British Origin Research Articles

English complex premodifiers and their German and Swedish correspondences

Abstract This study concerns English hyphenated premodifiers (science-based targets; lower-back pain) contrasted with their German and Swedish correspondences. The data stem from the Linnaeus University English-German-Swedish corpus (LEGS), which contains non-fiction texts, but comparisons are also made to fiction texts from the English-Swedish Parallel Corpus (ESPC). The study shows that these condensed and complex premodifiers are more frequent in English originals than in English translations, and more typical of the non-fiction genre than that of fiction. Information density and terminological precision thus seem to be more important factors for the use of hyphenated premodifiers than creativity and expressiveness. In original English, two-thirds of the right-hand elements are either nouns or ed-participles. In translated English, numerals as left-hand elements (three-page document) are less frequent than in original English. Regarding German and Swedish correspondences, around half are premodifiers. Postmodifiers in the form of prepositional phrases and relative clauses are more frequent in Swedish than in German, which instead “overuses” premodifying extended attributes. Compound adjectives/participles and compound nouns are the most frequent correspondences in both German and Swedish. In almost half the instances, German and Swedish translators choose the same correspondents, indicating a high degree of similarity in the structural preferences in the two target languages.

Reliability and validation of the Japanese version of the coma recovery scale-revised (CRS-R)

ABSTRACT Primary objective This study aimed to verify the reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R). Methods Subjects included 59 patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC) due to acquired brain injury. To validate test-retest reliability, Evaluator A assessed the CRS-R twice on the same day (A1, A2). To examine inter-rater reliability, Evaluators A (A2) and B (B) assessed the CRS-R without a time interval. To test concurrent validity, Evaluator A (A1) assessed the CRS-R, Japan Coma Scale (JCS), and the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) consecutively. To validate diagnostic accuracy, we evaluated the degree of agreement between A1 and A2 and between A2 and B in their diagnosis of DOC by CRS-R. Results The test-retest (ρ = 0.92) and inter- (ρ = 0.98) reliability of CRS-R were excellent” and Concurrent validity of CRS-R with JCS (ρ = −0.82) and GCS (ρ = 0.92) were high. Results of DOC diagnosis were consistent for 48/59 cases (κ = 0.82) for A1 and A2 and for 54/59 cases (κ = 0.92) for A2 and B. Conlcusion The Japanese version of the CRS-R may be as reliable and valid as the original English and other language versions.

Frekventnost anglicizama u verbalnim asocijacijama studenata anglistike

The paper deals with the research on the prevalence of recent anglicisms in the everyday language of the students at the Department of English Language and Literature of the Faculty of Philosophy in Kosovska Mitrovica. Since the anglicisms that have entered the Serbian language in the last two decades are the result of progress in information and computer technology, the goal of this research is to assess the most common Englishorigin vocabulary, especially in the speech of older adolescents. Although the sample was a group of English language students (N=50), it is assumed that their everyday language reflects the language of the wider population of students of English language and literature, which should be examined by including a much larger number of English speakers from different universities in Serbia, in order to reach more reliable results. One of the tasks of the linguists is to preserve the Serbian language from the influx of foreign words, while the role of lexicographers is to publish new dictionaries including all foreign words that enter the Serbian language and persist there. New words of English origin multiply every day in contact with content found on the Internet, starting from social networks, blogs that offer advice for various problems, sites that are full of lexical units originating from the English language, films, series, and so-called "tutorials" that are especially followed by the younger population. This paper will not discuss the justification of the use of anglicisms found, but an attempt will be made to find those that are most frequent, and thus the lexicon that, whether we like it or not, entered the Serbian language. The study relies on the free verbal association method to identify frequent lexical units originating from English. Comparative analysis is performed using the latest dictionaries Rečnik novih reči u srpskom jeziku 1 (Otašević i dr. 2022), abbreviated as RNR, and Srpski rečnik novijih anglicizama (Prćić et al. 2021), abbreviated as SRNA. Consequently, the paper highlights the most frequent lexical units from the students' perspective that are not listed in the dictionaries RNR (2022) and SRNA (2021). Through free verbal associations, students wrote anglicisms they use in their speech. The diversity in the choice of alphabets, as well as forms that the students chose while writing anglicisms, would be determined. This research, although it has shortcomings in terms of the small number of respondents, can still provide valid data in the field of lexicography and contact linguistics.

Fundamentals of Institutional Quality and Economic Freedom

ABSTRACT: Social scientists have extensively studied the causes of good institutions, including the origins of economic freedom. Results concerning the causes of different kinds of institutions are often similar, often concluding that the geography, environment, and culture are important factors. However, a recent political economy framework suggests that certain dimensions of economic freedom, namely specific dimensions of the size of government (government consumption, transfers and subsidies, and the top marginal tax rate), differ systematically from other dimensions of liberalization. This paper explores these arguments by constructing an index of a set of consensus predictors of institutional quality: ethnic fractionalization (predicts negatively), the natural log of the population size (negatively), absolute latitude (positively), natural resource rents (negatively), the presence of the country in the Americas (negatively), British legal origins (positively), the presence of the country in Eurasia (positively), and island geography (positively). The countries with the “best” fundamentals for institutional quality are Iceland, Ireland, Malta, Finland, and Cyprus, while the five with the “worst” fundamentals are Angola, Nigeria, Chad, Burkina Faso, and Ghana. It then takes this index of “fundamentals” of institutional quality and shows that, although they predict economic liberalism as a whole (as measured by the Economic Freedom of the World index) as they would predict other measures of institutional quality, they predict oppositely (i.e., corresponding to larger governments) for the dimensions of the size of government listed above. The result is congruent with the predictions of the political economy model. Additionally, this result is not contingent on the inclusion of any one of the “fundamental” variables, although natural resource rents and absolute latitude appear to be the most important variables. Countries with considerably more economic freedom than would be predicted by their fundaments include Peru, Singapore, the United States, Chile, and Canada; should deviations from fitted values be seen as presaging future movements in institutions, these countries are the most likely to see upcoming declines. The aforementioned political economy model implies that these findings are the result of complexities involved in the interaction between state capacity and different dimensions of economic liberalization.

Metanálise sobre características de carcaça e carne de novilhos confinados de diferentes origens genéticas no Brasil

Abstract The aim of the present study was to assess the carcass and meat characteristics of feedlot steers in Brazil according to genetic group through a systematic review and meta-analysis. An electronic article search was conducted at the Scielo and Google Scholar databases and data were grouped according to genetic predominance. The results were tested for heterogeneity and submitted to a normality test and F test and the means were compared by the Tukey test. Predominantly British steers were finished at a younger age, required longer confinement times and displayed lower hot carcass weights and smaller loin eye areas at slaughter. Muscle carcass percentages were higher in Continental and Synthetic steers compared to British and Zebu steers, while fat percentages were higher in British and Zebu steers compared to continental and synthetic breeds. Meat marbling was higher in British, continental and crossbreed steers compared to synthetic and zebu steers. A British steer origin allows for decreased slaughter age, although leading to reduced hot carcass weight, while a genetic Zebu predominance can produce high fat percentage carcasses.

Empoderamento estrutural de enfermeiros nos serviços de emergências: revisão integrativa

Abstract Objective to synthesize and analyze the scientific evidence on the structural empowerment of nurses, specifically in the context of the emergency room. Methods An integrative literature review was carried out using the electronic databases Lilacs, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Embase. 174 articles were identified in the databases, considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria: original studies, in Portuguese, English and Spanish, published from 1996 onwards and whose scope was work on the structural empowerment of nurses working in the various emergency scenarios. After evaluating and refining the studies using the established criteria, a total of six studies were obtained for analysis. Results Two thematic categories were established to synthesize the knowledge: “the dimensions of structural empowerment of emergency nurses” and “the relationship between nurses’ structural empowerment and other variables and their impact in the emergency context”. These thematic categories made it clear that opportunity is fundamental to nurses’ empowerment in this context, as well as the relevance of leadership and the work environment as important components that influence nurses’ empowerment and professional practice. Conclusion Structural empowerment is significant for nurses’ professional practice in the context of emergencies, since having access to the dimensions of empowerment results in autonomy at work, higher levels of self-efficacy and an improvement in the quality and safety of the care provided.

Features of polysemy of words and terms of English origin in the Azerbaijani language

Features of polysemy of words and terms of English origin in the Azerbaijani language

Sir Gawain’s Deeds of Arms: The Middle English Romance as Martial Instruction

Recent decades have witnessed a growing interest in medieval European martial arts, resulting in scholars, and martial arts practitioners studying historical fencing treatises in hopes of recreating combat systems of the period. Unfortunately, none such treatises of English origin survive. However, a well-documented history of cultural and material exchange between the Continent and England, suggests that a careful examination of selected Middle English romances may unveil a literary record of a possible transmission of those martial systems to England. As one analyses the depictions of formal combat in assorted Middle English romances devoted to the exploits of Sir Gawain it becomes evident that some of them bear an uncanny resemblance to the contents of certain continental fight books. Such comparison may reveal a particular role Sir Gawain may have had in the English chivalric tradition, that of a purveyor of martial teachings and an instructive model of the performative mode of chivalry.

Anglicisms in German – An Overview with Reference to the Neologismenwörterbuch in the Online-Wortschatz- Informationssystem Deutsch (OWID)

Neologisms indicate linguistic changes in the lexicon. Vocabulary is particularly prone to changes since language communities constantly need new words and phrases to denote new facts or circumstances or they require new expressions for concepts already established. New expressions are often borrowed from other languages. English has had a strong influence on German vocabulary in the last decades. Therefore, German has several English borrowings. These anglicisms differ in their degree of integration into the linguistic system and vary, for instance, with respect to usage, style, and diffusion in the language community. With the help of the Neologismenwörterbuch, it is possible to have an overview of neologisms of English origin in German that integrate different areas of language change.

Differences in the gut microbiota between Gurkhas and soldiers of British origin.

Previous work indicated that the incidence of travellers' diarrhoea (TD) is higher in soldiers of British origin, when compared to soldiers of Nepalese descent (Gurkhas). We hypothesise that the composition of the gut microbiota may be a contributing factor in the risk of developing TD in soldiers of British origin. This study aimed to characterise the gut microbial composition of Gurkha and non-Gurkha soldiers of the British Army. Recruitment of 38 soldiers (n = 22 Gurkhas, n = 16 non-Gurkhas) and subsequent stool collection, enabled shotgun metagenomic sequencing-based analysis of the gut microbiota. The microbiota of Gurkhas had significantly (P < 0.05) lower diversity, for both Shannon and Simpson diversity indices, using species level markers than the gut microbiota of non-Gurkha soldiers. Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) of the Bray-Curtis distance matrix revealed a significant difference in the composition of the gut microbiota between Gurkhas and non-Gurkha soldiers, at both the species level (P = 0.0178) and the genus level (P = 0.0483). We found three genera and eight species that were significantly enriched in the non-Gurkha group and one genus (Haemophilus) and one species (Haemophilus parainfluenzae) which were enriched in the Gurkha group. The difference in the microbiota composition between Gurkha soldiers and soldiers of British origin may contribute to higher colonization resistance against diarrhoeal pathogens in the former group. Our findings may enable further studies into interventions that modulate the gut microbiota of soldiers to prevent TD during deployment.

The Dutch Hermitage Folly (1760-1850) in a European context: Origins, Architecture, and Meaning of the Hermit’s Hut in the Landscape Garden

The phenomenon of a hermitage in a landscape garden has not yet been studied from a transnational historical perspective. In this article we present a European architectural history of the hermitage, paying special attention to Dutch hermitages mentioned in digitised newspapers and other historical sources. The long European history of the hermitage shows that this 18th-century landscape garden folly does not, as is often believed, have an exclusively English origin. The Dutch examples affirm this, although they depart from the standard hermitage narrative in generally being neither royal nor noble. Indeed, they were primarily an urban phenomenon, built predominantly by burghers near cities. As a result, the architecture of the hermit’s hut and its meaning in the landscape garden are different from those in other countries.

USE OF WEB-BASED POETIC DEVICE TOOLS AS A LEARNING MEDIA FOR CREATIVE WRITING OF ENGLISH POETRY

This research is entitled "Use of Web-Based Poetic Device Tools as a Learning Media for Creative Writing of English Poetry" The benefits of this research are both theoretical and practical. Theoretically, this study can be used to learn more about how to teach English poetry and creative writing using Web-Based Poetic Device Tools. Practically, to develop abilities in the use of Web-Based Poetic Device Tools as a medium for original English poem creation. The urgency of the research's findings will be able to expand the use of English poetry tool sites in general E-Learning implementation and can enhance the language industry, particularly innovative English poetry composing. The method of this research is Research and Development used to produce certain products, Models for Creative Writing of English Poetry Using Web-Based Poetic Device Tools and Simulation of the effectiveness of these products. The concept of scientific knowledge of poetry and poetry writing, the recognition and application of the use of web-based online poetic tools, the model, method, and steps of web-based poetic device tools in poetry writing, and English poetry writing simulation are the four findings that will be discussed in detail in the discussion.

Англоязычные заимствования как источник формирования французского молодежного арго

The article considers the significance of English-language borrowings in the development of the French youth argot which plays a crucial role in the non-format system. Members of the specified social group create a particular subculture trying to separate themselves from the representatives of other society strata by means of a specific sociolect, among other things. Using English words, the younger generation of the French assimilates them to create a subjective communication code with the help of word-formation techniques that operate on various language levels. The purpose of the research is to determine the main specific and non-specific mechanisms for the formation of new argotic units based on lexemes of English origin obtained by the continuous sampling method on the basis of linguo-stylistic (selection of vocabulary incorporated into the works by modern French writers and rap song scripts) and lexicological (analysis of scientific articles and argotographic sources) areas. The paper deals with the structure of modern French youth argot. The work gives the characteristics of the argotic functional features determining the variety of ways of word creation that cause linguistic isolation. The conducted analysis resulted in a classification of convergent models of neologization concerning the phonological, morphological and semantic linguistic levels. The relevance of the study of the modern youth sublanguage is explained by its intensive structural transformation, active replenishment and, in this connection, by the desire to analyze the communication environment of this reference group that has significantly expanded due to the Internet popularization and the variety of messengers, to understand its vocabulary repertoire and culture. For that reason we should note the necessity for further complex research of the processes occurring with the obtained non-conventional English-language lexical units in the speech of modern French youth.

Keeping creativity in English education: A review of Creativity in the English Curriculum: Historical Perspectives and Future Directions

AbstractThis article provides a book review of Creativity in the English Curriculum: Historical Perspectives and Future Directions by Lorna Smith. Smith's work provides a robust chronology of how the concept of creativity has evolved across education policy documents since the inception of subject English in the late 19th century to its current state in England's National Curriculum. It also presents aspirational conceptions of child‐centered and humanistic learning that both stem from the origins of subject English and can inform new generations of imaginative English education and research, for which educators and professionals within and adjacent to English education in England and in other national contexts can benefit.

Lee B. Wilson. Bonds of Empire: The English Origins of Slave Law in South Carolina and British Plantation America, 1660–1783.

Lee B. Wilson. <i>Bonds of Empire: The English Origins of Slave Law in South Carolina and British Plantation America, 1660–1783</i>.

Anxiety in response to the climate and environmental crises: validation of the Hogg Eco-Anxiety Scale in Germany.

As the climate and environmental crises unfold, eco-anxiety, defined as anxiety about the crises' devastating consequences for life on earth, affects mental health worldwide. Despite its importance, research on eco-anxiety is currently limited by a lack of validated assessment instruments available in different languages. Recently, Hogg and colleagues proposed a multidimensional approach to assess eco-anxiety. Here, we aim to translate the original English Hogg Eco-Anxiety Scale (HEAS) into German and to assess its reliability and validity in a German sample. Following the TRAPD (translation, review, adjudication, pre-test, documentation) approach, we translated the original English scale into German. In total, 486 participants completed the German HEAS. We used Bayesian confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to assess whether the four-factorial model of the original English version could be replicated in the German sample. Furthermore, associations with a variety of emotional reactions towards the climate crisis, general depression, anxiety, and stress were investigated. The German HEAS was internally consistent (Cronbach's alphas 0.71-0.86) and the Bayesian CFA showed that model fit was best for the four-factorial model, comparable to the factorial structure of the original English scale (affective symptoms, rumination, behavioral symptoms, anxiety about personal impact). Weak to moderate associations were found with negative emotional reactions towards the climate crisis and with general depression, anxiety, and stress. Our results support the original four-factorial model of the scale and indicate that the German HEAS is a reliable and valid scale to assess eco-anxiety in German speaking populations.

Modern terminology of management: Anglicisms as a means of adaptation to new economic realities

The subject of this study is an important part of the latest terminology of the modern management sphere, namely, anglicisms. The purpose of the article is to determine the role of anglicisms as an effective means of adapting participants in management processes in Russia to modern economic conditions. On the example of about 100 business terms of English origin, the article gives a classification of anglicisms according to structure, methods of formation, frequency of use and areas of application in management, provides a decoding of the meanings of individual components of borrowings, which contributes to the best understanding and use of business management terminology by specialists. Anglicisms originally entered the Russian language to denote concepts and phenomena completely new to the Russian reality, their emergence, integration into the vocabulary of the Russian language and active use seem to be an inevitable process that meets the communicative needs of society. Due to their high communicative significance, anglicisms from business sphere have firmly entered the Russian lexicon and are widely used in it.

Syntactic simplification in interpreted English: Dependency distance and direction measures

This study investigates the simplification hypothesis in interpreting, as well as its cognitive implications, by examining features of syntactic dependency in three language varieties: English speech simultaneously interpreted from Chinese, original English speech produced by native speakers (L1 speech), and original English speech produced by non-native speakers (L2 speech). Two measures of the dependency relation, namely dependency distance and dependency direction, are employed to explore the distinction among the three language varieties in terms of their syntactic complexity, amount of cognitive demand, and the typological property of word order. The findings reveal that interpreted speech has the lowest mean dependency distance (MDD), followed by L2 speech and L1 speech, which indicates that interpreted English speech is syntactically more simplified than original English speech. The lowest MDD in interpreted speech is associated with the high cognitive demand in simultaneous interpreting, suggesting that increased cognitive demand in language processing is likely to lead to simplification of the syntactic structure of the linguistic output. Furthermore, dependency direction analysis of the three language varieties indicates that interpreted English tends to be more head-final than L1 English speech, confirming a typological word order distinction between translational and original language.

Utilizing AI questionnaire translations in cross-cultural and intercultural research: Insights and recommendations

In this research paper, we investigated the viability of AI-supported translations of survey materials in intercultural and cross-cultural research, comparing the quality of machine translations to traditional human translations. Focusing on the HEXACO personality inventory, we translated the original English inventory using Google Translate and GPT-3.5 into 33 languages for which validated human translations exist. The statistical similarity between human- and machine-generated translations varied considerably between the target languages. It was highest for target languages from the same language family as the source language, arguably because this relatedness allowed for more direct machine translations. Consistent with this reasoning, the genetic similarity between languages largely explained the differences observed. GPT’s temperature setting determining how stringently or freely a text is translated had little influence on the similarity estimates, but very high levels tended to produce somewhat lower statistical similarity. To validate the quality of the machine translations, a group of social scientists rated the translation in a language for which the human and machine translations statistically converged strongly. Although the human translation was rated as being of higher quality than four out of five machine translations, these differences were relatively small. Crucially, the social scientists did not rate the human translation as significantly better than the GPT 3.5 translation with the lowest temperature setting. Based on these insights, we propose a framework outlining four recommendations for utilizing AI-supported translation in cross-cultural and intercultural research, involving AI to varying degrees in the forward-back translation process.

MOOC-ing around ‘Englishes’ by Thai students: applying the GELT framework

ABSTRACT This study attempted to broaden understanding on the origin and present roles of English and support the notion of Global Englishes (GE) using a tailor-made Massive Open Online Course (MOOC). The designed instructional materials and media such as motion graphics and interview videos were developed to broaden their understanding about the origin and present roles of English and its use in multilingual communities. A one-group pre-test–post-test design was employed to measure students’ attitudes after the MOOC implementation. Seventy-two Thai students were recruited to take the MOOC for 10 weeks. To reach the aims of the study, pre-course and post-course questionnaires, open-ended questions, and a MOOC evaluation questionnaire were employed and analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. The key findings were that most students showed their understanding on the origin and present roles of English and respectful attitudes towards its diversity. A use of the MOOC fully supported their learning and assisted them in acquiring the content knowledge in the MOOC. This study highlights effectiveness of the MOOC utilized as part of classroom practices and its effects on raising awareness of the notion of GE, suggesting the viability of adapting the Global Englishes language teaching (GELT) framework in a local context.