles that have recently been published in peer‐refereed journals and which relate to the field of public opinion. The intention is not to give an exhaustive overview of a given study but rather to alert our readers to interesting research in our field. For this issue, I thank Roger Mortimore (MORI UK) for compiling the British reviews.

Economists and the Laity: Economic Articles in the Three Leading British Reviews, 1870-1910

A partir de statistiques sur le contenu des trois principales revues anglaises de la fin du XIX e siecle et du debut du XX e siecle, l'A. observe une baisse considerable des articles de religion, au profit d'une petite augmentation des articles d'economie, et parmi ceux-ci, une baisse remarquable des articles consacres a la theorie economique, au profit d'une analyse des evenements tels que la reforme socialiste et le debat financier sur les impots.

Wanted: one bold editor

In 1993 Jack Straw MP, then Shadow Environment Secretary, wrote an article for British Journalism Review [issue 4/4; 1993] "Democracy on the Spike" which was based on original research he conducted and to which he refers in what follows below. These are his reflections five years on as he views the scene from his position as Britain's Home Secretary.

The Eighteenth-Century British Reviews of Hume's Writings

The Eighteenth-Century British Reviews of Hume’s Writings James Fieser The first printed reactions to Hume’s publications were usually book reviews which appeared in British, German, and French journals. Until recently, the most complete catalogs of these reviews were in T. E. Jessop’s A Bibliography of David Hume (1938), and E. C. Mossner’s The Life of David Hume (1954). 1 Since Jessop and Mossner, knowledge of the German reviews has advanced dramatically with two studies. First, Manfred Kuehn (1987) provides a comprehensive bibliography of references to Hume as they appear in Germany’s foremost eighteenth-century review journal, the Göttingische Anzeigen von gelehrten Sachen. 2 Second, Gunter Gawlick and Lothar Kreimendahl (1987) attempt a comprehensive analysis and catalog of eighteenth-century German discussions of Hume as appeared in both books and review articles. 3 These studies expand the list of German reviews of Hume from the five or so listed in Jessop and Mossner to several dozen. The German studies also suggest that more work is needed in cataloging the reviews from other countries, especially those from Great Britain. This essay will update the standard list of eighteenth-century British reviews of Hume’s writings by providing references to additional reviews which do not appear in the Hume literature. To Jessop’s list of eighteen British reviews, 4 thirteen new reviews are listed for first edition publications of Hume’s writings, and eight new reviews are listed for eighteenth-century abridgments and collections containing Hume’s writings. [End Page 645] A History of the Early British Review Journals The first European journal devoted exclusively to reviewing new books was the French Journal des Sçavans, founded in 1665. The journal focused on scholarly books, as opposed to popular publications, and the format of the articles consisted largely of extended excerpts from the book under review. This format was quickly adopted in Great Britain by newly founded review journals such as Weekly Memorials for the Ingenious (1682), The History of Learning (1692), The Complete Library (1692), and Memoirs for the Ingenious (1692). Most of these review journals survived only a few years and were frequently reincarnated with slight alterations in their titles. Because of their failure to tap into a stable readership market, the inconsistent appearance of the British review journals continued throughout the first half of the eighteenth-century. When Hume’s Treatise first appeared in 1739, the History of the Works of the Learned, edited then by Jacob Robinson, was the only review journal in publication. Like its forerunners, the History of the Works of the Learned had a fifteen-year checkered history of title changes and mergers with other journals (1728–43). The title “History of the Works of the Learned” was borrowed from a short lived early eighteenth-century journal by the same name. Typical of the review journals of the time, it was highly selective and focused only on scholarly publications. It is in this context that the History of the Works of the Learned reviewed Book I of Hume’s Treatise in 1739 and 1740. In a letter to Francis Hutcheson, Hume describes the review as “somewhat abusive.” 5 Indeed, the review contains a succession of sarcastic comments, such as “these are too dazzling for my weak Sight,” “our Author’s superlative Modesty,” and “A most charming System indeed.” Upon the publication of Hume’s Life in 1777, two writers commented on the demeaning tone of the review of the Treatise. The first notes that the review so highly provoked our young philosopher, that he flew in a violent rage, to demand satisfaction of Jacob Robinson, the publisher; whom he kept during the paroxysm of his anger, at his sword’s point, trembling behind the counter lest a period should be put to the life of a sober critic by a raving philosopher. 6 This story is countered by the second writer: We remember however, that it [i.e., the Treatise] was distinguished by the Reviewers of that time, though not in a manner suitable to the [End Page 646] expectations or wishes of the Author. It was treated with some degree of contempt by the Writer of the History...

The Eighteenth-Century British Reviews of Hume's Writings

Mise a jour des bibliographies chronologiques des revues anglaises du XVIII e siecle faisant paraitre les oeuvres de D. Hume. Retracant l'histoire de ces journaux europeens depuis la fin du XVII e siecle, l'A. apporte de nouvelles references qui ne figurent pas dans la liste etablie par T. E. Jessop en 1938

‘A special place in contemporary economic literature’: the rise and fall of the British bank review, 1914–1993

‘A special place in contemporary economic literature’: the rise and fall of the British bank review, 1914–1993

About this title

Science advances by taking new and unexpected turnings — pioneers opening up pathways which later workers follow and explore. This book takes the reader along several such geological paths that have followed from observations and theories first printed in the The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London (since 1971, The Journal of the Geological Society ). Following the paths, one sees the history of geological thought during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. To celebrate the publication of Volume 150 of Journal of the Geological Society . leading geologists were invited to present their personal views on significant topics that had been brought to the fore in earlier contributions to the Journal , to evaluate the evidence presented and to give their view of how these seminal papers affected our present understanding of geological processes, and further to hazard where future paths of investigation may lie. In addition, the first chapter, by Rudwick sets the scene on why the Geological Society of London rated so highly the publication of geological observation. He recounts the creation of the Journal, and how it survived growing patins to become a leading international journal. Most of the papers have already been published as Celebration Papers in Volume 150 of the Journal of the Geological Society . There are four additional contributions. to emphasize the historical context, the abstracts of pretaces of the seminal papers have been included in the volume. Bringing these contributions together in one volume serves two purposes; first, it calebrates 150 years of continuous publication by the Geological Society of London and, second, it makes a British review of the current ‘battle lines’ across many fields of geological research. Not only will the serious researchers discover several turning points which have governed the paths of his/her study, but the general reader also will discover the delights, the fortunes and machinations taken by many leading British geologists. Others will use the chapters to answer the question: ‘does historical contingency govern the paths of geological exploration, as it has been said to govern the evolution of living creatures?’

Fleeming Jenkin andThe Origin of Species: a reassessment

Early in June of 1867, Charles Darwin turned back the cover of his copy of the respected quarterlyNorth British Review, to find on its opening pages a lengthy essay attacking his theory of natural selection. As with the vast majority of articles in the Victorian periodicals, the review was anonymous, prompting immediate speculation in Darwin's circle as to the author's identity. It was to be about a year-and-a-half before Darwin would learn that the engineer Fleeming Jenkin had written the essay. By then, Darwin had concluded that the critique was the most valuable he had ever read onThe Origin of Species.

Dogs'/Bodies, Women's Bodies: Wives as Pets in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Narratives of Domestic Violence

In an article entitled Outrages on Women, published by the North British Review in 1856, J.W. Kaye testifies to the prevalence of spousal abuse in mid-nineteenth-century England. It is not to be doubted, he writes, in the criminal annals of England, outrages upon women have of late years held a distressingly prominent position. [S]carcely a day passes that does not add one or more to the published cases of this description of offence . (233-4). To illustrate the omnipresence of such narratives in contemporary newspapers, Kaye cites the following as a typical report from The Times:

Forgetting the Lessons of the Great Depression

Gordon, Robert Aaron. Business Fluctuations, Second Edition, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1961. Guthrie, William, and Vincent J. Tarascio. on Economic Growth, Stagnation, and Structural Change: New Light on a 55-Year Controversy, History of Political Economy, 24.2 (Summer 1992), 381-412. Guttmann, Robert. Stagflation and Credit-Money in the U.S.A., British Review of Economic Issues, 6.15 (Autumn 1984), 79-119. Hansen, Alvin H. Full Recovery or Stagnation?, New York: Norton, 1938. I. Introduction With the recent recession and weak recovery of the U.S. economy, mainstream economics and policy have reached a state of bankruptcy and confusion unparalleled since the early-1930s. Working-class living standards have been in decline for a decade and a half, yet business leaders and policymakers continue to call for sacrifice and competitiveness as the way out of the long-run malaise. Rather than bringing a peace dividend, the end of the Cold War poses the threat of an even worse unemployment crisis, as U.S capitalism appears unable to redeploy resources from destructive to constructive uses. Meanwhile the ecological crisis continues to unfold, the medical, education, and transportation systems deteriorate, and unemployment of workers and productive capacity grows while the employed work harder and longer to sustain ecologically and socially irrational modes of private consumption. Hundreds of billions of dollars are spent on high-tech weaponry, financial speculation, advertising, and other unproductive activities in the cultural wasteland of U.S. capitalism, yet we are told that we cannot afford the minimum of socialized health care, vacation times, and public transportation systems available in other advanced capitalist countries. In this context a Democratic president, while dancing to the tunes of Wall Street, the corporate media and the military-industrial complex, claims as his main policy success the refinancing of mortgages by the middle class. How did this situation come about, over 50 years after the Keynesian revolution? The suggestion here is that mainstream economics and policy are unable to come to grips with the basic causes of our current socio-economic problems because of a lack of historical memory. The questions raised by Keynes and other economists in the 1930s led to a debate over the possibility of long-run stagnation in the mature capitalist economy. But this stagnation debate, far from being further developed and applied, was forgotten or consciously abandoned as Keynes' analysis was vitiated and submerged under the synthesis during the long post-World War II boom of the global capitalist economy. The issues raised in the 1930s, concerning the ultimate goals of economic activity, were shunted aside in favor of a technocratic Keynesianism operating in the service of corporate capital and the military-industrial complex. Since Neoclassical-Keynesian economics had no connection with the earlier stagnation debate, it was ill-equipped to confront the subsequent crisis and resurgence of fundamentalist Neoclassical perspectives (Supply-Side economics and the New Classical school) without resorting to pre-Keynesian explanations of crisis-phenomena like involuntary unemployment. Sections II and III survey the stagnation debate of the 1930s and the mainstream abandonment of long-run stagnation issues during and after World War II. Section IV illustrates the historical vacuum in current economic theory via a critical review of Peter Temin's recent book, Lessons from the Great Depression (Temin, 1990). The historical default of mainstream theory and policy is then contrasted with one major tradition that has consistently built upon and developed the historical-systemic questions debated in the 1930s: the Neo-Marxian theory of overaccumulation and stagnation. Section V introduces this alternative perspective and applies it to the inter-war era and the current conjuncture. …