British Participants Research Articles

Learning emotional dialects: A British population study of cross-cultural communication.

The aim of the current research was to explore whether we can improve the recognition of cross-cultural freely-expressed emotional faces in British participants. We tested several methods for improving the recognition of freely-expressed emotional faces, such as different methods for presenting other-culture expressions of emotion from individuals from Chile, New Zealand and Singapore in two experimental stages. In the first experimental stage, in phase one, participants were asked to identify the emotion of cross-cultural freely-expressed faces. In the second phase, different cohorts were presented with interactive side-by-side, back-to-back and dynamic morphing of cross-cultural freely-expressed emotional faces, and control conditions. In the final phase, we repeated phase one using novel stimuli. We found that all non-control conditions led to recognition improvements. Morphing was the most effective condition for improving the recognition of cross-cultural emotional faces. In the second experimental stage, we presented morphing to different cohorts including own-to-other and other-to-own freely-expressed cross-cultural emotional faces and neutral-to-emotional and emotional-to-neutral other-culture freely-expressed emotional faces. All conditions led to recognition improvements and the presentation of freely-expressed own-to-other cultural-emotional faces provided the most effective learning. These findings suggest that training can improve the recognition of cross-cultural freely-expressed emotional expressions.

Analysing the effect of non-acoustical parameters on physiological response due to traffic noise exposure

Traffic noise, as an environmental stressor, impacts both auditory and non-auditory human health through a combination of acoustical and non-acoustical parameters. This study investigates the effects of sex, noise sensitivity, and cross-cultural differences on physiological stress responses to traffic noise exposure. A psychophysiological listening experiment was conducted with 60 participants from the United Kingdom and India to analyze the variation in physiological responses to the noise stimuli. The findings reveal significant gender differences in psychophysiological responses, with females exhibiting higher physiological arousal and potentially experiencing greater stress levels at moderate loudness levels compared to males. Moreover, individuals with high noise sensitivity displayed heightened stress levels and physiological arousal. Additionally, British participants exhibited higher physiological arousal, as indicated by increased skin conductance response parameters, compared to the Indian group. This suggests that exposure to Indian traffic noise, characterized by louder sounds and increased honking, leads to heightened stress levels among British participants. In conclusion, these findings contribute to our understanding of the relationship between traffic noise and physiological outcomes, shedding light on the influence of non-acoustical parameters. It also underscore the potential health implications of chronic noise exposure on human health.

No effect of hunger on attentional capture by food cues: Two replication studies

Food cues potently capture human attention, and it has been suggested that hunger increases their propensity to do so. However, the evidence for such hunger-related attentional biases is weak. We focus on one recent study that did show significantly greater attentional capture by food cues when participants were hungry, using an Emotional Blink of Attention (EBA) task [Piech, Pastorino, & Zald, 2010. Appetite, 54, 579–582]. We conducted online (N = 29) and in-person (N = 28) replications of this study with British participants and a Bayesian analytical approach. For the EBA task, participants tried to identify a rotated target image in a Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP). Targets were preceded by “neutral”, “romantic”, or “food” distractor images. Participants completed the task twice, 6–11 days apart, once hungry (overnight plus 6h fast) and once sated (after a self-selected lunch in the preceding 1h). We predicted that food images would create a greater attentional blink when participants were hungry than when they were sated, but romantic and neutral images would not. We found no evidence that hunger increased attentional capture by food cues, despite our experiments passing manipulation and quality assurance checks. Our sample and stimuli differed from the study we were replicating in several ways, but we were unable to identify any specific factor responsible for the difference in results. The original finding may not be generalisable. The EBA is more sensitive to the physical distinctiveness of distractors from filler and target images than their emotional valence, undermining the sensitivity of the EBA task for picking up subtle changes in motivational state. Moreover, hunger-related attentional bias shifts may not be substantial over the intensities and durations of hunger typically induced in laboratory experiments.

When politics affects the self: High political influence perception predicts civic and political participation

The present research examines the relationships between political influence perception and political participation. Classic studies have linked participation to political interest. However, they did not consider that people may become interested in politics especially when they feel it impacts their lives. In this research, we assumed that political participation would be based on the belief that politics affects one's life. This hypothesis was tested among Polish (Study 1, n = 1000 and Study 3, n = 627) and British participants (Study 2, n = 476). We found positive links between political influence perception and various forms of participation (Study 1, Study 2). In Study 3, we experimentally manipulated thoughts about highly effective politics, which increased political influence perception and was further linked to an increased interest in politics and political participation. We discuss the role of the way people perceive politics in political participation.

The Association Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Different Types of Offending Behavior: An Examination Across Two Generations of British Males.

Research has established a relationship between trauma exposure, often conceptualized as Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), and offending, with some evidence suggesting that both trauma and offending can be transmitted from one generation to the next. Further, while some evidence suggests that experiencing a high number of ACEs is associated with different types of offenses, it is not known whether these associations are similar across generations. The current study aims to address this gap in knowledge by examining the effects of ACEs on different offense types across two generations, utilizing data from a longitudinal study of British male participants and their male children. Results suggest that high ACE scores are associated with several offense types within generations, but the effect of parental ACEs on the subsequent generation's offending was weak. Alongside a discussion of these findings, study limitations and future research directions are also presented.

Surrogate Adiposity Markers and Mortality

Body mass index (BMI) is an easily obtained adiposity surrogate. However, there is variability in body composition and adipose tissue distribution between individuals with the same BMI, and there is controversy regarding the BMI associated with the lowest mortality risk. To evaluate which of BMI, fat mass index (FMI), and waist-to-hip (WHR) has the strongest and most consistent association with mortality. This cohort study used incident deaths from the UK Biobank (UKB; 2006-2022), which includes data from 22 clinical assessment centers across the United Kingdom. UKB British participants of British White ancestry (N = 387 672) were partitioned into a discovery cohort (n = 337 078) and validation cohort (n = 50 594), with the latter consisting of 25 297 deaths and 25 297 controls. The discovery cohort was used to derive genetically determined adiposity measures while the validation cohort was used for analyses. Exposure-outcome associations were analyzed through observational and mendelian randomization (MR) analyses. BMI, FMI, and WHR. All-cause and cause-specific (cancer, cardiovascular disease [CVD], respiratory disease, or other causes) mortality. There were 387 672 and 50 594 participants in our observational (mean [SD] age, 56.9 [8.0] years; 177 340 [45.9%] male, 210 332 [54.2%], female), and MR (mean [SD] age, 61.6 [6.2] years; 30 031 [59.3%] male, 20 563 [40.6%], female) analyses, respectively. Associations between measured BMI and FMI with all-cause mortality were J-shaped, whereas the association of WHR with all-cause mortality was linear using the hazard ratio (HR) scale (HR per SD increase of WHR, 1.41 [95% CI, 1.38-1.43]). Genetically determined WHR had a stronger association with all-cause mortality than BMI (odds ratio [OR] per SD increase of WHR, 1.51 [95% CI, 1.32-1.72]; OR per SD increase of BMI, 1.29 [95% CI, 1.20-1.38]; P for heterogeneity = .02). This association was stronger in male than female participants (OR, 1.89 [95% CI, 1.54-2.32]; P for heterogeneity = .01). Unlike BMI or FMI, the genetically determined WHR-all-cause mortality association was consistent irrespective of observed BMI. In this cohort study, WHR had the strongest and most consistent association with mortality irrespective of BMI. Clinical recommendations should consider focusing on adiposity distribution compared with mass.

Subtyping Severe Hypercholesterolemia by Genetic Determinant to Stratify Risk of Coronary Artery Disease.

Severe hypercholesterolemia, defined as LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol (LDL-C) measurement ≥190 mg/dL, is associated with increased risk for coronary artery disease (CAD). Causes of severe hypercholesterolemia include monogenic familial hypercholesterolemia, polygenic hypercholesterolemia, elevated lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] hypercholesteremia, polygenic hypercholesterolemia with elevated Lp(a) (two-hit), or nongenetic hypercholesterolemia. The added value of using a genetics approach to stratifying risk of incident CAD among those with severe hypercholesterolemia versus using LDL-C levels alone for risk stratification is not known. To determine whether risk stratification by genetic cause provided better 10-year incident CAD risk stratification than LDL-C level, a retrospective cohort study comparing incident CAD risk among severe hypercholesterolemia subtypes (genetic and nongenetic causes) was performed among 130 091 UK Biobank participants. Analyses were limited to unrelated, White British or Irish participants with available exome sequencing data. Participants with cardiovascular disease at baseline were excluded from analyses of incident CAD. Of 130 091 individuals, 68 416 (52.6%) were women, and the mean (SD) age was 56.7 (8.0) years. Of the cohort, 9.0% met severe hypercholesterolemia criteria. Participants with LDL-C between 210 and 229 mg/dL and LDL-C ≥230 mg/dL showed modest increases in incident CAD risk relative to those with LDL-C between 190 and 209 mg/dL (210-229 mg/dL: hazard ratio [HR], 1.3 [95% CI, 1.1-1.7]; ≥230 mg/dL: HR, 1.3 [95% CI, 1.0-1.7]). In contrast, when risk was stratified by genetic subtype, monogenic familial hypercholesterolemia, elevated Lp(a), and two-hit hypercholesterolemia subtypes had increased rates of incident CAD relative to the nongenetic hypercholesterolemia subtype (monogenic familial hypercholesterolemia: HR, 2.3 [95% CI, 1.4-4.0]; elevated Lp(a): HR, 1.5 [95% CI, 1.2-2.0]; two-hit: HR, 1.9 [95% CI, 1.4-2.6]), while polygenic hypercholesterolemia did not. Genetics-based subtyping for monogenic familial hypercholesterolemia and Lp(a) in those with severe hypercholesterolemia provided better stratification of 10-year incident CAD risk than LDL-C-based stratification.

Cultural similarities and specificities of finger counting and montring: Evidence from Amazon Tsimane' people

Numerical cognition might be embodied, that is, grounded in bodily actions. This claim is supported by the observation that, potentially due to our shared biology, finger counting is prevalent among a variety of cultures. Differences in finger counting are apparent even within Western cultures. Relatively few indigenous cultures have been systematically analyzed in terms of traditional finger counting and montring (i.e., communicating numbers with fingers) routines. Even fewer studies used the same protocols across cultures, allowing for a systematic comparison of indigenous and Western finger counting routines. We analyze the finger counting and montring routines of Tsimane' (N = 121), an indigenous people living in the Bolivian Amazon rainforest, depending on handedness, education level, and exposure to mainstream, industrialized Bolivian culture. Tsimane' routines are compared with those of German and British participants. Tsimane' reveal a greater variation in finger counting and montring routines, which seems to be modified by their education level. We outline a framework on how different factors such as handedness and reading direction might affect cross-cultural and within-cultural variation in finger counting.

Spontaneous humanization of robots in passive observation of human-robot interaction: A path toward ethical consideration and human-robot cooperation

As humanoid robots become more prevalent, understanding how people form initial representations of and attitudes towards these agents is crucial. This study investigated whether observing a human's emotional reactions towards a robot in a passive human-robot interaction influences the spontaneous humanization and mental state attributions of the robot, and subsequent ethical considerations and cooperation. In Experiment 1, Japanese and British participants observed videos of a human interacting emotionally or neutrally with a Pepper robot and then assessed the robot. Results showed the emotional video elicited more humanization and intentionality attributions towards the robot, subsequently predicting greater ethical concern, especially among Japanese participants. In Experiment 2, observing human emotional engagement increased cooperation with the robot in a Prisoner's Dilemma game through enhanced humanization and intentionality attributions. The findings suggest that passive observation of human-robot interactions can shape the representation, attribution, and treatment of robots based on culture and situational cues. This highlights the need to consider social factors that may influence people's developing relationships with robots.

Perspectives on children’s autistic traits in UK-based British and Egyptian/Sudanese communities

BackgroundWhile most autism research is conducted in White Western samples, culture may affect perceptions and reporting of autistic traits. We explored how UK-based British and Egyptian/Sudanese communities perceive autism features. Methods and proceduresNineteen participants self-identifying as British and 20 as Egyptian/Sudanese participated in focus group discussions on child development norms, and individual interviews on items of the Autism-spectrum Quotient: Children’s version (AQ-Child; Auyeung et al., 2007), measuring autistic traits. Data were analysed using template analysis. Outcomes and resultsThree themes were developed: 1) Value judgements of behaviours; 2) Considerations on differences between children; 3) Problematic interpretations of AQ-Child items. These processes may affect how parents and community members report on children’s autistic traits. Cross-cultural comparisons suggested subtle differences in interpretations and judgements, and British participants referred to age expectations and comparisons with other children more than Egyptian/Sudanese participants. However, within-group variability, sometimes attributed to socioeconomic status and generation, appeared larger than cross-cultural differences. Conclusions and implicationsOur findings further the insights on influence of culture and within-community factors on reporting children’s behaviour relevant to autism. These can inform the adaptation of screening tools in multi-cultural settings, to promote better autism recognition in communities where it may be underdiagnosed.

Same dream, different ambitions: Charles de Gaulle's Europe and Jean Monnet's Europe in the 1960s.

This study examines and compares the visions of de Gaulle and Monnet for Europe, considering both their shared aspirations and perceived differences. Both figures played significant roles in shaping European international relations throughout the 20th century, but their portrayals often diverged. De Gaulle is often characterized as a nationalist figure, while Monnet is often revered as ‘the Father of European Integration'. While the prevailing narrative emphasizes the divergences between De Gaulle and Monnet, it is important to acknowledge that they shared the same dream of a strong Europe built upon a strong France. Both de Gaulle and Monnet recognized the necessity of European integration in maintaining European peace, addressing the 'German Problem' after World War II, and creating a strong and independent Europe. However, they differed significantly in their approaches to constructing Europe, particularly in terms of methods, institutions, and relationships with the United States. These differences often resulted in conflicts between the two leaders, especially regarding the issue of British participation in the EEC and the Europe-United States relationship. By comparing de Gaulle's Europe to Monnet's Europe, this study aims to enhance our understanding of their contributions to European integration and shed light on the complex motivations and ambitions that influenced their visions of Europe.

Business, politics and the transition from war to peace: The Federation of British Industries, 1916-25

The economic and political stresses of the First World War and its immediate aftermath strengthened the associational culture in British business. This article focuses on the Federation of British Industries, established in 1916 and incorporated by Royal Charter in 1923, which quickly became one of the largest trade associations in the world, with global connections. For British business, workers and government, the years following the end of the First World War presented some of the most difficult challenges of the twentieth century. The article discusses a number of areas such as the influence of corporatism; fear of renewed German economic competition; British participation at overseas trade fairs; business and reparations; the relations between business, Members of Parliament and government; and the uniquely wide range of services the Federation provided to help its members regain lost markets and compete in the post-war world.

Mode of transport, genetic susceptibility, and incidence of coronary heart disease

BackgroundCar use has been associated with higher risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). However, whether the associations of transport modes with CHD vary by genetic susceptibility to CHD are unknown. This study aims to investigate the associations of genetic susceptibility and modes of transport with incidence of CHD.MethodsWe included 339,588 white British participants from UK Biobank with no history of CHD or stroke at baseline or within two years of follow-up (52.3% in work). Genetic susceptibility to CHD was quantified through weighted polygenic risk scores derived from 300 single-nucleotide polymorphisms related to CHD risk. Categories of transport mode included exclusive car use and alternatives to the car (e.g., walking, cycling and public transport), separately for non-commuting (e.g., getting about [n=339,588] excluding commuting for work), commuting (in the sub-set in work [n=177,370] who responded to the commuting question), and overall transport (transport mode for both commuting and non-commuting [n=177,370]). We used Cox regression with age as the underlying timescale to estimate hazard ratios (HR) of CHD (n=13,730; median 13.8-year follow-up) and tested the interaction between genetic susceptibility and travel modes with adjustment for confounders.ResultsCompared to those using alternatives to the car, hazards of CHD were higher for exclusive use of cars for overall transport (HR: 1.16, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08-1.25), non-commuting (HR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.04-1.12) and commuting (HR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.09-1.23), after adjusting for confounders plus genetic susceptibility. HRs of CHD were 1.45 (95% CI: 1.38-1.52) and 2.04 (95% CI: 1.95-2.12) for the second and third tertile of genetic susceptibility to CHD, respectively, compared to the first. There was, in general, no strong evidence of interactions between genetic susceptibility and categories of overall, non-commuting and commuting transport. Estimated 10-year absolute risk of CHD was lower for the alternatives to the car across strata of genetic susceptibility, compared with exclusive use of cars for overall, non-commuting and commuting transport.ConclusionExclusive use of cars was associated with a relatively higher risk of CHD across all strata of genetic susceptibility. Using alternatives to the car should be encouraged for prevention of CHD for the general population including individuals at high genetic risk.

Does a lack of perceptual expertise prevent participants from forming reliable first impressions of "other-race" faces?

Many studies investigating first impressions from faces employ stimulus sets that comprise only White faces. It is argued that participants lack the necessary perceptual expertise to provide reliable trait evaluations when viewing faces from ethnicities that differ from their own. In combination with a reliance on White and WEIRD participants, this concern has contributed to the widespread use of White face stimuli in this literature. The present study sought to determine whether concerns about the use of so-called other-race faces are justified by assessing the test-retest reliability of trait judgments made about same- and other-race faces. In two experiments conducted on 400 British participants, we find that White British participants made reliable trait judgments about Black faces, and Black British participants made reliable trait judgments about White faces. It is important that future work be conducted to determine how widely these results generalize. Considering our findings, however, we suggest (a) that the default assumption in future first impressions research should be that participants-particularly those recruited from diverse communities-are able to form reliable first impressions of other-race faces and (b) that faces of color be included in stimulus sets whenever possible. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Correction to Tsantani et al. (2022).

Reports an error in "Does a lack of perceptual expertise prevent participants from forming reliable first impressions of "other-race" faces" by Maria Tsantani, Harriet Over and Richard Cook (Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, Advanced Online Publication, Nov 07, 2022, np). The original article is being made available open access under the CC-BY license following the University of Nottingham opt-in to the Jisc/APA Read and Publish agreement. The correct copyright is "© 2022 The Author(s)" and the CC-BY license disclaimer is below. All versions of this article have been corrected. "Open Access funding provided by Birkbeck, University of London: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY). This license permits copying and redistributing the work in any medium or format, as well as adapting the material for any purpose, even commercially." (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2023-15561-001). Many studies investigating first impressions from faces employ stimulus sets that comprise only White faces. It is argued that participants lack the necessary perceptual expertise to provide reliable trait evaluations when viewing faces from ethnicities that differ from their own. In combination with a reliance on White and WEIRD participants, this concern has contributed to the widespread use of White face stimuli in this literature. The present study sought to determine whether concerns about the use of so-called other-race faces are justified by assessing the test-retest reliability of trait judgments made about same- and other-race faces. In two experiments conducted on 400 British participants, we find that White British participants made reliable trait judgments about Black faces, and Black British participants made reliable trait judgments about White faces. It is important that future work be conducted to determine how widely these results generalize. Considering our findings, however, we suggest (a) that the default assumption in future first impressions research should be that participants-particularly those recruited from diverse communities-are able to form reliable first impressions of other-race faces and (b) that faces of color be included in stimulus sets whenever possible. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

An Impartial Measure of Collective Action

Abstract: In three studies, we developed and validated the Belief-aligned Collective Action scale (BCA), a new measure of collective action that discriminates the so far confounded engagement in collective action from the ideological stance on the issue. In Studies 1a ( N = 585 Italian adult participants, 61% women) and 1b ( N = 296 British adult participants, 52% women), an Exploratory Factor Analysis identified two factors, Normative and Non-normative actions. In Study 2 ( N = 602 Italian adult participants, 50% women), a bifactor Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed an adequate fit of the two-factor structure. Across studies, the scale presents good internal reliability (as indicated by Cronbach’s α and ω total) and correlations in the predicted direction with common predictors of collective action, namely efficacy, anger, and group identity. Furthermore, Study 2 shows the generalizability of the scale to multiple topics, of which some are more relevant to left-wing people (e.g., wealth tax) and some to right-wing people (e.g., abortion). In these cases, we find no evidence for the effect of ideological variables such as political orientation and system justification. This tool allows researchers to assess collective action unbiasedly, contributing to the bridging of the ideological knowledge gap in the field of social psychology.

Association between ultra-processed foods and recurrence of depressive symptoms: the Whitehall II cohort study

ABSTRACT Objectives To examine the association between high intakes of ultra-processed foods (UPF) and recurrence of depressive symptoms (DepS) in a Western non-Mediterranean country and its contribution to the overall diet-depression relationship. Methods Analyses were carried out on British participants from the Whitehall II cohort. Present analyses were restricted to white participants N = 4554 (74% men, mean age = 61; SD = 5.9). UPF consumption was estimated from a 127-item food frequency questionnaire using the NOVA classification, and cumulative average of UPF intakes (g/day) over 11 years of exposure (1991/1994–2002/2004) was computed. Recurrent DepS after measurement of UPF was defined as having two or more episodes of DepS (the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) score ≥ 16 or antidepressants use) during four phases of follow-up (2002/2004–2015/2016). Results Over the follow-up, 588 (12.9%) cases of recurrent DepS were observed. After adjusting for socio-demographic factors, health behaviours and health status, participants in top quintile of UPF intakes [mean 33% of total daily intakes in grams] had 31% higher odds of recurrent DepS (odds ratio 1.31; 95% CI 1.04–1.64) compared to participants in the four lowest quintiles of UPF [mean 18.1% of total daily intakes in grams]. Additional analyses showed that associations between adherence to several diet quality measures and recurrent DepS were partially attenuated (17–27%) by UPF intakes. Conclusion In this British population, high intakes of ultra-processed foods were associated with increased odds of recurrent depressive symptoms and contributed to the overall diet quality-depressive symptoms association.

Association of accelerometer-derived circadian abnormalities and genetic risk with incidence of atrial fibrillation

Evidence suggests potential links between circadian rhythm and atrial fibrillation (AF). However, whether circadian disruption can predict the onset of AF in the general population remains largely unknown. We aim to investigate the association of accelerometer-measured circadian rest-activity rhythm (CRAR, the most prominent circadian rhythm in humans) with the risk of AF, and examine joint associations and potential interactions of CRAR and genetic susceptibility with AF incidence. We include 62,927 white British participants of UK Biobank without AF at baseline. CRAR characteristics, including amplitude (strength), acrophase (timing of peak activity), pseudo-F (robustness), and mesor (height), are derived by applying an extended cosine model. Genetic risk is assessed with polygenic risk scores. The outcome is the incidence of AF. During a median follow-up of 6.16 years, 1920 participants developed AF. Low amplitude [hazard ratio (HR): 1.41, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.25–1.58], delayed acrophase (HR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.10–1.39), and low mesor (HR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.21–1.52), but not low pseudo-F, are significantly associated with a higher risk of AF. No significant interactions between CRAR characteristics and genetic risk are observed. Joint association analyses reveal that participants with unfavourable CRAR characteristics and high genetic risk yield the highest risk of incident AF. These associations are robust after controlling for multiple testing and in a series of sensitivity analyses. Accelerometer-measured CRAR abnormalities, characterized by decreased strength and height, and later timing of peak activity of circadian rhythm, are associated with a higher risk of AF in the general population.

Genetic Validation of Psoriasis Phenotyping in UK Biobank Supports the Utility of Self-Reported Data and Composite Definitions for Large Genetic and Epidemiological Studies

Genetic Validation of Psoriasis Phenotyping in UK Biobank Supports the Utility of Self-Reported Data and Composite Definitions for Large Genetic and Epidemiological Studies

Forgive and forget? Honor-oriented individuals are less forgiving of transgressing peers

Individual differences research on masculine honor has heavily focused on men's aggressive responses to insults by male strangers, but much less is known whether honor-oriented individuals (men and women) are less forgiving – express more avoidant and vengeful, but less benevolent motivations – towards peers following insults, and their underlying concerns in being less forgiving. Using 200 British participants (dignity group) in Study 1, and 146 British (dignity group) and 178 Turkish (honor group) participants in Study 2, we examined whether (1) masculine honor-oriented individuals are less forgiving of peers after insults, and (2) this association is indirectly explained by concern with avoiding loss of social respect or maintaining personal integrity. Results showed that masculine honor-oriented individuals were less forgiving of insulting peers, which was indirectly explained by concern with losing respect, but not keeping personal integrity. We also report that the presence of a third-party audience did not have an effect on the observed pattern of relationships. These findings expand our understanding of why, despite the many benefits of forgiveness, some individuals may be less willing to forgive people who have hurt them.