Britain's Export Research Articles

The Bank of England and Parliament were monetarily adroit during the Napoleonic Wars

With the connivance of Parliament, was the Bank of England's over issue of banknotes inflationary? The inflation stemmed from military subsidy and Peninsula campaign payments, as well as food imports, far in excess of Britain's export earnings to cover these capital transfers (particularly when crimped by the Continental Blockade), and not merely from domestic credit over issue. Neither domestic money creation nor the fiscal theory of the price level best explains the imbalance in Britain's international accounts during the Napoleonic Wars. This deficit stemmed from domestic production shortfalls in essentials (above all food production) and contractual obligations such as military spending/subsidies relative to the pound's international purchasing power which emanated from the ability of Britain to sell exports and replace imports with domestic output (raise food production internally). These types of highly inelastic transactions tended to operate independently of domestic money creation, fiscal policy (taxes) or price developments (inflation). This article tracks England's bullion debate, which concerned whether gold prices rose (and hence sterling's exchange rate fell) because military capital transfers overwhelmed the balance of payments, or because the Bank of England over issued paper money after the gold cover was removed in 1797. The issues herein are not antiquated because the primary issues in monetary debates for two centuries have concerned the cause of inflation and deflation, and whether the domestic money supply or the balance of payments is responsible. Determining actual causation is critical for the proper solution: monetary deflation, or domestic and international restructuring of trade and investment.

“Dublin Traitors” or “Gallants of Dublin” The Argentine Newspapers and the Easter Rising

Sir Roger Casement Captured off Irish Coast. This was main headline of front page of Buenos Aires Herald on 25 April. The first article on that page gave detailed information about arrest of the arch-traitor and, at end, a subtitle Capture of Dublin!: Amazing New York Story, under which it was succinctly reported that it was announced that Irish volunteers have captured Dublin and are holding it. The same happened in other Argentine daily newspapers, like La Nacion, La Prensa and The Standard: first news of that key week in Ireland was about former British diplomat and his failed landing of weapons, with a brief reference unconfirmed news about problems in Dublin. The Standard even gave this latter cable title A Stupid Rumour, and added at end: Ed. Note: Our readers will understand this refer insignificant Sinn Feinn [sic] movement described in other cables (p. 13). But during following days news about Casement received less attention: Easter Rising occupied an important place on Argentine newspapers until end of executions of its leaders on 12 May. (1) The next pages will analyse treatment of this news by some Buenos Aires papers: La Prensa, La Nacion, and Critica, which were printed in Spanish; and The Standard, Buenos Aires Herald, and The Southern Cross, published in English. (2) The Argentine newspapers examined By 1916 La Prensa (1869) and La Nacion (1870) had been published for more than forty years and had grown to be among great daily papers of (Murray 1919: 307). They belonged Paz and Mitre (3) families, respectively: in 1916 Jorge Mitre was director of La Nacion, and Ezequiel Paz of La Prensa. More recently, Natalio Botana had founded Critica (1913-1962), an innovative newspaper of sensationalist tones (Beltran 1943: 257-63 and 279; Fernandez 1943: 113-22; De Marco 2006: 310-5 and 319-22). was an important topic in these newspapers. For example, in case of La Prensa, only is all local news fully chronicled, but its correspondents all over world send articles of great literary merit. The letters from London correspondents, Mr. H. Nield and Sr. Ramirez [sic] de Maeztu, show perfect knowledge of all British movements, lengthy articles from pen of latter showing a deep acquaintance with all phases of thought in Great Britain (Pennington 1910: 284). (4) This is not surprising since Argentina in early 20th century has a clear relationship western world. Its ruling classes admired and tried imitate from France its culture, from England economic development, and from Germany its militarism ... In 1914 Third National Population Census was conducted; it reported a total of 7,885,237 inhabitants, of which 2,357,952 (30%) were foreigners, most of them Spaniards and Italians (Ramirez Bacca 2015: 192). The pro-British attitude was related as well fact that [t]here was probably a generally pro-Allied sentiment among Argentine populace (Dehne 2014: 155), which was reflected in its newspapers. Also, it should particularly be remembered that United Kingdom had great influence in Argentina, not only on its economy, but also on its culture and way of life: In 1900 British-owned companies accounted for almost 90 per cent of aggregate railway investment in Argentina and some 15 per cent of Argentina's total capital stock ... By 1913 Argentina alone absorbed almost half of Britain's exports Latin America ... In Argentina ... British and Anglo-Argentinian community, already 5,000-strong in 1830s, had by 1914 expanded 40,000--the largest British community outside Empire. Several thousand lived on pampa and in Patagonia, but majority were concentrated in Buenos Aires ... They were served by two daily newspapers, Standard and Buenos Aires Herald. …

Patriotism, Self-Interest and the ‘Empire Effect’: Britishness and British Decisions to Invest in Canada, 1867–1914

This paper builds on the growing body of literature on the British World, which has shown that people in the dominions had a strong British identity and their claims to Britishness were recognised by people in the British Isles. It attempts to gauge the extent to which this British World identity influenced the global allocation of British capital. Much of the existing literature on British investment in the dominions dismisses the possibility that the pattern in Britain's capital exports was significantly affected by imperial patriotism. This article will suggest that imperial sentiment did indeed influence the destination of British capital exports. Imperialist sentiment influenced the legal and political institutions of the dominions in ways that encouraged British investment. Moreover, imperial ideology may have influenced investors' decisions in ways that the existing historiography does not adequately explore: at least some British investors may have been willing to accept a lower anticipated rate of return because they valued the psychological satisfaction of investing in territories that happened to be part of the British Empire. This article compares the experience of British investment in the United States, which has an ambiguous relationship with the British World, with that of investment in Canada with a view to understanding the impact of the British World identity on investment patterns.

Knowing the shape of demand: Britain's exports of ponchos to the Southern Cone, c. 1810s–70s

British textile exporters have supplied South America since well before the Napoleonic Wars. However, only from the 1810s onwards did British merchants establish houses in the region, quickly mastering the market. As far as the demand for coarse cloaks was concerned, both creoles and natives stuck firmly to ponchos. Because of the intrinsic characteristics of ponchos, local demand led British supply and, in an innovative process of adaptation, British manufacturers exported ponchos on a considerable scale to the markets of southern South America.

No Longer ‘The Best in the World’: The Challenge of Exporting British Television Drama

Within the broader context of globalisation and the transformation of world television markets, this article sets out to address the extent of British drama's international presence, and the factors which either promote or inhibit that presence in Britain's major television export markets in the United States, Western Europe and Australasia. Alongside an examination of recent policy debates, which raised concerns about the exportability of British drama series, this article pinpoints and assesses the culturally specific factors that affect overseas acceptance of British drama. These include the continuing decline of traditional public service channels, the different needs of distinctive nationally based television ecologies, and the growing demand for more locally originated programming. Sales of British drama are stagnant or declining, but alternative export strategies, including coproduction and the export of scripted formats, have had only limited success. Increasingly, Britain's export successes are dominated by programming genres (children's, factual) and entertainment formats, which can be indigenised and adapted by the receiving culture, and in their more ‘universal’ appeal are quite different from the identifiably British detective series, historical and literary-based drama on which Britain's international success was judged in the past.

The Rising Share of British Industrial Exports in Industrial Output, 1700–1851

Ongoing research on British overseas trade does not support supply-side explanations of British industrialization. Contrary to widely publicized views, the share of British industrial exports in alternative measures of industrial output rose almost continuously throughout the period 1723 to 1851. This finding rests on the official values of British domestic exports, and it is confirmed by new annual estimates of Britain's domestic export, and it is confirmed by new annual estimates of Britain's domestic export values at current an constant prices form 1772 to 1821. Further research on prices, and on Britain's strikingly underutilized trade records, may lead to a more balanced perception of supply and demand forces during the Industrial Revolution.

The lion's share: Britain's export performance revisited, 1899–1929

The decline in the British share of world trade from the 1870s onward has been attributed to its failure to shift resources from low to high growth sectors, i.e. those of increasing importance in world trade. This thesis is examined for the period 1899–1929 using detailed data and a new method of constant market shares analysis. The results indicate that neither the adaptability of Britain's export sector nor the commodity or country pattern of world trade was working against it to a degree sufficient to account for most of its loss of share in world trade. Instead, the British loss of market share in its traditional exports to its traditional markets explains the overwhelming proportion of the decline.

Britain Exports Advanced Technology to Japan

VICKERS Design and Projects have just completed one of their most prestigious contracts so far. Prestigious, both for the technology and the client. The techology used for this Aircraft Tyre and Brake Test Facility is the most advanced in the field incorporating three new patented features. The client was Japanese, the prominent international tyre manufacturer, “Bridgestone Corporation”.

The Export White Paper, 10 September, 1941

Britain fought two battles for survival during the Second World War: one was the conventional military struggle, the other was an economic one. The damage suffered by the British economy because of the war was enormous. Many of the destructive elements are well known but there were also less obvious ways in which the country's future economic prospects were damaged. Britain liquidated over $1.5 billion of her overseas assets for the war effort during 1940-I, thus losing future revenue which would have helped with her postwar balance of payments difficulties. By December 1940 her reserves were virtually exhausted and she was accumulating new liabilities at a frightening rate. In December 1941 they stood at $3 billion.2 Such depletions of, and burdens upon the economy were difficult enough to countenance in themselves, but when combined with the changes the war wrought upon Britain's international trade then the economic outlook became almost unbearably bleak. Britain's export trade declined by over 50 per cent during the war. For a nation whose prosperity, indeed very existence, depended upon trade this was a disaster of gigantic proportions. The British Government's main obsession during the war, military issues apart, was with Britain's prospective postwar balance of payments problem. This article is not concerned with how this was eventually solved, but with one aspect of how it came about: the Export, or Eden, White Paper of Io September 1941.3

The Machine Tool Industry in Britain, Germany and the United States

This article examines the problems of the machine tool industry in Britain by contrasting its performance and structure with the corresponding industry in Germany and the United States. The industry is one in which Britain's productivity, export performance and technology have lagged behind Germany and the United States since before the Second World War; these aspects are discussed in the first half of the article. The latter half considers how Britain's deficiencies in technical skills have affected the machine tool industry; the engineering industries as a whole are of course affected in varying degrees by similar factors.

An alternative to ‘boarding out’

Company executives posted overseas for more than a year are usually accompanied by their wives. Which raises the problem of schooling for their children. Traditionally, these expatriates — them‐selves the product of boarding schools — chose the same course for their children. But as more State‐educated men join Britain's exports of skills, boarding out is proving less acceptable. Monica Porter reports on the work of one organisation offering the chance for families to remain together.

GETTING ON TOP DOWN UNDER

Competition from the Far East has drastically eroded Britain's export outlets in Australia. But sales successes at two recent trade exhibitions demonstrate that there is still a demand for British products, despite the geographical barrier.

WHILE THE POUND IS ON A SEE SAW, TRADE IS ON THE SLIDE

As the value of sterling goes down, so Britain's exports become more competitive — or at least that's the reasoning favoured by the politicians. But a devalued pound has other, more damaging, effects, as Ken Gooding reports.

PORT IN A STORM

Britain's exports are threatened by another London dock strike. Dockers who last stopped work in April are angered by what they regard as further delay in legislative plans to give them the right to pack and unpack containers, and their former leader, Jack Dash, steps out of retirement to deliver the warning: “This time, the issue will be settled once and for all.” In this background account of the dispute, Derek Coomber — Editor of Freighting World — tells of labour‐management intransigence and Government inertia.

Government aid to Britain's export drive

Examines Britain's export intelligence, starting with Board of Trade's evaluation of the world market for a new product. Questions the Board of Trade's split in responsibility between its home duties and those of the diplomatic service aboard and the effect this has on interpretation of results. Suggests that a single authority to promote exports is essential, as too a proper career structure to promote efficient advisory services.

The Export of Ideas to Africa

Some time ago I became involved in one of Britain's minor export industries, the G.C.E. Advanced Level examinations (overseas). A minor industry in terms of economic return, but a major one in terms of the export of ideas, and it is with the actual concepts that are exported that I wish to concern myself. It may be as well to declare the limitations of my sample—about 800 scripts from Ghana and Nigeria over the last two years—and to make it perfectly plain that the defects I attempt to demonstrate in the students' understanding of British politics stem from British and not African errors.

The Economic Situation

This article discusses the world economy first, and attempts some forecast of movements in world production and trade between now and the middle of next year. Some assumption has to be made about the international political situation. We have assumed that the tension will not be heightened again and that consequently the effect on the world economy will not be substantial. If the tension were to be revived, then presumably Government expenditure on defence would rise, and there might be a burst of stock-building: the world prospect in general would be more inflationary than the one we outline below.From this world picture, and from an analysis of Britain's competitive position, a view is deduced about Britain's exports and her balance of payments up to the middle of next year. The second section discusses how much expansion there is likely to be in the home economy, on present policies, between now and the middle of next year.

Britain's Export Trade with Canada

Britain's Export Trade with Canada

Britain's Export Trade with Canada. Canadian Studies in Economics.

Journal Article Britain’s Export Trade with Canada. Canadian Studies in Economics Get access Britain’s Export Trade with Canada. Canadian Studies in Economics: No. 12. By G. L. Reuber. (Toronto: Toronto University Press. (London: Oxford University Press), 1961. Pp. xii + 147. 28s.) Angus Maddison Angus Maddison O.E.C.D., Paris Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 72, Issue 286, 1 June 1962, Pages 393–396, https://doi.org/10.2307/2228686 Published: 01 June 1962

Book Review: Britain's Export Trade with Canada

Book Review: Britain's Export Trade with Canada