Brinell Hardness Test Research Articles

Improved Hydrocarbon Recovery Using Mixtures of Energizing Chemicals in Unconventional Reservoirs

Summary The objective of this work is to design and evaluate an effective blend of chemicals that can be injected into shale (black oil or critical fluid) reservoirs to enhance hydrocarbon recovery. The blend can be implemented as a prepad fluid ahead of hydraulic–fracturing fluid or as a remedial fluid later in the life of a well. A chemical blend (CB) consisting of an organic solvent (OS), a surfactant, and an oxidizing agent (OA) (in conjunction with an acid) was designed, developed, and tested in the laboratory on crushed rocks, core plugs, and fractured cores to evaluate the interactions of the chemicals with the shale samples. Microcomputed–tomography (micro–CT) scanning, scanning electron microscopy, and Brinell hardness tests were used to evaluate surface changes in the shales. The results of laboratory experiments demonstrate that the CB extracts up to 30% of mobile oil in crushed rocks and improves permeability by 25 to 100% in thin core plugs. Some of the mechanisms that might support the CB application are as follows: (1) pressurization of the formation and reopening of the closed fractures, thus improving well productivity; (2) extraction and mobilization of low–mobility oil, remnants of the original kerogen, removal of deposited salt, and trapped water in matrix and fracture network that impedes fluid flow; (3) creation of pathways to high–pressure liquid–rich small organic pores, where hydrocarbon liquids are trapped, adsorbed, and dissolved in the kerogen; (4) creation of flow pathways for the intrusion of aqueous–based fluids in oil–wet organic–rich rocks with wettability alteration to accelerate the injection, countercurrent imbibition, and osmotic processes; and (5) enhancement of porosity and permeability of fracture surfaces by the introduction of a delayed reaction mechanism to deliver acids deeper into the microfracture network without compromising rock mechanical properties. The presence of sulfate ions in the OA did not contribute to any noticeable scale deposit while delaying the reactivity of acid with inorganic components of shale surfaces. Several field trials have been conducted successfully in the Eagle Ford (EF) Formation.

Mechanical and Structural Comparison of AZ31 and AZ61 Magnesium Alloys Along with Deep Drawing Capabilities

In the world of advance development, rapid growth for any nation, country or individual is a must thing to have. There are several studies and researches that have put forward to us, not only revolutionized the human society but also helped us to live a better life in a better way. This study focusses on a similar track to analyze the characteristics of magnesium alloys; known for its high weight to strength ratio, so that it could replace; at time; extensively used materials i.e. steel and aluminum. The magnesium alloy has several advantages over steel and aluminum i.e. due to its low density, its weight is quite low, which is the reason that it is extensively used in aerospace and outer space application. Studies suggests that Low weight allows system to consume lesser fuel as compare to the normal ones. Along with it, inspite of having lesser density it doesn’t compromises its mechanical strength and provide high weight to strength ratio; which makes it more suitable for structural and automotive applications. However, inspite of having such tremendous advantages, there are some drawbacks which leads to its minimum usage as compare to both the materials. Magnesium alloys have low ductility, however, it can be enhanced to certain level by several methods to make it cope with real world industrial, commercial and residential applications. This study focusses on analyzing the mechanical and structural characteristics of two grades of magnesium alloy i.e. AZ31 and AZ61. The conclusion has been made by carrying out different mechanical tests i.e. tensile testing, Brinell hardness testing, torsion testing and cupping testing. After conducting these tests this was concluded that AZ31 and AZ61 are a good replacement for aluminium as it has a poison’s ration of 0.4 and 0.24 respectively.

Mechanical and corrosion performance of multilayer ceramic coatings deposited on an austenitic stainless steel using plasma spray

This research investigated consecutive multilayer thermal barrier coatings, including \(\hbox {Ni}_{3}\hbox {Al}\)–\(\hbox {Al}_{2}\hbox {O}_{3}\)–\(\hbox {Al}_{2}\hbox {O}_{3}/\hbox {MgO}\), produced by plasma spray with outer layer thicknesses of 50, 100 and \(150\,\upmu \hbox {m}\) deposited on an AISI 316 stainless steel. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Rockwell-B hardness measurements, pin-on-disk wear test and potentiodynamic polarization test were performed to evaluate the specimens. The results revealed that the structure of the produced coatings was completely crystalline. An increase in the coating thickness formed a smooth surface and a low degree of roughness and promoted grain growth. According to the Hall–Petch equation, the degree of hardness decreased from 99 to 92 HRB, and the friction coefficient decreased from 1.25 to 0.6 because of low surface roughness. An adherence test performed with a Brinell hardness test showed that an increase in the layer thickness improved the coating adherence coefficient (\(\hbox {d}p/\hbox {d}r\)) from 0.083 to \(0.118\,\hbox {kg}\,\upmu \hbox {m}^{-1}\). The corrosion test results indicated that the increase in the coating thickness caused a decrease in corrosion current density from 1.1 to \(0.008\,\hbox {mA}\, \hbox {cm}^{-2}\).

Rockwell Hardness Testing of Pure Nickel Collimators for BNCT Application

In this study, Rockwell and Brinell hardness testing was used to examine material hardness. These methods were chosen because they are easy to carry out, relatively inexpensive, and almost all sizes and shapes can be tested, in which nickel hardness before and after centrifugal casting are identified and compared. These tests enable the determination of the hardness numbers of nickel collimators using for boron neutron capture therapy. The samples were five nickel plates with a dimension of 4.5 × 4.5 cm and five collimators. The collimators were cylindrical and made using centrifugal casting. The basic principle of the hardness test was to apply loading on the object being tested. The Rockwell test was used to assess the material's hardness from the difference of indentation depth, while the Brinell test was used to determine the hardness from the diameter of indentation. From the results of this test, the hardness number of nickel before centrifugal casting is 168.53 BHN or 86.13 HRB, while the hardness number after centrifugal casting is 115.68 BHN or 64.84 HRB. It can therefore be concluded that centrifugal casting decreased nickel hardness.

Reliability Analysis of Brinell Hardness Results for Aged Alumix321/SiC Composites

Aluminum/SiC composites are widely employed in the automotive industry. Aluminum composites can be produced by hot pressing which forms a final product with a low porosity level and a denser structure. Homogeneous distribution of reinforcement particles, the level of porosity, and heat treatment not only affect the mechanical properties of the composites but also the reliability of their mechanical test results. In this study, Brinell hardness test reliability analyses of the hot-pressed Alumix321/SiC composites were carried out. The effects of increasing SiC amount and aging treatment on the reliability of hardness test results were discussed. Reliability analysis revealed that the aging treatment and increasing amount of SiC reinforcement decreased the reliability of the hardness test results. The reason for this was researched and resulting cases were discussed.

Numerical-Experimental Model and Polynomial Regression Method for Interpretation of G-BHN Relation of Kraft-Based Fibrous Composites Evaluated by Using Brinell Analysis

This research focused on the mathematical model that could be simplified as the series function. This function used for macroscopic explanation of the relationship between shear modulus and Brinell hardness of fibrous composites. Kraft paper was used as the sample for this testing. The paper-grammage was varied as following:150, 230, and 420, whereas, the dwell time of indentation was ranging as: 10, 20, and 30 seconds, respectively. And then, the correlation between shear modulus (G) and Brinell Hardness Number (BHN) was obtained by using the simulation of experimental results. These were collected by the Brinell hardness testing machine. After that, the refitting process was analyzed using the polynomial based on linear and quadratic model, respectively. It was found that the interpretation of G-BHN relation using the quadratic be better than the linear one. Because of the coefficient of determination (R2) that analyzed by quadratic function present in higher value than another one.

The mechanical properties of composite materials recycled from waste metallic chips under different pressures

The purpose of this study is to produce composite materials by utilizing the waste metallic chips. In this context, the metal matrix composite materials (MMCs) were produced at different production pressures and the effects of the different pressures on mechanical properties of MMCs were investigated. In the present investigation, spheroidal graphite cast iron (GGG-40) was used as reinforcement material in bronze (CuSn10) matrix system. The MMCs were produced by hot press with 20 wt% GGG-40 reinforcement ratio. The total time required for the production of one specimen was selected as 25 min and temperature was settled at 400 °C. In order to determine mechanical properties and consolidation mechanism of MMCs, Brinell and micro-Vickers hardness, porosity, compression and X-ray diffraction tests were conducted. In addition, microstructure views were examined to determine the consolidation quality of metallic chips. According to experimental results, it was observed that waste metallic chips can be successfully recycled into MMC final parts with approximately 40% porosity and almost 100% strength and 150% hardness with respect to bulk CuSn10 materials. Most of the presented studies in the literature present information about properties of MMCs fabricated by conventional production methods. However, no available data are found about the recycling of bronze-based MMCs which make this study more original. It is also shown in this study that waste metallic chips can be utilized by proposed recycling methodology, which is environmentally friendly in comparison with conventional recycling methods producing harmful gases for earth atmosphere.

The effect of La2O3 addition on intermetallic-free aluminium matrix composites reinforced with TiC and Al2O3 ceramic particles

Abstract In this work, intermetallic-free aluminium matrix composites reinforced with TiC and Al2O3 ceramic particles were successfully prepared via an in situ reaction of Al-Ti-C-CuO-La2O3 during self-propagating high-temperature synthesis. The effect of adding the rare earth metal oxide La2O3 was studied by using differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy and Brinell hardness tests. The results showed that La2O3 could promote the wettability of the C and Al melt in the Al-Ti-C-CuO system. The final products of the in situ reaction for the 2.5Al-1Ti-1.2C-0.5CuO-0.005La2O3 system were TiC particles and Al2O3 particles, and the system was free of intermetallic compounds. The prepared aluminium matrix composites were greatly refined with an average grain size of 20.6 μm. The intermetallic-free aluminium matrix composites reinforced with TiC and Al2O3 particles showed up to two times higher Brinell hardness value than the matrix 6063 aluminium alloy.

Effect of Die Pressure and Injection Speed on Rheo-Die Casting of A356-SiC Composite

In this study, effect of die pressure and injection speed on hardness and microstructure in rheo-die casting of A356-SiC composite was investigated. The master A356-SiC composite was first produced by the mechanically stirred casting. SiC-15 micron particle was added 15 wt% in the molten A356. Master composites were then remelted at 610-615 °C. Then the slurry was transferred to a ladle and injected into the die. The Injection speeds were 3 and 4 m/s and die pressures were 11 and 12 MPa. Slurry was injected into a rod of 16×15.6×205 mm. Samples were then subjected to T6 treatment: solution treated at 540 °C for 1 h, water quenched then aged at 135 °C for 12 h. The result showed that hardness increased with increasing both speed and die pressure. At speed of 3 m/s and die pressure of 11 MPa which was an injection condition recommended for the molten A356, rheo-casted sample exhibited uneven filling at the end of the rod. When both speed and die pressure increased, samples were successfully and evenly filled the die cavities. Brinell hardness tests were performed in both as-rheo casted and T6 conditions. In as-rheo casted condition, the maximum hardness value of 82.16 HB obtained from a sample rheo-casted with speed of 4 m/s and die pressure of 12 MPa. A microstructure in cross section area of a rod revealed a uniform distribution of SiC particles in the A356 matrix. After T6, hardness value of composites increased approximately 15.6%.

Experimental investigation on mechanical properties of reinforced Al6061 composites and its prediction using KNN-ALO algorithms

Metal matrix composites (MMCs) are widely practicing material for improving the surface property. Stir casting is one of the most straightforward processes of manufacturing MMC and attains higher advantages on material processing cost, more comfortable handling of material, size, design and excellent stability of matrix structure. In this research work, MMC of Al6061 with blended MgO and Si3N4 composite mixtures is produced using stir casting process. One of the factors affecting the material homogeneity in the casted material is the tensile rupture, where the proposed composite material subjected to tensile stress and yielding. The structural property of the material tested under universal testing machine and Brinell hardness tester. This paper proposes a novel hybrid approach to evaluate the tensile property of composites. The prediction of the tensile property of the MMC performed by the K-nearest neighbour (KNN) algorithm and ant lion optimisation (ALO) algorithm, which is numerically modelled and experimented in the running platform of MATLAB and compared with decision tree (DT) classifier algorithm for better performance outcome. Predicted test results show that the proposed KNN-ALO is an efficient method for predicting the tensile and hardness properties of stir cast aluminium composites.

Experimental investigation on mechanical properties of reinforced Al6061 composites and its prediction using KNN-ALO algorithms

Metal matrix composites (MMCs) are widely practicing material for improving the surface property. Stir casting is one of the most straightforward processes of manufacturing MMC and attains higher advantages on material processing cost, more comfortable handling of material, size, design and excellent stability of matrix structure. In this research work, MMC of Al6061 with blended MgO and Si3N4 composite mixtures is produced using stir casting process. One of the factors affecting the material homogeneity in the casted material is the tensile rupture, where the proposed composite material subjected to tensile stress and yielding. The structural property of the material tested under universal testing machine and Brinell hardness tester. This paper proposes a novel hybrid approach to evaluate the tensile property of composites. The prediction of the tensile property of the MMC performed by the K-nearest neighbour (KNN) algorithm and ant lion optimisation (ALO) algorithm, which is numerically modelled and experimented in the running platform of MATLAB and compared with decision tree (DT) classifier algorithm for better performance outcome. Predicted test results show that the proposed KNN-ALO is an efficient method for predicting the tensile and hardness properties of stir cast aluminium composites.

A Pt-free pristine monolithic carbon aerogel counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells: up to 20% under dim light illumination.

In this work, pristine carbon aerogels (CAs) were used as Pt-free counter electrodes (CEs) in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) by varying the molar ratio of their precursors. Pristine mesoporous CAs with controlled resorcinol (R)/formaldehyde (F) and resorcinol (R)/sodium carbonate (C) molar ratios were successfully prepared. The as-prepared CAs were synthesized via a polymeric sol-gel reaction and were labeled as CA-O, CA-Q, CA-F, CA-C, and CA-G. The DSSCs using the as-prepared CA-C CE gave the best power conversion efficiency (PCE, η), 9.08 ± 0.01%, among all the CA CEs. The CA-C CE is further applied to an indoor T5 light source system with an impressive η value of 20.1 ± 0.60% at 2.18 mW cm-2 (T5 lamp with 7000 lux). Moreover, the hardness of CA-C CE is 3.01 GPa (Brinell hardness test), which is comparable to that of the FTO/glass substrate. As a result, the CA-C CE shows great potential to replace traditional CEs based on the Pt/FTO/glass in DSSCs.

Study on corrosion mechanism of the weld seam of submarine pipeline’s spool

This paper studies the corrosion mechanism of the weld seam of the submarine pipeline’s spool. The types and causes of inner tube weld corrosion are simulated by EDX and XRD analysis of the on-site pipe corrosion products, combined with OLGA Software simulation pipeline flow pattern. The tensile testing, impact testing and hardness testing were carried out on the base metal and the weld by tensile tester, pendulum impact tester and Brinell hardness tester to analyze the mechanical properties of the base metal and the weld; the microstructural difference between the weld and the base metal were analyzed by optical microscopy; The results show that the liquid phase flow rate along the line is between 3.5m/s and 7.5m/s, which aggravates the mixing between the gas and liquid phases to form a bubble flow. When the entire weld area is immersed in the same simulated medium solution, the galvanic corrosion occurs in three parts of the weld zone. The weld seam and heat affected zone will be accelerated to corrode as the anode region of the galvanic couple. The weld seam has the lowest corrosion potential and is always used as an anode to accelerate corrosion.

Investigating the Wear and Hardness of Aluminium LM25 Alloy Reinforced With Nano Al2O3 and Nano TiB2

Abstract The present paper deals with the study of hardness and wear characteristics of Al2O3 (Nano size) and TiB2(Nano size) reinforced aluminum LM25 Metal Matrix Composites (MMC). Matrix alloy with 1, 1.5 and 2, 5% of Al2O3 and TiB2 were made using stir casting technique. A pin on disc wear testing machine was used to find out the wear rate in which E24 steel disc under dry condition and Brinell hardness testing machine was used to find the hardness of the both material made by stir casting. This work mainly emphasis on the comparison of hardness and wear property of the casted material. The wear properties compared in both load and unload conditions. Wear resistance and hardness of the material will be increased when adding the Al2O3 and TiB2. The results shown properties of stir casting material having composition 2.5% Al2O3+ 2.5% TiB2 + 95%LM25 is good compared to the other composition. Because of good dispersion of Nano powders.

Perbandingan Kualitas Poros Roda Depan Honda Beat Orisinil dan Imitasi

Industrial industrial products on the market are manipulating between original and imitation products, products that are imitated are sold at lower prices and have lower quality. However, the product is in great demand by the public. The research aims to determine the quality level of the original and imitation front axle, both from the hardness, and the chemical composition of the material, and to compare the prices given with quality. This research was conducted by testing the chemical composition using a spectrometer and brinell hardness testing carried out in the STTQ Bungah Gresik mechanical engineering laboratory. In addition, the research uses materials with two front wheel shafts for testing chemical composition with six wheel shaft specimens both original and imitation. Research with spectrometer testing showed that the shaft is included in the low carbon steel group with an original carbon content of 0.192% and an imitation shaft of 0.155%, also included in the low alloy steel group because the number of alloys is less than 2.5%, while in hardness testing brinell found the original shaft harder than the imitation shaft, either on the surface or inside with a percentage of 52.14% difference between the two. For the comparison between price and quality given between the two shafts, the percentage where the value of the comparison of violence is greater is around 49.97% to 52.14% rather than the price ratio of around 20% given by the producer, it would be better for consumers to buy original shafts than the imitation.

A novel high density W-30Cu alloy prepared via hydrothermal synthesis-co-reduction and canned hot extrusion methods

We report herein the successful synthesis of in situ nanocomposite W-30Cu as powder via the hydrothermal approach combined with the co-reduction process, having sodium tungstate and copper nitrate as starting materials. The cold isostatic pressing, vacuum sintering and canned hot extrusion technology have been employed in order to improve the properties of the W-30Cu alloy. The impact of preparation’s methodologies on the microstructure, mechanical and physical properties have been investigated by the means of X-ray diffractometry (XRD); scanning electron (SEM); field emission electron (FE-SEM) and high-resolution electron (HRTEM) microscopies; conductivity meter and Brinell hardness tester. The results indicate that the precursor powder had a coating structure leading to W and Cu elements in situ symbiosis during the co-reduction period. The W-Cu reductive powder displayed an unstable core-shell structure of W coated Cu. During hot extrusion, the rapid mass transport, sintering mode conversion and bridge effect elimination enhance the density and properties of the W-Cu composites. The microstructure of the W-Cu composite exhibited a uniform distribution of W within the Cu phase with intact Cu network structure as well as fine W particles. The relative density, conductivity and hardness of the final product have reached 99.2%, 43.3% IACS and 214 HB, respectively, which are superior compared to those obtained by the traditional powder metallurgy methods.

Effect of Copper and Molybdenum on Microstructure and Fatigue Properties of Nodular Cast Irons

The aim of this paper is to compare the microstructure, mechanical and fatigue properties of three types of the nodular cast irons - unalloyed nodular cast iron, nodular cast iron alloyed by Si and Mo and nodular cast iron alloyed by Si and Cu. For all the types, microstructure, mechanical properties and fatigue properties were investigated. Microstructure of the specimens was evaluated according to STN EN ISO 945 and by automatic image analysis. The image analysis system NIS Elements, interfaced with the light microscope, was used for the evaluation of the shape factor, equivalent diameter of graphite, count of graphitic nodules and content of ferrite. The mechanical properties were evaluated by the tensile test, impact bending test and Brinell hardness test. Fatigue tests were realised at sinusoidal cyclic push-pull loading (stress ratio R = -1) at ambient temperature (T = 20 ± 5 °C). They were carried out in the high cycle fatigue region (from 105 to 107 cycles) at frequency f ≈ 75 Hz using the fatigue experimental machine Zwick/Roell Amsler 150HFP 5100. The relationship between the amplitude of stress σa and the number of cycles to failure N, as well as the fatigue strengths, were determined.

Contrivance and Modification of In-house Brinell Hardness Tester for BHN Determination of Soft Materials

The aim of this work was to design and invent Brinell hardness testing machine for in-house testing and used for evaluation of hardness properties of soft materials. In this representation, Coated-Wood-Free (CWF) paper with grammage at 300 grams were used as the sample, whereas, the indenter diameter and the dwell time of imprinting were used at 7.86 mm and 10 seconds, respectively. After that, the hardness values were determined by using the principle of Brinell Hardness Number (BHN). This report presented the mean and the deviation of quantification that measured by this equipment and the focused parameter were included active weight loading, imprinted diameter, and BHN, respectively. Finally, the consequences of this analysis were discussed for development of this apparatus.

Optimizing the defensive characteristics of mild steel via the electrodeposition of Zn Si3N4 reinforcing particles

The effect of ZneSi3N4 deposition prepared via direct electrolytic co-deposition on mild steel was studied as a result its inherent vulnerability to corrosion in an aggressive environment and failure on the application of load. The experiment was conducted varying the mass concentration of silicon nitride (Si3N4) between 7 and 13 g at cell voltage of 0.3 and 0.5 V, at constant temperature of 45 �C. The morphologies of the coated surfaces were characterized using high resolution Nikon Optical Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) revealing that the particles of the ZneSi3N4 were homogeneously dispersed. The corrosion behaviour was studied using potentiodynamic polarization technique in 3.65% NaCl solution and the microhardness was examined using Brinell hardness testing technique. The result of the corrosion experiment confirmed an improved corrosion resistance with a reduction in corrosion rate from 9.7425 mm/year to 0.10847 mm/year, maximum coating efficiency of 98.9%, maximum polarization resistance of 1555.3 U and a very low current density of 9.33 � 10�6 A/cm2. The negative shift in the Ecorr revealed the cathodic protective nature of the coating. The microhardness was also found to have increased from 137.9 HBN for the unmodified steel to a maximum value of 263.3 HBN for the 0.5Zne13Si3N4 coated steel representing 90.9% increment in hardness as a result of the matrix grain refining and dispersion-strengthening ability of the incorporated Si3N4 particles

Mechanical properties and microstructure of composites produced by recycling metal chips

In this study, the processing and mechanical properties of porous metal matrix composites (MMCs) composed of spheroidal cast iron chips (GGG40) and bronze chips (CuSn10) and formed by hot isostatic pressing were investigated. Bronze chips (CuSn10) were used as a matrix component, and spheroidal cast iron (GGG40) chips were used as a reinforcement component. The MMCs were produced with different CuSn10 contents (90wt%, 80wt%, 70wt%, and 60wt%). The hot isostatic pressing process was performed under three different pressures and temperatures. The produced MMCs were characterized using density tests, Brinell hardness tests, and compression tests. In addition, the consolidation mechanism was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The test results were compared with those for bulk CuSn10 and bulk GGG40. Mechanical tests results revealed that the metallic chips can be recycled by using hot pressing and that the mechanical properties of the produced MMCs were similar to those of bulk CuSn10. XRD and microscopy studies showed that no intermetallic compounds formed between the metallic chips. The results showed that the CuSn10 and GGG40 chips were consolidated by mechanical interlocking.