Brine Shrimp Lethality Bioassay Research Articles

In-vitro Pharmacological Investigation of Ludwigia adscendens

Aims: This research objective was to investigate some in-vitro properties of methanol-extracted plant extracts of Ludwigia adscendens (the water primrose). The primary method of assessment for the methanolic extract of Ludwigia adscendens (MELA) was investigated for phytochemical screening. It was determined to look into the plant's potential for in vitro activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory anti-arthritis, cytotoxic, thrombolytic and membrane stabilizing activity due to the pharmaceutical interest in its component parts.
 Methodology: Phytochemical screening was performed utilizing a battery of test reagents. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, cytotoxic, thrombolytic and membrane stabilizing activities were measured at various doses using the DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Assay, the Disk Diffusion Method, Egg Albumin Protein Denaturation Assay, the Inhibition of Protein Denaturation Assay, the Brine Shrimp Lethality Bioassay, Clot lysis assay and heat induced and hypotonic induced haemolysis method.
 Results: The findings of research on MELA's phytochemical screening showed the presence of a wide range of various phytochemical components. The higher antioxidant activity of MELA is shown by its IC50 value of 85.76 µg/mL. Significant antibacterial action was shown by MELA. As compared to the standard ascorbic acid, this extract showed significantly greater anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory effects. MELA exhibited much higher LC50 value which is 1.147 µg/mL than the typical vincristine-sulphate in a lethality test with brine shrimp. Comparatively speaking, this herb has quite powerful thrombolytic action. Significant membrane stabilizing action has also been shown by MELA.
 Conclusion: To wrap it up, it is clear that this plants phytochemical can be used for wide range of drug discovery field due to its potent pharmacological actions.

Phytochemical Evaluation of Different Solvent Mediated Extracts and Brine Shrimp Lethality Bioassay of Psychotria Octosulcata W. A Talbot

Plants’ bioactive chemicals have been utilized throughout human history as supplements and medicines to support the body’s natural physiological processes. When their function is discovered, many substances are added for medical uses. Herbs are known to contain a variety of organic substances. These crucial herbs are the main ingredients in many pharmaceutical and healthcare products. Traditional folk medical practices offer essential information for the extraction and creation of numerous medications and activities as well. The production of a few highly active pharmaceuticals is justified by the extraction and characterization of a variety of bioactive chemicals from green factories. This study uses quantitative analysis of ethyl acetate, ethanol, n-hexane, chloroform and aqueous extract along with established methodologies to assess the phytochemicals. Alkaloids, flavonoids, reducing sugars, proteins, amino acids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids and glycosides were discovered in the quantification and phytochemical screening results. Due to the presence of several phytochemical substances, the entire plant of Psychotria octosulcata W. A. Talbot demonstrated a diversity of medicinal potential. The cytotoxicity activity of the plant extracts was predicted using brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA). The results showed that the shrimp in the ethanolic extract of Psychotria octosulcata W. A. Talbotare extremely hazardous in higher concentrations. Only 10 shrimps are discovered to be lethal at lowest concentrations even after 24 h. This can be due to the presence of bioactive substances.

Comparative Pharmacological Evaluation of Mangrove Plant Xylocarpus mekongensis Pierre and Associated Fungus

Xylocarpus mekongensis commonly known as Poshur, is an evergreen mangrove plant originating from Asia, Indonesia, the Southwestern Pacific Islands, and northern Australia. This study was aimed at compiling information on the comparative pharmacological properties of the methanolic bark extract of X. mekongensis and the fungal endophyte based on their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activity. The plant extract showed more phenolic (277 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (140 mg QE/g) content than the fungal extract (45 mg GAE/g and 76 mg QE/g, respectively). The bark extract exhibited better DPPH scavenging capacity (IC50 = 28.27 µg/ml) than endophyte XMSF-I (IC50 = 143.46 µg/ml) extract. Furthermore, we observed that the endophytes associated with this plant showed more significant antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, B. subtilis, and A. brasiliensis than its bark extract. In the brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the bark extract and endophyte revealed diminutive lethality (214 and 286 µg/ml, respectively) in comparison with standard vincristine sulfate (0.44 µg/ml). Hence, methanolic bark extract showed more positive reviews than associated fungi.

Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic properties of endophytic fungi isolated from Thysanolaena maxima Roxb., Dracaena spicata Roxb. and Aglaonema hookerianum Schott.

BackgroundEndophytic fungi have recently been recognized as an impressive source of natural biomolecules. The primary objective of the research was to isolate fungal endophytes from Thysanolaena maxima Roxb., Dracaena spicata Roxb. and Aglaonema hookerianum Schott. of Bangladesh and assess their pharmacological potentialities focusing on antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic properties.MethodsThe fungal isolates were identified up to the genus level by analyzing their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Ethyl acetate extracts of all the fungal isolates were screened for different bioactivities, including antimicrobial (disc diffusion method), antioxidant (DPPH scavenging assay), and cytotoxic (brine shrimp lethality bioassay) activities.ResultsAmong the thirteen isolates, Fusarium sp. was the most recognized genus, while the others belonged to Colletotrichum sp. and Pestalotia sp. Comparing the bioactivity of all the extracts, Fusarium sp. was shown to be the most effective endophyte, followed by Colletotrichum sp. and Pestalotia sp. In the antimicrobial study, two isolates of Fusarium sp. (internal strain nos. DSLE-1 and AHPE-4) showed inhibitory activity against all the tested bacteria and the highest zone of inhibition (15.5 ± 0.4 mm) was exerted by AHPE-4 against Bacillus subtillis. All the fungal isolates produced mild to moderate free radical scavenging activity, where the highest antioxidant activity was revealed by one isolate of Fusarium sp. (internal strain no. AHPE-3) with an IC50 value of 84.94 ± 0.41 µg/mL. The majority of Fusarium sp. isolates exhibited notable cytotoxic activity, where AHPE-4 exhibited the highest cytotoxicity, having the LC50 value of 14.33 ± 4.5 µg/mL.ConclusionThe findings of the study endorsed that the fungal endophytes isolated from T. maxima, D. spicata, and A. hookerianum hold potential as valuable origins of bioactive substances. Nevertheless, more comprehensive research is warranted, which could develop novel natural compounds from these endophytes to treat various infectious and cancerous diseases.

In vitro Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activities of Various Fractions of Lippia alba (Mill.)

Lippia alba (Mill.) (Family: Verbenaceae) is widely known due to both ethnobotanical uses and chemical diversity. The present work was designated to determine the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of the aqueous ethanolic extract and various fractions of this plant. The whole plant was made into coarse powder and was extracted with 5% aqueous ethanol. The concentrated ethanolic extract (abbreviated as LAE) was successively partitioned with n-hexane (LAH), chloroform (LAC), ethyl acetate (LAA), and the remaining part was designated as water (LAQ). The antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of extract and all these fractions were evaluated in vitro using disc diffusion technique and brine shrimp (Artemia salina) lethality assay, respectively. In antimicrobial assay, five Gram-positive and five Gram-negative bacteria and standard antibiotic ciprofloxacin (10 μg/disc) were used. All the samples were tested at four concentrations (200, 400, 600 and 800 μg/disc). Our study showed that the extractive and different fractions of L. alba had antibacterial activity against all the tested bacteria except Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Among the extractives, LAE and LAH had significant antibacterial activity when compared to standard ciprofloxacin. The zone of inhibition of LAE and LAH were found to be 14.4, 24.4, 13.4, 15.2, 18.5, 24.1, 16.1, 23.5, 23.2 and 14.5, 20.1, 12.5, 17.1, 17.5, 20.1, 12.5, 19.4, and 18.16 mm against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus-β- haemolyticus, Bacillus subtilis, Sarcina lutea, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhi and Shigella dysenteriae, respectively, at 800 μg/disc. The median lethal concentration (LC50) in brine shrimp lethality bioassay was determined by extrapolation from graph and the values were found to be 41.9, 23.9, 21.3, 88.7, 6.7 and 7.5 μg/ml for LAQ, LAH, LAC, LAA, LAE and standard vincristine sulfate, respectively. In the study, different mortality rate was observed at different concentration and all the samples showed positive response, indicating the presence of cytotoxic components in L. alba. Phytochemical screening revealed that L. alba contains saponins, tannins, glycosides, steroids, alkaloids, terpenoids and flavonoids. The results of the study indicate that L. alba might be a good source of potent antibiotic and anticancer drugs. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 26(2): 150-156, 2023 (July)

Evaluation of Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, Thrombolytic and Membrane Stabilizing Activities of Canna indica L. Leaves (Family: Cannaceae)

Canna indica L., a perennial plant known as Indian shot and African arrowroot, is a member of the family Cannaceae. Historically, this plant was used to treat menstrual cramps, diarrhea and dysentery. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the antioxidant, cytotoxic, thrombolytic and membrane stabilizing activities of the methanol extract of C. indica leaf and its organic soluble fractions. The DPPH free radical scavenging method and the total phenolic content determination were utilized to evaluate the antioxidant capacity, whereas the brine shrimp lethality bioassay was implemented to study the cytotoxic potential. The ability of the extractives to prevent the hemolysis of red blood cells (RBC) in response to the application of heat and hypotonic solutions was used to estimate of their membrane stabilizing potential. In all of these experiments, the methanolic leaf extract (ME) displayed moderate activity, while the petroleum ether soluble fraction (PSF) and the dichloromethane soluble fraction (DSF) demonstrated the most promising antioxidant and cytotoxic activities among the extractives. However, the strongest thrombolytic and membrane stabilizing activities were observed by the chloroform soluble fraction (CSF). Additional research may be necessary to determine which phytoconstituents are most likely to be responsible for the aforementioned qualities. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 26(2): 162-166, 2023 (July)

Antihyperglycemic, Neuropharmacological, Cytotoxic, Anticoagulant, and Anti-inflammatory Pharmacological Evaluations of Vernonia elaeagnifolia DC Leaves Secondary Bioactive Metabolites

The current investigation was carried out to confirm the antihyperglycemic, cytotoxic, neuropharmacological, anticoagulant, and anti-inflammatory effects of the ethanolic extract of Vernonia elaeagnifolia leaves in different experimental models. In the oral glucose tolerance test, the plant extract demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) antihyperglycemic activity by reducing the elevated blood glucose level in mice at both doses (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) when compared to the control groups. The crude ethanolic leaf extract, however, didn’t afford to block the α-glucosidase enzyme up to 0.5 mg/mL. The experimental mice showed a noticeable (p <0.001) decrease in locomotor and exploratory activities in the hole cross and open field tests, as well as head dipping in the hole-board test model in the neuropharmacological activity assay at both doses (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg). The extracts also showed cytotoxic activity in a brine shrimp lethality bioassay with an LC50 of 91.929 μg/mL and showed significant concentration-dependent anticoagulant activity (p<0.001). Moreover, the extract (10–500 mg/kg) caused a significant (P<0.01 – 0.001) dose-dependent reduction of inflammation induced in rats by using two different models: formalin-induced paw edema and egg-albumin-induced paw edema. From the above results, the crude extract of V. elaeagnifolia DC leaves have significant pharmacological potential in different in vitro and in vivo study model. So, it could be a source of a substance for isolating lead that could be used to treat several diseases.

Essential Oils from Different Parts of Azorean Cryptomeria japonica (Thunb. ex L.f.) D. Don (Cupressaceae): Comparison of the Yields, Chemical Compositions, and Biological Properties

Azorean Cryptomeria japonica is widely used for local wood production, generating large amounts of aerial-part biomass residues that can be a sustainable source of value-added bioproducts. This comparative study aimed (i) to determine the yield and chemical profile of the essential oils (EOs) extracted by hydrodistillation from Azorean C. japonica foliage, leaves, male cones (MCs), and female cones (FCs), and (ii) to investigate the antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality (BSL) effects of the obtained EOs and some major components. The EOs yield revealed a wide range (ca. 1–3%, w/d.w.) and their chemical composition, analysed by GC–MS and GC–FID, showed the presence of seventy-one components. Monoterpene hydrocarbons (38–71%) dominated in all the studied EOs, mainly α-pinene (17–45% of total EOs), decreasing as follows: cone EOs > leaf EOs > foliage EOs. Oxygen-containing monoterpenes (mainly terpinen-4-ol) also dominated in cone EOs. Contrariwise, oxygen-containing sesquiterpenes (mainly elemol) and diterpene hydrocarbons (mainly phyllocladene) dominated in foliage/leaf EOs. The studied EOs exhibited activity against Gram-positive bacteria but no activity against Gram-negative bacteria. A similar trend was displayed by α-pinene. Only the cone EOs showed antifungal activity against Penicillium chrysogenum, but this was significantly lower than those of α-pinene and terpinen-4-ol. Moreover, FC EO should also be considered for further investigation due to its high toxicity on BSL bioassay. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the variability of yield, chemical profile, and bioactivities in the EOs from different parts of the Azorean C. japonica, expanding the knowledge of the potentialities of C. japonica aerial-part EOs, particularly the ones from the cone samples.

A New Annulenol from Aconitum heterophyllum with Bioactivity and Cytotoxicity against Vero and Lung Cell Line

In this research work, a detailed phytochemical and biological investigation of Aconitum heterophyllum was accomplished. The cold methanolic root extract of A. heterophyllum was subjected to VLC for fractionation over silica gel, which led to the isolation of two compounds 1,1,8,8-trimethyl-4-methylene-decahydro- 1H-cyclopenta-[8]-annulen-1-ol (1) and β-stigmasterol (2). The compounds were characterized by analysis of their 1D and 2D NMR spectral data. Compound 1 is first reported from this plant. The crude extract was screened for antimicrobial activity against several gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and fungi using disk diffusion method where significant inhibitory activity was observed. The extract was also tested for cytotoxic property using brine shrimp lethality bioassay, which revealed moderate activity in comparison with the standard anticancer drug, vincristine sulphate. Antioxidant property of the crude methanol extract of A. heterophyllum was determined by the scavenging of the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical and found moderate antioxidant activity (IC50 = 53.25 μg/mL) when compared to standard antioxidant. Total phenolic and flavonoid content and polyphenolic compound content of the crude extract were determined by HPLC. The isolated compounds 1 and 2 showed dosedependent antiproliferation activity against the vero and lung A549 cells. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 22(1): 1-10, 2023 (June)

Secondary Metabolites from Terminalia Catappa and Evaluation of its Bioactivities

Bangladesh is a land of medicinal plants. Terminalia catappa is an important medicinal plant of Bangladesh which is used for various pharmacological and biological activities like hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-fertility, antidiabetic, anticoagulant and antimicrobial. The coarsely powder dried stem bark sample of T. catappa was extracted by the solvent CHCl3. The concentrated extract was then fractionated by flash column chromatography using petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol as solvents respectively. The column fraction was further fractionated with void liquid chromatography. Repeated preparative thin layer chromatography of selective fractions resulted in the isolation of two compounds which were identified as a triterpenoid, taraxerol (1) and a steroid, Stigmastane-3, 6-diol (2). The structure of these compounds were elucidated by 1H NMR spectroscopy and by comparison with reported values. This is the first report of the isolation of these compounds from this plant. The different extracts also showed significant antibacterial activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The methanol extract did not show significant activity. The antifungal activity of different extract of T. catappa demonstrated promising zone of inhibition except Saccharomyces cerevecae. In the brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the extract of T. catappa exhibited a significant cytotoxic activity. The LC50 value of CHCl3 soluble extract was found to be 1.55 μg/ml. T. catappa was also reported to have free radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 255.0 μg/ml. Since this plant demonstrated a number of promising pharmacological biological activities, so it can be a good source of natural medicine. Bioresearch Commu. 9(2): 1310-1319, 2023 (July)

Isolation and Characterization of Chemical Compounds from the Stem Bark Fractions of Citrus Grandis and Evaluation of Their Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic, and Antioxidant Activities

Citrus grandis belongs to the Rutaceae family and is a naturally occurring citrus plant. The fractionated crude extracts of C. grandis have been studied for the investigation of its phytochemicals and allowed for the evaluation of biological activities, especially antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and antioxidant activities. At first, we assessed the antibacterial and antifungal properties using the disc diffusion method and conducted cytotoxicity screening using the brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Among the raw extracts, we isolated two compounds named CG-F3-B1 and CG-F3-B2 through column chromatographic separation of the chloroform extract. By comparing their proton NMR spectra with published spectra, we identified the chemical structures of these compounds as Zeylenol and Limonin, respectively. Regarding antibacterial testing, we observed that the methanol soluble fractions and petroleum ether fractions exhibited mild to moderate activity against bacteria. Additionally, the ethyl acetate soluble fraction showed moderate antibacterial activity. In addition, the crude extract displayed moderate antifungal activity against specific fungi. Furthermore, the cytotoxic assay revealed a relevant cytotoxic effect of a crude extract with an LC50 value of 37 μg/ml. The antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH assay, and the methanol soluble extract exhibited modest antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 89 μg/ml. Our findings demonstrated that the stem bark fractions and isolated compounds from C. grandis exhibited various promising biological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic, and antioxidant properties.
 Bioresearch Commu. 9(2): 1320-1329, 2023 (July)

In vitro pharmacological activities of methanol extract of Acmella oleracea leaves: A variety grown in Dhaka, Bangladesh

is known as toothache plant belongs to the family of Asteraceae. It is treated as a medicinal remedy like tuberculosis, illness, cough, rheumatism, and illness. This study was concentrated on the antioxidant, cytotoxic, antimicrobial & thrombolytic activities of methanol extract of leaves using in vitro model. The antioxidant activity was estimated as trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity utilizing the DPPH and reducing power tests. The plant extract was tested for its cytotoxic action using a brine shrimp lethality bioassay, thrombolytic activity using clot disruption, and antibacterial activity using a disc diffusion assay technique against four distinct gram-positive also gram-negative bacteria. ICvalue of standard ascorbic acid for DPPH was 7.8µg/ml and the IC50 of the methanol extract of leaves was 198.34µg/ml that was moderate effect at all compare with ascorbic acid. Thrombolytic assay of Streptokinase as a positive control showed 88.49% where the extract shows 18.69% lytic activity shows the assay. In this study, the sample of LC results of cytotoxicity assay was 1.431 µg/mL which can be treated as less activity. Moreover, the extracts showed low to moderate antibacterial activity against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial stains (zone of inhibition-10-26 mm). Vibrio Mimicus bacteria stains exhibited the highest level of activity, with a range of 23 for the diameter of the growth inhibition zone. The current review shows leaf extracts of may be used as a source of antioxidant and thrombolytic activity, as well as a significant source of antibacterial and anticancer substances. Further research is required to evaluate in-vivo the pharmacological activity of leaves in order to identify the essential metabolites and potential mechanisms.

In-vitro and In-vivo Pharmacological Evaluation of Persicaria lapathifolia Available in Bangladesh

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of Persicaria lapathifolia (Pale smartweed) leaf and bark extracts prepared with methanol on in vitro activities like antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-arthritis, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic, as well as on some in vivo activities like analgesic and neuropharmacological properties in animal model.
 Methodology: The primary method for the methanolic extract of Persicaria lapathifolia leaf (MEPLL) and methanolic extract of Persicaria lapathifolia bark (MEPLB) were investigated for phytochemical screening. It was determined to look into the plant's potential for in vitro activities, such as phytochemical screening, antioxidant, anti-arthritis, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and cytotoxic, due to the pharmaceutical interest in its component parts. Its described effects on its in vivo analgesic and neuropharmacological activities in animal models are significant compared to the standard. This research was conducted between July 2022 and November 2022 in the Stamford University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, and Laboratory of Microbiology. Antioxidant, anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, cytotoxic, analgesic, and neuropharmacological activities of MEPLL and MEPLB were investigated. Phytochemical screening was performed utilizing a variety of test reagents. Antioxidant, total phenolic content, anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities were measured at various doses using the DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Assay, the Folin-Ciocalteu technique, the Inhibition of Protein Denaturation Assay, Egg Albumin Protein Denaturation Assay, the Disk Diffusion Method, and the Brine Shrimp Lethality Bioassay. The analgesic effectiveness was evaluated by using acetic acid to elicit writhing in Swiss albino mice and then testing the animals on a hot plate. Locomotor activity was measured by open field and hole cross tests as part of the neuropharmacological investigation.
 Results: Research performed on MEPLL and MEPLB's phytochemical screening yielded results that revealed the presence of a variety of different phytochemical components. In comparison to MEPLL's IC50 value of 1.49 µg/mL, MEPLB's value of 30.45 µg/mL indicates its superior antioxidant activity. Both extracts demonstrated significant anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory effectiveness in comparison to the standard drug. When compared to MEPLB, MEPLL exhibited much more antibacterial activity. In a lethality test using brine shrimp, MEPLL and MEPLB both had much higher LC50 values than the standard vincristine sulfate. Their respective values were 1.42 and 0.66 µg/mL. In contrast, MEPLL inhibited peripheral nociception in the acetic acid-induced writhing nociceptive paradigm with percent inhibitions of 60.72 and 67.56, respectively, while MEPLB inhibited 48.22 and 67.28, respectively, at the aforementioned doses. In addition, the hot plate test revealed a significant analgesic effect. The extract was also shown to have a more negative impact on motor coordination in the Open Field and Hole Cross Tests than the standard Diazepam.
 Conclusion: This research demonstrates a relationship between the existence of anti-oxidative, anti-arthritis, and anti-bacterial activities, as well as a strong cytotoxic, analgesic, and neuropharmacological activity, which substantiates all previously made claims against Persicaria lapathifolia.

Isolation and Characterization of One New Natural Compound with Other Potential Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Glycosmis cyanocarpa (Blume) Spreng. (Family: Rutaceae)

Glycosmis cyanocarpa (Blume) Spreng is a plant in the Rutaceae family and a species in the Glycosmis genus that has received little attention. Therefore, this research aimed to report the chemical and biological analysis of Glycosmis cyanocarpa (Blume) Spreng. The chemical analysis involved the isolation and characterization of secondary metabolites through an extensive chromatographic study, and the structures of these metabolites were elucidated on the basis of a detailed analysis of NMR and HRESIMS spectroscopic data and by comparison with those of related compounds reported in the literature. Different partitions of the crude ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract were evaluated for antioxidant, cytotoxic, and thrombolytic potentials. In chemical analysis, one new phenyl acetate derivative, namely 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-yl 2-phenylacetate (1), along with four known compounds N-methyl-3-(methylthio)-N-(2-phenylacetyl) acrylamide (2), penangin (3), β-Caryophyllene oxide (4), and acyclic diterpene-phytol (5) were isolated for the first time from the stem and leaf of the plant. The ethyl acetate fraction showed significant free radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 11.536 µg/mL compared to standard ascorbic acid (4.816 µg/mL). In the thrombolytic assay, the dichloromethane fraction showed the maximum thrombolytic activity of 16.42% but was still insignificant compared to the standard streptokinase (65.98%). Finally, in a brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the LC50 values of dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions were found to be 0.687 µg/mL, 0.805 µg/mL, and 0.982 µg/mL which are significant compared to the standard vincristine sulfate of 0.272 µg/mL.

In Vitro Cultures of Scutellaria brevibracteata subsp. subvelutina as a Source of Bioactive Phenolic Metabolites.

Some of the more than 350 Scutellaria species, such as S. baicalensis and S. lateriflora, have been used in traditional medicine and today play an important role in official phytotherapy. Other species have been less investigated, and their therapeutic potential is unknown. This is one of the few studies on Scutellaria brevibracteata subsp. subvelutina, and the first research of this species' in vitro cultures. The aim of this study was to establish an in vitro culture and analyse its phytochemical profile and biological activity. In the methanolic extracts from biomass cultured on six solid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium variants supplemented with different combinations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) in the range 0.5-3 mg/L analysed by HPLC, the presence of specific flavonoids (baicalein, baicalin, wogonin, wogonoside, scutellarin, chrysin), phenylpropanoid glycosides (verbascoside, isoverbascoside), and phenolic acids (p-hydroxybenzoic, caffeic, ferulic, m-coumaric acids) was confirmed. The dominant metabolites were wogonoside and verbascoside with the highest content of 346 and 457 mg/100 g DW, respectively. Thus, the extract with the highest content of bioactive metabolites was selected for further research and subjected to evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. The extract exhibited good free radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 0.92 ± 0.01 mg/mL) and moderate reducing power and chelating activity. The brine shrimp lethality bioassay proved its lack of biotoxicity. Antimicrobial activity was tested against sixteen strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. The strongest growth inhibitory activity was observed against Trichophyton tonsurans.

Evaluation of Analgesic, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic and Thrombolytic Potential of Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl Leaves

The current study was undertaken for the preliminary investigation of the analgesic, cytotoxic, antioxidant, and thrombolytic properties of the methanolic extract of Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl leaves. Both the central and peripheral analgesic action of the crude extract of methanol were significant and the analgesic effect increases with the increasing of dose and time with the pronounced effect at 600 mg/kg body weight. According to the brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the pet-ether soluble fraction (PESF) displayed notable cytotoxic action showing LC50 value (5.33 μg/ml) among the fractions as compared to the standard vincristine sulfate (0.452 μg/ml) and crude extract of the leaves contained a total phenolic content ranging from 18.68-145.98 mg of GAE/gm while revealing moderate thrombolytic activity. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 26(1): 45-50, 2023 (January)

2-Methyl-6-(4-aminophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-3(2H)-pyridazinone Synthon for Some New Annelated 1,2,3-Selena/Thiadiazoles and 2H-Diazaphospholes with Anticipated Biological Activity and Quantum Chemical Calculations.

A convenient and efficient synthetic protocol for the new selenadiazole. Thiadiazole and diazaphosphole derivatives incorporating a pyridazine moiety originating from 4-(4-aminophenyl)-4-oxobutanoic acid (1) were described. All newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity using the disk diffusion method, and their cytotoxicity was evaluated against brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Using density functional theory (DFT), the frontier molecular orbital (FMO) and molecular electrostatic potential (MEPS) were studied to estimate the chemical reactivity and kinetic stability of each structure. Therefore, global descriptor parameters like electronegativity (χ), chemical hardness (η), and global softness (σ) were calculated. Consequently, the attained results were compared with the experimental data of the biological activity of the studied structures.

Antioxidant, cytotoxic, antibacterial and thrombolytic activities of Centella asiatica L.: possible role of phenolics and flavonoids

BackgroundCentella asiatica L. (Apiaceae), a green leafy vegetable, has been used as a popular folk medicine in Bangladesh in the treatment of various ailments. The plant is reported to contain phenolics and flavonoids, but their bioactive potentials are not yet completely known. The present study was designed to investigate the role of the phenolic and flavonoids in the antioxidant, cytotoxicity, antibacterial and thrombolytic activities.MethodsFour solvent fractions viz. methanol (MSF), ethyl acetate (ESF), chloroform (CSF) and petroleum ether (PSF) were prepared from the dried powder of the whole plant by the modified Kupchan method. Total phenolic content and flavonoid content were determined by Folin Ciocalteu method and aluminum chloride colorimetric method, respectively. The antioxidant activity was assessed by the DPPH radical scavenging and total antioxidant capacity assays. The antibacterial activity was determined by the disc diffusion method and cytotoxicity was evaluated by the brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Thrombolytic activity was assayed using streptokinase as standard.ResultsQualitative analysis of phytochemical revealed the presence of phenolics and flavonoids along with other bioactive constituents. Among the extractives, CSF contained the highest content of phenolics (155.46 ± 0.52 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (345.17 ± 1.12 mg QE/g) and exhibited the most potent antioxidant activity in terms of total antioxidant capacity (179.01 ± 0.89 mg AAE/g) and DPPH scavenging ability (IC50; 15.31 ± 0.32 µg/mL). Similarly, CSF showed the highest cytotoxicity with LC50 values of 13.80 ± 0.23 µg/mL, and thrombolytic activity with 43.94 ± 0.62% clot lysis. The fraction also exhibited broad spectrum antibacterial activity. A significant correlation was observed between the flavonoid content and total antioxidant activity (r2 = 0.894, p < 0.05), while high correlation was seen between phenolic and flavonoid content and DPPH radical scavenging, total antioxidant capacity and cytotoxicity (r2 = 0.612–0.928). Similarly, a positive correlation was found between phenolic and flavonoid content with thrombolytic and antibacterial activities.ConclusionThese results revealed that C. asiatica is a rich source of phenolics and flavonoids and correlated with antioxidant, cytotoxicity, antibacterial and thrombolytic activities. Hence isolation of phenolics and flavonoids from this plant may offer potential candidates which may be effective in the prevention of many chronic diseases.

Phytochemical screening and cytotoxic activity of Elaeocarpus robustus roxb

The present study was aimed to detect medicinal compounds of crude ethanolic extract of Elaeocarpus robustus roxb (EEE) and also it’s cytotoxic activity. The cytotoxic activity of EEE was determined by brine shrimp lethality bioassay. This analysis showed that with increasing concentration cytotoxicity of crude extract increased gradually. The LD50 value of EEE was 82.065±2.00 which was nearly about standard vincristine sulphate LD50value 69.726±1.52. The chi value of EEE (2.34) with the chi square value of standard vincristine sulphate (2.014) was quite similar and indicates little difference exists between the observed counts and expected counts. Through this research we also detect the presence of alkaloid and tannins by several tests like mayar’s reagent, wagner’s reagent, alkaloidal precipitation, ferric chloride test.

In vitro cytotoxic, thrombolytic, anthelmintic and antioxidant activities of Litsea monopetala: a medicinal plant

The present study was conducted to assess the cytotoxicity, thrombolytic, anthelmintic and antioxidant activity of mehanolic extract of Litsea monopetala (Family: Lauraceae) leaves in laboratory using in vitro methods. Cytotoxicity test was done by brine shrimp lethality bioassay where the extract concentration was 400, 200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125, 1.5625, 0.78125 (µg/ml). In vitro thrombolytic activity of Litsea monopetala was performed by clot lysis method using extract concentration 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 (mg/mL) in saline water. Anthelmintic activity test was done by using adult earthworms where 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 (mg/ml) extract concentration were used. Finally antioxidant activity was determined by total phenolic content determination using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The Litsea monopetala extract showed cytotoxic activity against brine shrimp nauplii and LC50 value was 41.05(µg/ml) and the investigated thrombolytic activity in our research was 9.52, 9.49, 13.64 and 17.50 % respectively as % of clot lysis. The paralysis time were at 76.75 min, 60 min, 51.75 min, 44.5 min and 64.5 min and death were at 90.50min, 63.75min, 55.50min, 44.75min and 71min. respectively. The Litsea monopetala extract displayed significant antioxidant activity which was 20.75 (mg of GAE / gm) of extracts. The activities observed could be attributed to presence of some of the phytochemicals which have been related with cytotoxic, thrombolytic, anthelmintic and antioxidant property.