Briquette Ash Research Articles

Pengaruh Penggunaan Limbah Abu Arang Briket Dan Serbuk Batu Bata Merah Sebagai Pengganti Sebagian Semen

Concrete is defined as a mixture of its constituent materials consisting of hydraulic material (Portland Cement), coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and water, with or without the use of added materials (admixture or additives). Cement production produces waste that is harmful to the environment. Utilizing charcoal briquette ash waste and red brick powder waste is an alternative. In this study, 12 cylindrical test objects were used (15 cm x 30 cm) with the use of red brick powder and charcoal briquette ash as a partial replacement for cement plus 3 pieces of normal concrete of the same size without the use of partial cement replacement materials. Percentage of partial replacement of cement with red brick powder 2% briquetted charcoal ash 6% (BB2A6), red brick powder 2% briquetted charcoal ash 9% (BB2A9), red brick powder 2% briquetted charcoal ash 12% (BB2A12), and red brick powder 2% charcoal briquette ash 15% (BB2A15) to the weight of cement. From the research, the effect of using variations of 2% red brick powder and 6% charcoal briquette ash is the variation that has the largest average compressive strength value of 14.29 MPa of all variation.

Optimization of phosphorus adsorption on honeycomb briquette ash by application of response surface methodology

Honeycomb coal ash was selected as phosphorus adsorbent to explore the influence of different factors on phosphorus adsorption performance for phosphorus containing wastewater. The structural, physical and chemical properties of coal ash were determined by SEM, BET and XRF analysis methods. The response surface methodology (RSM) was applied for experimental design of phosphorus adsorbent. The effect of five independent variables including initial concentration of phosphorus, coal ash dosage, coal ash particle size, adsorption time and pH on the phosphorus removal efficiency (R (%)) was studied in the ranges of 5–7 mg/L, 6–10 g, 180–220 mesh, 20–30 min and 6.12–6.92 respectively. 46 runs of experiments were designed by the Design-Expert software. The optimum conditions for initial concentration of phosphorus, coal ash dosage, coal ash particle size, adsorption time and pH were found as 6.34 mg/L, 8.17 g, 207.97 mesh, 23.33 min and 6.64, respectively. At these conditions, removal efficiency and desirability function were found to be 96% and 1.000, respectively. The results of kinetic model reveals that the adsorption process conforms to Pseudo-first-order kinetics Equation (R2 =0.9991). The briquette ash has a good application prospect for the actual treatment of phosphorus containing wastewater, which provides a certain treatment strategy for the restoration of damaged water environment.

Production of Fuel Briquettes from a Blend of Corncob and Rice Husk

The main subjects of this study were the production of briquettes made from a mixture of corncob and rice husk. The calorific value of the manufactured briquettes and proximal and ultimate analyses were used to evaluate their combustion characteristics. The manufactured fuel briquette's ash, moisture, volatile matter, and fixed carbon content varied from 2.99 to 14.28, 4.24 to 14.99, 59.7 to 71.39, and 9.50 to 21.38, respectively. Its calorific value ranges from 11.98 to 15.55 MJ/kg. The maximum compressed density (2.1 g/cm3), relaxed density (0.82 g/cm3), shattering index (99.53%), and water resistance capacity (11.9 minutes) were found in maize cob briquettes with 0.2 mm particle size. Briquettes made from a mixture of rice husk and corn cob can be used as a source of cooking fuel and in small businesses like bakeries. Keywords: Agricultural waste, fuel briquettes, corncob, rice husk

Occupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica in municipal household waste collection and road cleaning workers

Despite the increase in the number of cases among South Korean sanitation workers, lung cancer as a result of exposure to occupational carcinogen has not been sufficiently investigated. This study aimed to identify exposure levels of sanitation workers to respirable crystalline silica (RCS) for various tasks and factors that affect individual RCS exposure. Exposure to RCS was assessed for 90 sanitation workers from seven companies. The obtained geometric mean value of the RCS was 2.6 µg m–3, which is a similar level to recommendations set by California’s Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment's Recommended Exposure Limit. Meanwhile, coal briquette ash (CBA) collectors exhibited the highest RCS concentration (24 µg m–3), followed by road cleaning workers who used a blower, municipal household waste collectors, sweepers, and drivers (p < 0.05). Additionally, when the ANOVA was conducted, statistically significant differences were observed in RCS concentrations among various factors such as job task, season, employment type and city scale. Our study confirmed that sanitation workers who work outdoors could be exposed to RCS. Due to the possibility of exposure to high RCS concentrations, special attention should be paid to the collection of used CBA and road cleaning involving the use of a blower.

Characterization of Biogas Digestate for Solid Biofuel Production in Uganda

In this study, suitability of digestate from anaerobic digestion of cow dung, pig dung, and human waste feedstock as a solid fuel for thermal applications was investigated. The digestate was obtained at different retention times from laboratory scale and household digesters and later characterized. Carbonized briquettes were produced from the digestate followed by their physico-chemical characterization and assessment for combustion and mechanical properties. Results of the proximate analysis of the digestate were: moisture content (6.1 to 18.3%), volatile matter (27.9 to 47.7%), ash (15.0 to 48.9%), and fixed carbon (9.1 to 17.1%). The ultimate analysis results for the digestate were: carbon (19.5%), hydrogen (3.3%), oxygen (20.8%), and nitrogen (7.0%). The developed briquettes showed a moisture content, volatile matter, ash, and fixed carbon in the range of 3.7 to 8.9%, 9.9 to 21.5%, 45.6 to 76.4%, and 8.2 to 22.8%, respectively. Their ultimate analysis results were: carbon (21.1%), hydrogen (1.3%), oxygen (1.8%), and nitrogen (1.9%). The briquette combustion properties revealed an ignition time, burning rate, and water boiling time of 5.35 seconds, 0.16 g/min, 31.1 minutes, respectively with higher and lower heating values of 14.87 and 7.88 MJ/kg, respectively. The briquette ash compounds were sodium 1718.5 ppm, potassium 20017.8 ppm, copper 6.12 ppm, cadmium 1.22 ppm, and lead 25.6 ppm. TGA/ DTG analysis indicated high mass loss rates at 105°C and maximum energy release between 600 and 900°C. The mechanical compressive strength was between 19 and 50 MPa, with bulk density between 1.82 and 2.02 g/cm3. Thus, the briquettes from the biogas digestate demonstrate potential for domestic thermal applications in Uganda.

Sulfur fixation characteristics of single coal briquette particle during the process of combustion in different atmospheres

Fixing sulfur in ash is an important way to reduce SO2 emission from coal combustion. The main purpose of the research is to investigate the transformations of sulfur-bearing minerals and the reaction processes of sulfur fixation in different atmospheres and temperature ranges so as to provide new data for research in sulfur fixation mechanism. As a part of this research, the radial distribution of sulfur fixation products in the combustion process of single coal briquette was studied. It is found that CaSO4 and CaS as sulfur fixation products were formed. CaSO4 distributed in outer layer of coal briquette ash ball, and CaS was in inner layer of ash ball. The results indicated that combustion atmosphere can considerably affect the formation of sulfur fixation products. Furthermore, the main sulfur-containing mineral pyrite (FeS2) in coal and CaO were selected to explain the mechanism of sulfur fixation in different atmospheres. The transformations and thermal behaviors of FeS2 and mixture of FeS2 and CaO in oxygen-containing atmosphere and inert atmosphere were studied by means of X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. In oxygen-containing atmosphere, FeS2 was decomposed to F1-xS and S2(g) above 390.34 °C, F1-xS was further oxidized to Fe2O3 and SO2, and then SO2 reacted with CaO and O2 to form CaSO4. In oxygen-free atmosphere, FeS2 was decomposed to Fe1-xS and S2(g) above 408.75 °C, CaO reacted with Fe1-xS to form CaS above 847.48 °C. It can be concluded that atmosphere condition affected the sulfur fixation processes, the evolution of sulfur was FeS2→Fe1-xS→SO2→CaSO4 in oxygen atmosphere, FeS2→Fe1-xS→CaS in argon atmosphere in the processes of sulfur fixation.

Production and characterization of smokeless bio-coal briquettes incorporating plastic waste materials

Abstract Sub-bituminous coal from Okaba mine in Kogi State, Nigeria and locally available plastic and bio-waste materials (used sachet water bags, polythene bags, saw dust and maize husk) were partially carbonized, pulverized and used in varying proportions with limestone dust, cassava flour and laterite as binders for the production of solid fuel briquettes. The briquettes were characterized by testing for porosity index, briquette density, compressive strength, ignition and heating efficiency, volatile matter, calorific value, moisture and ash contents using ASTM and DIN standards. The gross calorific values of the briquettes were determined and their fuel properties of burning rate, power output and specific fuel consumption were as well measured. The briquette ash was analysed by X-ray florescence spectrometry (XRF). However, all the briquette ash samples were found to remain intact as a block without collapse after burning. Results of the briquette characterization showed that the briquettes produced with the compositions: 20–70% coal, 2–8% limestone, 10% plastic waste, 2.5–10% cassava flour and 10–60% biomass were of medium to high quality in terms of burning and cooking characteristics, smokelessness, environmental friendliness, binding and mechanical strength. These characteristics suggest that the briquettes produced are good alternative to fuel wood for out-door and in-door cooking and for mitigation of deforestation, desertification and environmental pollution and degradation. Recycling of the plastic wastes into refuse-derived fuel by incorporation in the production of these bio-coal briquettes shows great promise and could be considered as part of waste management options especially in the developing countries.

Strategy to control indoor temperature for redevelopment of slum dwellings

The present paper focuses on developing a strategy to control the indoor temperature in slum dwellings under redevelopment. The proposed framework aims at improving the building planning and appropriate selection of construction materials along with controlled cost with respect to currently adopted practices. The proposed strategy is elaborated with a case study in Nagpur, India. A single storey, four-room model was planned as per the National Building Code of India. The performance of the model building was evaluated by using energy simulation software TRNSYS. The cellular light-weight bricks used in the construction were made with bio briquette ash (BBA), which is a locally available waste material. Instead of using the conventional reinforced cement concrete (RCC) roof, aluminium and sawdust were suggested as a reflecting-cum-insulating material. To improve the temperature control in model homes, installation of a reflecting-cum-insulating material was conducted, consisting of aluminium and sawdust, over the conventional RCC roof. The model building constructed with these new materials was compared with that built with conventional fly ash bricks and RCC roof. Results show that the proposed model building improved the efficiency of indoor temperature control by 23% and, at the same time, reduced the cost by 13%. The present concept will contribute to the redevelopment of slum dwellings to deliver cost-effective dwelling units that provide occupants with acceptable thermal comfort.

Investigation of Maize Straw Char Briquette Ash Fusion Characteristics and the Influence of Phosphorus Additives

The purpose of this paper is to explore the fuel and ash characteristics of maize straw (MS) char briquettes. The biochar briquettes were made from different pyrolysis temperatures and additives. The pyrolysis and combustion processes were performed in a fixed-bed furnace system. Ash fusion temperatures were tested in an ash fusion point analyzer. Pyrolysis product properties under different pretreatments were analyzed by a combination of X-ray powder diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray fluorescence. The high fusion tendency of MS char was observed thorough ash fusion indexes. The softening temperature decreased with a deduced base to acid and an elevated pyrolysis temperature. Aromatization became obvious in a high-temperature pyrolysis product. KH2PO4 and Ca(PO3)2 were detected in MS ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and MS calcium phosphate monobasic, accompanied by the decreasing intensity of KCl. Phosphorus g...

Effect of Capillary Barrier on Soil Salinity and Corn Growth at Saemangeum Reclaimed Tidal Land

Salt accumulation at soil surface is one of the most detrimental factors for crop production in reclaimed tidal land. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of capillary barriers beneath the soil surface on dynamics of soil salts at coarse-textured reclaimed tidal land. A field experiment was conducted at Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land for two years (2012-2013). Capillary barriers (3.5x12 m) were treated with crushed-stone, oyster shell waste, coal briquette ash, coal bottom ash, rice hull and woodchip at 40-60 cm depth from soil surface. Silage corn (Zea mays) was cultivated during the experimental period and soil salinity was monitored periodically. Soil salinity was significantly reduced with capillary barrier compared to that of control. Oyster shell waste was one of the most effective capillary barrier materials to control soil salinity at Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land. At the first growing season capillary barrier did not influence on corn growth regardless of types of the material, but plant biomass and withering rate of corn were significantly improved with capillary barrier at the second growing season. The results of this study showed that capillary barrier was effective on the control of soil salinity and improvement of corn growth, which indicated that capillary barrier treatment can be considered one of the best management practices for stable crop production at Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land.

특허와 논문으로 본 석탄 연소부산물의 지오폴리머 원료화 기술 동향

화력발전소 석탄재는 2010년을 기준으로 약 850만톤, 연탄재는 약 74만톤 배출된다. 이는 대량 재활용되지 않아 경제적, 환경적으로 부담이 되고 있는 실정이므로, 석탄 연소부산물의 자원화기술개발이 시급하다. 석탄 연소부산물을 균질하게 가공하는 분쇄 및 선별 등의 자원처리기술을 적용하고, 석탄 연소부산물의 품질을 관리하여, 비소성 그린시멘트인 지오폴리머의 원료로 재활용하고자 본 연구에서는 석탄 연소부산물의 지오폴리머 원료화 기술에 대한 특허와 논문을 분석하였다. 분석범위는 1979년 ~ 2013년까지의 미국, 유럽연합, 일본, 한국의 등록/공개된 특허와 SCI 논문으로 제한하였다. 특허와 논문은 키워드를 사용하여 수집하였으며, 기술의 정의에 의해 필터링하였다. 특허와 논문의 동향은 연도, 국가, 기업, 기술 등에 따라 분석하여 고찰하였다. Approximately 8.5 million tons of fly ash and 740,000 tons of briquette ash were produced in 2010. Inefficient recycling of coal ash has been a heavy economic and environmental burden and economical coal ash utilization technologies are required to turn coal ash into valuable resources. In this study the patents and literature were analyzed to understand the present situation of coal ash recycling technologies and to promote utilization of coal ash for producing a non-sintering green cement, geopolymer. The survey was based on the open patents of USA, European Union, Japan and Korea, and the papers in SCI - indexed journals published between 1979 and 2013. Technical key words were used for data collection and noise filtering. Trends of recycling technologies in utilization of coal ash for producing geopolymers were discussed in terms of time periods, countries, companies and various forms of technologies.

Effect of refractory agent on ash fusibility temperatures of briquette

To solve the problem of the low ash fusion point of briquette, this paper reported that the ash fusibility temperatures can be elevated by changing ash ingredients through blending refractory agents in briquette ash, which will create favorable conditions for moving bed continuous gasification of briquette with oxygen-rich air. The effects of Al2O3, SiO2, kaolin, dry powder and bentonite on ash fusibility temperatures were studied, based upon the relationship between briquette ash components and ash fusibility. The results show that the increasing of ash fusibility temperatures by adding the same amount (11%, w) of refractory agents follows the sequence of SiO2, bentonite, dry powder, kaolin, Al2O3, with the softening temperatures being elevated by 37.2, 57.6, 60.4, 82.6 and 104.4 °. With the same ratio of SiO2/Al2O3 in briquette, adding the Al2O3 component is more effective than SiO2 for raising ash fusibility temperatures. In this paper, inexpensive kaolin and bentonite rich in Al2O3 are found to be better refractory agents, and the suitable adding quantities are 9% and 11%, respectively.

Study on Adsorption Treatment of Phosphate Wastewater by Briquette Ash

This paper studies the effects of reaction time, temperature, initial concentration of phosphate, pH and organic matter concentration on the adsorbent of briquette ash to phosphate. The results indicate that the briquette ash shows many cavities. The isothermal adsorption process of phosphate on briquette ash can be fitted by Langmuir equations with high correlation coefficient, the maximal adsorption amount is 1250mg·kg-1 according to Langmuir equations. The adsorption amount increases as pH increases in the condition of acidity but decrease in alkalescency, the small molecule organic could reatrain the adsorption of phosphate but strengthen the release of saturation phosphate of briquette ash. The adsorption can be influenced by the adsorbent amount, the unit adsorption amount increases and then decreases slowly.

Unburned carbon removal effect on compressive strength development in a honeycomb briquette ash-based geopolymer

The potential of honeycomb briquette ash as a new source material for the manufacture of geopolymers was examined. The successful geopolymerization of honeycomb briquette ash was attained by means of NaOH treatment. The concentrations of the major and minor elements of honeycomb briquette ash are in the normal range of the chemical composition of fly ash and appropriate for the synthesis of geopolymers. Honeycomb briquette ash contains 9.88 wt.% unburned carbon, however, all but 0.04% of the unburned carbon was removed in clean ash by means of a froth flotation process. The development of the compressive strength of the geopolymer bodies is affected by the unburned carbon content, the molar concentration of the NaOH solution, the curing temperature, and the curing time. With a few exceptions, a high compressive strength was achieved for the unburned carbon-free ash-based geopolymer bodies regardless of the curing temperature and the curing time. A geopolymer body was prepared by the dissolution of unburned carbon-free ash in 12 M of NaOH solution and curing at 80 °C for 7 days. Under these conditions, the compressive strength of the geopolymer body increased to 65.63 MPa. This value is almost double the highest value of a geopolymer body, prepared by the dissolution of as-received ash in 12 M of NaOH solution and curing at 80 °C for 28 days. In conclusion, unburned carbon-free honeycomb briquette ash could be an alternative to Portland cement as a prospective cementitious material.

The Compressive Strength Development of Briquette Ash byAlkali Activated Reaction

Non-sintering cement was manufactured with briquette ash. Alkali activator for compression bodies used a NaOH solution. In order to apply alkali-activated briquette ash and the non-sintering cement to concrete, several experimental studies were performed. It was necessary to study the binder obtained by means of a substitute for the cement. This study concentrated on strength development according to the concentration of NaOH solution, the curing temperature, and the curing time. The highest compressive strength of compression bodies appeared as 353 kgf/cm cured at 80C for 28 days. This result indicates that a higher curing temperature is needed to get a higher strength body. Also, geopolymerization was examined by SEM and XRD analysis after the curing of compression bodies. According to SEM and XRD, the main reaction product in the alkali activated briquette ash is aluminosilicate crystal.

中国農村地域のバイオブリケット利用システムの構築

The alkali soil and pollution of SO2 in China were analyzed in this paper. Biomass and coal mixed briquette was suggested to control SO2 emission from domestic coal combustion. The effect of biomass and coal mixed briquette ash on alkali soil modification and yield of crop was discussed. It was concluded that building a production and utilization system of biomass and coal mixed briquette can reduce the difference between city and country in China and partly solve the excess labor force in Chinese countries, which is favorable for even development of China.

96/01524 Synthesis and physico-chemical characteristics of the zeolites from waste anthracite briquette ash and fly ash

96/01524 Synthesis and physico-chemical characteristics of the zeolites from waste anthracite briquette ash and fly ash

The role of ashes and sodium bicarbonate in a simulated meat product from chikanda tuber ( Satyria siva)

The role of ash water filtrates and sodium bicarbonate in preparing a chikanda product was evaluated. Chikanda is eaten by a majority of Zambians in the form of snacks and as a complementary food to starchy preparations. Banana leaves, bean stalks and leaves, groundnut shells, charcoal and coal briquettes were used in preparing ashes. These were analysed for ash, pH, alkalinity and mineral content using standard references methods. The ash contents of these raw materials ranged from 2.3 to 6.8% except for coal briquettes (18.8%) with much of coal briquette ash being silica (9.1%). The alkalinity and pH values of the ashes for the four raw materials were high, 62.6–95.6% and 11.0–12.0, respectively. The ashes were generally found to be rich in mineral nutrients with groundnut shells having the highest amounts of sodium (88 ppm), potassium (2785 ppm), iron (187 ppm), iodine (8800 ppm) and phosphorus (6.8%). Ash from banana leaves gave high levels of calcium (7296 ppm) and magnesium (2364 ppm). The functions of ash water filtrates and sodium bicarbonate in chikanda simulated meat products are probably to supplement mineral nutrients and to contribute to a soapy taste and firmness.

Cement based stabilization/solidification of organic contaminated hazardous wastes using Na‐bentonite and silica‐fume

Abstract Cement‐based stabilization/solidification of hazardous wastes containing heavy metal and organic has been investigated using chrome tanning waste. This work investigated the use of bentonite and briquette ash as adsorbents for the organic components and heavy metals of industrial wastes, and silica‐fume as an admixture to improve the solidified wastes with cement. Chrome tanning wastes containing up to 1.5% organic carbon and 1.2% chromium were treated with sodium montmorilonite (bentonite) and briquette ash. Organic components and heavy metal of wastes were well adsorbed by the adsorbents. Solidification of the waste/clay/silica‐fume mixes produced a monolithic mass with high strength and very low leaching of the organic compounds and the metals. This study has shown that bentonite and briquette ash could be successful adsorbents for the organic contaminant and heavy metals in industrial wastes and enabled them to be treated by cement‐based solidification. Also the use of silica‐fume to get high...