Bright Yellow Color Research Articles

Characterization of pyroplastics from the North Atlantic

This work describes for the first time the presence of pyroplastics in the Canary Islands (Spain). A total of 300 pyroplastics, identified between 2021 and 2024 in three beaches of the island of Tenerife, present mainly grey and dark colors, a mean weight of 6.8 ± 13.4 g and mean dimensions of 34.2 ± 17.0 mm (X), 24.5 ± 12.2 mm (Y) and 14.4 ± 6.4 (Z). A wide variety of encapsulated and semi-encapsulated materials were also found in the pyroplastics matrix, such as rocks, wood, charcoal and unmelted plastic inclusions. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed that polyethylene and polypropylene were the main types of plastic found, 61.3 % and 33.6 %, respectively. However, an important number of pyroplastics composed of more than one polymer were also found, coexisting even mixtures of polyester and polyethylene or polyethylene and styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene in the same matrix. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy analysis revealed the presence of a wide range of elements, being remarkable the high concentration of some heavy metals such as Pb and Cr, registering mean concentration values of 205.3 ± 6.3 mg·kg−1 and 51.1 ± 8.9 mg·kg−1, respectively. A good correlation was also found for these two metals in a total of 22 pyroplastics, which could be indicative of the presence of PbCrO4 as additive, widely used in the plastic industry for its bright yellow color, but currently regulated and restricted due to its harmful effects on human and environment health. Also noteworthy is the large variety of remains of marine organisms identified attached to the surface of the pyroplastics, such as algae, bryozoans, arthropods and molluscs, among others, which could indicate that these formations may act as a transport vector for such marine organisms.

Using gardenia pigment for ultrasonic natural dyeing of hemp fiber: A step towards sustainable dyeing

In recent years, with the country advocating the establishment of a resource-saving and environmentally friendly society, people have been pursuing a green and healthy quality of life. The non-toxic, harmless, and biodegradable characteristics of grass and wood dyeing have brought this method back to people's lives. Despite the presence of antibacterial substances such as tetrahydrocannabinol in cannabis fibers, they are still susceptible to microbial attacks. In recent years, scholars have conducted more research on the separation and purification of gardenia flower pigments, but there has been less analysis on the dyeing fibers and performance testing of gardenia flowers. The renewable characteristics, fewer side effects, and low cost increase the use of natural drugs as antibacterial agents in plant extracts or their active ingredients. This experiment used gardenia flowers as the raw material for dyeing experiments, and the dyeing percentage was used as the inspection index. Ultrasonic dyeing was carried out on hemp fibers after degumming treatment. It also aims to endow these dyed fabrics with natural antibacterial properties. During the sorting process, a liquid bath ratio of 1:20 was selected and experiments were conducted under different parameter variations. During the dyeing process, potassium aluminum sulfate (alum) is used as a mordant, and ultrasound is used as an auxiliary dyeing method. After dyeing, evaluate the fibers based on the percentage of exhaustion of obtained fiber and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. At the same time, the FT-IR analysis, strength, and color fastness of the sorted samples were also checked. Single factor experiments were conducted by controlling the ultrasonic frequency, dyeing temperature, time, and mordant concentration to analyze the effect of gardenia pigment on the dyeing percentage. Response surface design experiments were used to optimize the dyeing process parameters. The research results indicate that the optimal process conditions for dyeing gardenia flowers are ultrasonic power of 85 %, dyeing temperature of 77 ℃, dyeing time of 60 min, and mordant concentration of 15 g/L. The main and secondary order of factors affecting the dyeing effect of hemp fibers is: mordant concentration>ultrasonic power>dyeing temperature. After optimal dyeing process, the hemp fiber shows a bright yellow color with a dyeing percentage of 57.32 %. The single fiber strength is not affected, and the color fastness to water washing and sun exposure meets the requirements for consumption. The infrared spectrum shows good dyeing effect. It has a certain antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus, but the antibacterial effect on Escherichia coli is not significant. Due to these processes, it has been determined that hemp fiber can obtain antibacterial activity through the use of gardenia flowers and can be effectively colored.

AUSTRAL WRIGHT 70-30 Brass (UNS C26000)

Abstract Austral Wright C26000 (70-30 Brass) is a copper-zinc alloy. It has the distinctive clear bright yellow color normally associated with brass. Austral Wright C26000 possesses an excellent combination of strength and ductility. This grade is the most widely available copper alloy in the sheet form. It is often used where its deep drawing qualities are needed. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Cu-944. Producer or source: Austral Wright Metals.

A new species of colorful Platypelis (Amphibia: Microhylidae) from the Tsaratanàna and Bemanevika massifs in northern Madagascar

Frogs of the genus Platypelis are known to have their center of species richness in the mountain massifs of northern Madagascar. We here formally describe a new species of Platypelis from this region. Platypelis saikamavo sp. nov. has been known for over 20 years but its taxonomic identity has only recently been robustly clarified as a result of ongoing taxonomic revisions of other Platypelis species. The new species is known from rainforest on the Tsaratanàna Massif and Bemanevika, at elevations of 1000–1530 m above sea level. It is characterized by an isolated phylogenetic position and is genetically highly divergent, with an uncorrected pairwise distance ≥4.5% in the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene to all other nominal species of Platypelis. It has a unique combination of morphological and chromatic character states such as a relatively large body size of 28–31 mm in snout–vent length, distinct superciliary tubercles, and bright yellow color around the forelimb insertion and on the posterior abdomen where this color extends in the form of flash marks onto the inguinal region.

First report of pepper yellow leaf curl Thailand virus infecting hot chili in central Vietnam and Laos.

Hot chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) cultivation has been on the rise in South East Asia to meet export demands. In Thailand, the top chili exporter in South East Asia, chili production has been severely hampered by pepper yellow leaf curl disease (YLCD) caused by the begomovirus pepper yellow leaf curl Thailand virus (PepYLCThV) (Chiemsombat et al., 2018; Suwor et al., 2021). In the neighbouring countries of Laos and Vietnam, a limited survey of chili fields (200 plants in total) in Savannakhet (Savannakhet University campus, n = 150), Laos and Quang Nam province (Ka Dang commune, Dong Giang district, n = 50), central Vietnam in 2023 led to the finding of eight plants (5 in Laos and 3 in Vietnam) exhibiting YLCD-like symptoms, which included bright yellow color in young leaves and leaf curl and mosaic chlorosis in mature leaves (Fig. S1). Total DNA was extracted from leaves of two symptomatic plants (one from Savannakhet and one from Quang Nam) using a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-based DNA extraction protocol (Doyle & Doyle, 1987; Nguyen et al., 2023). Next, PCR were performed using newly designed PepYLCThV-specific primers based on PepYLCThV sequences in GenBank (Table 1). PCR products of expected sizes were observed in samples with disease symptoms, but not from DNA extracted from C. annuum (cv. VA.99999) grown at the Institute of Biotechnology in Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam (Fig. S2). The amplicons were Sanger sequenced (Apical Scientific, Selangor, Malaysia) and the complete bipartite genome sequence of two isolates ('Sava01' from Laos and 'QNam01' from Vietnam) were obtained. The sequences of the DNA-A component from isolates 'Sava01' (GenBank PP437580) and 'QNam01' (GenBank PP437581) exhibited the highest sequence identity of 99.2% and 94.7% with the PepYLCThV isolate 'ChiangDaoS1' (GenBank OM677627), respectively (Table 2). Conversely, the sequences of the DNA-B component from the isolates 'Sava01' (GenBank PP437579) and 'QNam01' (GenBank PP437582) exhibited the highest similarity of 91.8% and 90.9% with the PepYLCThV isolate 'KKN601' (GenBank MW715820), respectively (Table 2). These results confirmed the presence of PepYLCThV in hot chili pepper plants exhibiting YLCD-like symptoms in central Vietnam and Laos. Infectious clones of PepYLCThV DNA-A and DNA-B (isolate 'QNam01') were created based on the pLX-AS vector as described by Pasin (2022), and transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105. The resulting bacteria were cultured in LB broth containing rifampicin (25 μg/mL) and kanamycin (50 μg/mL) at 28°C and used for agroinoculation of Nicotiana benthamiana (n = 6) and C. annuum (cv. VA.99999, n = 6) (4-6 leaf plants) as described by Pasin (2022). In all N. benthamiana plants, agroinoculation with both DNA-A and DNA-B infectious clones caused stunted growth, severe leaf curl, with yellow and white patches 21 days post inoculation (Fig. S3). In C. annuum plants, symptom expression, which included leaf curl and stunted leaves with yellow mosaic patterns, was observed in two out of six inoculated plants six weeks postinoculation (Fig. S3). PCR assays confirmed the presence of PepYLCThV DNA in N. benthamiana and C. annuum symptomatic leaves (Fig. S4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of pepper yellow leaf curl Thailand virus in hot chili pepper in Laos and central Vietnam. Appropriate containment and management strategies should be developed and implemented to control the spread of this disease in hot chili pepper crops in both countries.

Bactericidal action of cost-effective colorimetric acid-base sensor of dyed cotton-based fabrics as a promising wound dressing mat

Acid-base sensitive fabrics is considered as one of interesting features for smart textile applications; therefore, this work presents a simple treatment of cotton fabric with 3-Chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC) followed by dyeing with curcumin dye. On the contrary, the dyed cationized cotton fabric exhibited a rough surface owing to the curcumin dye adsorption onto the surface of cationized cotton fabric. The interesting acid-base sensitivity of the dyed (dyed cationized cotton) fabric was observed and the color of dyed cationized cotton was changed from brownish yellow color to bright yellow color in acidic pH up to 6 while by increase the pH than 8 the color changed from brownish yellow to reddish brown color. The color change can easily be observed by naked eye. It was found that, dyed cationized cotton fabric exhibit the highest bactericidal activity compared with the undyed cationized cotton fabric, and untreated cotton fabric, which possessed the lowest antibacterial effect. The results show that a more serious case for dyeing cotton fabric leads to bacterial cell membrane permeability than untreated cotton fabric or a control group. Furthermore, the research showed that untreated, cationized and dyed/cationized cotton fabrics are unaffected by negative reactions. The dyeing process increased the functional performance of cotton fabric, as they have better anti-adhering capability. This technique can be tailored for biomedical especially with wound dressing, which designed to prevent the biofilm formation. Results obtained in this work recommend that dyed cationized cotton fabric with curcumin is an excellent pH sensitive for wound dressing material that can prevent the bacterial infection and control of biofilm adhesion.

Preparation of bright yellow color sodium alginate solution

Sodium alginate (SA) is a marine polysaccharide biomass material that is environmentally friendly and exhibits color-changing properties under certain conditions. In this study, we have discovered sodium alginate solution to be chromogenic under four conditions, namely alkali-chromogenic, thermo-chromogenic, force-chromogenic and photo-chromogenic. Under simple strong alkaline conditions, sodium alginate forms clusters of blue light-absorbing chromogenic aggregates, which exhibit a bright yellow color at a certain size. Under different temperature conditions, SA shows varying shades of yellow, and the color tends to stabilize after 48 h of resting. The aggregates can be dispersed by stirring, which changes SA from yellow to colorless. The yellow color can then be recovered after resting. Additionally, exposure to sunlight can cause the yellow SA to fade, but the color can be restored by reheating. Therefore, the force-chromogenic and photo-chromogenic properties are reversible. This makes it a promising material for use in color-developing and indicating materials. It is expected to become a sodium alginate cluster pigment with broad application prospects in the future.

ANALYSIS OF ECO ENZYME CHARACTERISTICS WITH VARIATION OF “TAPE” YEAST CONCENTRATIONS

Eco enzyme is a multipurpose liquid which produced from organic waste. The liquid made with the ratio of raw materials in the form of brown sugar: organic waste: water is 1:3:10 which is processed using a fermentation process for 90 days. One method to shorten the fermentation time is adding yeast as catalyst throughout the fermentation process. This research aims to analyze the characteristics of the eco enzyme with variations in “tape” yeast concentrations. Raw material used in this research included organic waste (orange and melon peels with a ratio of 1:1), brown sugar, water, and “tape” yeast (yeast concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5%w/v) through fermentation process for ten days. The eco enzyme products were tested to determine the pH value, TDS value, acetic acid content, aroma, color and protease enzyme activity. The analysis results showed that the pH value of eco enzyme products was in the range of 3.9 to 4.1, TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) value of 1339 to 1405 ppm, acetic acid content of 0.81 to 1.08%w/w, had bright yellow and deep yellow color with a fermented aroma. The selected eco enzyme product in this research was on eco enzyme with yeast concentration of 3 %w/v which had pH value of 3.9 TDS value 1403 ppm, acetic acid content of 0.81%w/w, and the color was bright yellow with fermented aroma. However, there was no clear zone around the colony in the test indicating that there was no protease enzyme activity.

ANALISIS KELAYAKAN FINANSIAL DAN DAYA TERIMA INOVASI PRODUK MOCHI NANAS (MONAS)

This research aims to analyze the financial feasibility of the pineapple mochi product innovation (Monas) and determine its acceptability based on sensory quality. This research was conducted in May - August 2023 using a quantitative descriptive research design. The financial feasibility of Monas products was analyzed based on the NPV, IRR, Payback Period and R/C ratio values, while acceptability was analyzed using hedonic quality testing on 20 semi-trained panelists. The research results show that Monas product innovation is feasible to be developed with NPV value of IDR 24,505,289.00, IRR value of 51 percent, payback period of 1.79 years, and an R/C ratio value of 1.10. The acceptance of Monas product innovation showed the quality of the bright yellow color, chewy texture, slightly strong aroma typical of pineapple, and the sweet and sour taste typical of pineapple.Keywords: financial feasibility, hedonic quality, pineapple mochi, product innovation

The improvement of antioxidant contents and fruit quality of Sukkary date cultivar using various Potassium levels and Irrigation interval

Sukkary date palms (Phoenix dactylifera L.) were treated with three levels of potassium fertilizer combined with three irrigation intervals regime, five replicates were allocated per treatment, to enhance better date peel color; decrease loose crust, and subsequently, improve high market ability. Potassium sulfate (49% K2O) was applied annually at a rate of 490 g (as common fertilization applied in the farm in which this experiment was carried out, therefore, it was considered as a control treatment), 735 g, or 980 g K2O per palm tree, each level was divided into three equal doses. The first dose was added one month after pollination; the other two doses were added at two month interval, whereas the irrigation treatments were as follows: 24 hrs (as common irrigation application in the farm used for this study, and it was considered as a control treatment), 48 hrs, or 72 hrs. The results showed a great decrease in the loose crust dates at harvesting time. An inverse proportional relationship between irrigation intervals and loose crust of dates was observed. The High potassium fertilizer treatment accompanied with 72 hrs irrigation interval treatment produced a significantly higher date quality regarding with bright yellow color, less darkening, and loose crust. High potassium fertilizer treatments (735, or 980 g K2O per palm) increased total yield, improved date weight, size, and color. Moreover, increasing potassium level affected significantly the date total antioxidant. This study showed that, a potential means to control peel darkening and loose date crust and improve quality of cv. Sukkary dates, which ultimately improves its market ability, through implementing appropriate potassium and irrigation regimes.

QUALITY OF ECO ENZYME PRODUCED THROUGH A FERMENTATION PROCESS IN VARIOUS "TEMPE" YEAST CONCENTRATIONS

Organic waste that accumulates and is not adequately managed causes disease and environmental problems. Therefore, one method to solve the problems is to convert it into eco enzyme, a liquid created from the fermentation of organic waste, specifically vegetable and fruit peels, sugar, and water. Anaerobic fermentation is utilized to produce eco enzymes, with yeast added to shorten the fermentation time. The goal of this research is to determine the effect of "tempe" yeast concentration on the quality of eco enzymes. Eco enzyme was made from brown sugar, fruit peels (oranges and melons), and water in a 1:3:10 ratio. "Tempe" yeast concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 %w/v were used in the fermentation process for producing eco enzyme. The eco enzyme products were examined by analyzing pH value, acetic acid content, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) value, organoleptic properties (aroma and color), and protease enzyme activity. The pH and TDS values of eco enzyme products increased as the concentration of "tempe" yeast increased. The results showed that eco enzyme products have pH values in the range of 3.5-4, acetic acid content of 0.81-1.08 %v/v, TDS value of 1000-2000 ppm, with fermented and orange aroma and a bright yellow color. According to the results, the addition of 3 %w/v "tempe" yeast in the production of eco enzyme was selected as a sample tested for protease enzyme activity and a clear zone was identified around the colony, indicating that there was protease enzyme activity.

A fluorescence turn “on-off” imaging probe for sequential detection of Al3+ and L-Cysteine in HeLa cells

At this “Aluminum Age”, exposure to aluminum (metallic or ionic form) is inevitable and inestimable. The presence of aluminum in biological systems is evident but more often aluminum toxicity is less understood. Therefore, the presence of biologically reactive aluminum needs to be identified and quantified. Alongside metals, L-cysteine, an essential amino acid, plays a pivotal role in the homeostasis of cellular oxidative and reductive stress. However, excess (<7g) could be lethal and can lead to death. Thus, in-situ selective detection of aluminum and L-cysteine is of larger interest. Here we report a fluorogenic probe (R) for the sequential selective detection and quantification of Al3+ and L-cysteine in a semi-aqueous medium (3:7; water: DMSO). The probe (R) was synthesized by a one-step acid-mediated condensation reaction between pyridine-3,4-diamine and 2-hydroxy-1-napthaldehyde. The synthesized probe was characterized using 1H and 13C NMR, and HR-Mass spectroscopic techniques. The probe (R) is non-emissive in nature, but on recognition of Al3+, the probe R showed “turn-on” emission (bright yellow colour) showing two emission maxima (522 nm and 547 nm), and no naked eye observable color change. Other competing cations do not show any noticeable fluorescence outcome. The R + Al3+ ensemble can specifically detect L-cysteine among all the essential amino acids by showing a fluorescence “turn-off” response. The sensing mechanism of Al3+ is obeying the chelation-enhanced fluorescence (CHEF) effect. The binding constant of R + Al3+ is 0.3 × 104 M−1. The limit of detection (LoD) for Al3+ and L-cysteine are 2.02 × 10-7 M and 0.5 × 10-5 M respectively. The probe (R) can show maximum efficiency within the pH range (7.0–10.0). The probe is found non-toxic (>80 % cell viability with 15 µM concentration) and employed for the in-vitro fluorescence imaging in the HeLa cell.

Lutein esterification increases carotenoid retention in durum wheat grain. A step further in breeding and improving the commercial and nutritional quality during grain storage

Carotenoid esterification is a common mechanism for carotenoid sequestration, accumulation and storage in plants. Carotenoids are responsible for the bright yellow colour of pasta. Therefore, carotenoid retention during storage is of great importance in the durum wheat food chain.In this work, we investigated the role of carotenoid esterification on carotenoid retention in durum wheat using two consecutive storage experiments. Firstly, we compared two landraces and two durum wheat varieties as a preliminary work. We then compared individuals derived from the BGE047535בAthoris’ cross contrasting for esterification ability.Our results show that carotenoid esterification leads to a higher carotenoid retention during storage in durum wheat. Thus, the use of the carotenoid esterification would be useful as an extra strategy to ongoing efforts to improve carotenoid retention in the durum wheat food chain.

A multifaceted review on aureusidin in planta distribution, (bio)synthesis, and bioactivities

AbstractAureusidin, a derivative of aurone, imparts a vibrant yellow hue to numerous yellow‐rich plants, such as sunflowers and snapdragons. The bright yellow color provides an excellent pigment of choice for plant breeders to cultivate different‐colored hybrid species. The biosynthesis of aureusidin relies on a key aureusidin synthase enzyme, which belongs to the plant polyphenol oxidase family. The revelation of its DNA sequence, coupled with transgenic technology, has opened up possibilities for producing exceptionally stunning flower plants. Moreover, aureusidin exhibits remarkable bioactivities in vitro, including anti‐microbial, anti‐viral, anti‐cancer, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐oxidant, anti‐diabetic, anti‐hypercholesterolemic, anti‐hyperuricemia, histone deacetylase inhibitory, and neuropharmacological properties. However, the majority of studies have focused on in vitro experiments, rather than in vivo disease models, toxicological assessments, and human clinical trials. This review provides a comprehensive overview of all research advancements pertaining to aureusidin highlighting future perspectives to maximize its value, hereby contributing to the application of medicine, agricultural, and biotechnology fields. More studies are needed in the future to assess its toxicology, safety, and biotransformation for potential incorporation in future nutraceuticals.

Raman identification of pigments and opacifiers: Interest and limitation of multivariate analysis by comparison with solid state spectroscopical approach—I. Lead‐tin and Naples Yellow

AbstractLead‐tin/Naples Yellow provides a bright yellow color often used in combination with a blue‐colored glass to obtain a variety of green hues to decorate enameled glass, metalware, and ceramics. From the analysis of about hundreds of enameled objects from French and Chinese productions of the 18th century, we identify and compare the Raman signatures representative of these yellow pigments. For the first time, we propose several procedures that allow us to compare our data with those obtained from the literature on the spectra of synthesized pigments also characterized by XRD. A first approach is a reasoned analysis of the parameters obtained from the spectral decomposition carried out on spectra visually selected as the most different and the “purest.” A second approach uses multivariate analyses with principal component analysis (PCA) or hierarchical clustering of the spectra and of the band parameters originating from a spectral decomposition. It appears that the precise identification of the phase from simple observation of the sole Raman signature may be unreliable when only main peaks are detected due to the large non‐stoichiometry of the phases and the resulting similarity of the Raman signatures. PCA analysis of the total Raman spectra does not allow relevant classifications due to the strong contributions induced by the bands of the silicate matrix. However, the combination of a reasoned analysis of the Raman spectra with the PCA of spectroscopic parameters extracted from Raman spectral decomposition appears effective in categorizing the different pigments. From the results discussed, at least three types of Raman signatures are identified for each Sn‐ and Sb‐based pigment and correlate with the type, the period, and the location of enamel production.

Formation of plasmonic silver nanoparticles by glucosamine reduction: Application to a colorimetric sensor for determination of glucosamine in its pharmaceutical preparations

The purpose of this study is to develop a novel method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles using glucosamine as reducing agent and to utilize the developed method for colorimetric detection and quantitative determination of the non-chromophoric drug, glucosamine. Silver nanoparticles are prepared by reducing 0.02 mol/L silver nitrate by glucosamine in 0.075 mol/L ammonia and stabilizing the nanoparticles with 0.1% polyvinylpyrrolidone and the mixture is heated at 90 °C for 5 min. The prepared silver nanoparticles dispersed in water exhibit a bright yellow color due to a localized surface plasmon resonance band at 412 nm. The principle of glucosamine sensing is based on measuring the intensity of the surface plasmon resonance band at 412 nm which is directly proportional to the concentration of glucosamine with a linearity range (1 – 9 μg/mL), limit of detection 0.33 μg/mL and limit of quantitation 1.0 μg/mL. The proposed method was validated according to the ICH guidelines, and it was found to be accurate, precise, selective, and robust. The method was applied for determination of glucosamine in Joflex® capsules using the standard addition approach with mean % recovery ± standard deviation of 100.077 ± 1.786. The method is simple, rapid, and cost-effective and can be used for determination of glucosamine in bulk and in its pharmaceutical preparations.

Towards carotenoid biofortification in wheat: identification of XAT-7A1, a multicopy tandem gene responsible for carotenoid esterification in durum wheat

Yellow pigment content, mainly due to the accumulation of carotenoids, is a quality trait in durum wheat grain as it confers the bright yellow color to pasta preferred by consumers. Also, carotenoids are essential nutrients exerting important biological functions in human health. Consequently, biofortification strategies have been developed in many crops to increase carotenoid content. In this context, carotenoid esterification is emerging as a new breeding target for wheat biofortification, as carotenoid esters have been found to promote both carotenoid accumulation and stability. Until recently, no carotenoid esters have been identified in significant proportions in durum wheat grains, and interspecific breeding programs have been started to transfer esterification ability from common wheat and Hordeum chilense.In this work, XAT-7A1 is identified as the gene responsible for carotenoid esterification in durum wheat. Sequencing, copy number variation and mapping results show that XAT-7A1 is organized as tandem or proximal GDSL esterase/lipase copies in chromosome 7A. Three XAT-7A1 haplotypes are described: Type 1 copies, associated with high levels of carotenoid esters (diesters and monoesters) production and high expression in grain development; Type 2 copies, present in landraces with low levels of carotenoid esters (monoesters) or no esters; and Type 3 copies, without the signal peptide, resulting in zero-ester phenotypes.The identification of XAT-7A1 is a necessary step to make the carotenoid esterification ability available for durum and bread wheat breeding, which should be focused on the Type 1 XAT-7A1 haplotype, which may be assessed as a single gene since XAT-7A1 copies are inherited together.

Reversible Electrochromic/Electrofluorochromic Dual Switching in Zn(II)-Based Metallo-Supramolecular Polymer Films.

The introduction of novel materials with multifunctional chromogenic properties, such as electrochromic/electrofluorochromic (EC/EFC) properties, has recently attracted prospective interest in the development of various optoelectronic devices and smart windows. In this study, a novel Zn(II)-based metallo-supramolecular polymer (polyZn) has been developed as an ON/OFF switchable EFC application with prominent EC behavior. In this regard, the polymeric chain of polyZn was first synthesized by 1:1 complexation in a zigzag manner with Zn(II) ions at the metal center and 4,4'-[bis(2,2':6',2″-terpyridinyl)benzene]triphenylamine (LTPY-TPA) as the redox-active ditopic ligand. The polyZn exhibits excellent solubility in organic solvents and can form a very good uniform thin film on an indium tin oxide/glass substrate by spin-coating. In a neutral state, transparent polyZn exhibits a bright yellow color to the naked eye (absorption at ∼325 nm). The electroactive triphenylamine (TPA) core of LTPA-TPY, however, undergoes reversible single-electron oxidation when a positive bias of +1.6 V vs Ag/Ag+ is applied, generating radical cations (TPA ↔ TPA•+) with a significant drop in transparency (77%). A noticeable chromic shift in the hue of the film from brilliant yellow to green was observed with the appearance of a near-infrared absorption band at ∼897 nm with a tail of 1300-1600 nm. Interestingly, in addition to this EC phenomenon, the fabricated solid-state polyZn film exhibits intense, high-contrast reddish-orange photoluminescence with λem = 650 nm, which is significantly desired as a molecular probe for bioimaging. Both the TPA core and the redox-inactive Zn(II)-terpyridine core emit orange-red photoluminescence in polyZn, which is significantly quenched upon the oxidation of the film and is re-emitted at 0.0 V vs Ag/Ag+. This ON/OFF EFC transition was sustained for several cycles. This study should motivate to design and create distinctive new unique materials with combined EC/EFC behavior for the fabrication of optoelectronic devices by combining a metal-fluorescent core with a redox-active spacer.

Paper 47: Deep Learning Accurately Predicts Supraspinatus Pathology on Shoulder Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Objectives: Rotator cuff tears (RCT) are common injuries that increase in frequency with age. Deep learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence that uses artificial neural networks to perform a variety of tasks, including image analysis. Several previous studies have investigated the utility of deep learning for identifying fatty infiltration, muscle atrophy, and tear size of the supraspinatus muscle on shoulder magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, limited data exists on the use of deep learning for image analysis to determine the presence of supraspinatus pathology versus normal anatomy on shoulder MRI. RadImageNet, a recently published database consisting of 1.35 million annotated computed tomography (CT), MRI, and ultrasound (US) images from greater than 130,000 patients, contains thousands of shoulder MRI images. No research to date has investigated whether deep learning algorithms can accurately detect supraspinatus pathology on MRIs in the RadImageNet database. The objective of the present study was to determine if deep learning algorithms can accurately differentiate shoulder MRI images as those with supraspinatus pathology versus normal anatomy in the RadImageNet database. Methods: The RadImageNet database was queried for all MRI images containing supraspinatus pathology. Both supraspinatus tears (partial and full thickness) and tendinosis images are categorized under the same “supraspinatus pathology” label in the database. In the comparison cohort with normal anatomy, coronal and sagittal images capturing the supraspinatus muscle were included. Although the supraspinatus was still visualized, all sagittal images medial to the glenoid were excluded to better represent the supraspinatus pathology images. The training/validation/test datasets were created using a random 80/10/10 split of the entire cohort. Data were pre-processed using standard data augmentation, including random cropping, rotation, and translation of images. ConvNeXt, a pre-trained deep learning model for the purposes of image analysis, was chosen as the base architecture for transfer learning to optimize both accuracy and computing speed. The ConvNeXt model was trained using training (N=4,937 images) and validation (N=619 images) sets for 15 epochs. Algorithm performance was assessed on an independent test cohort (N=619 images) not used during model training. Performance metrics included classification accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. Model training was performed in PyTorch on an 8-gigabyte NIVIDIA Quadro M4000 Cloud Graphics Processing Unit. Results: A total of 5,241 shoulder MRIs with supraspinatus pathology and 932 without any pathology were obtained for comparison. The overall accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the classifier on the independent test set was 98.9% (95% confidence interval: 97.7% – 99.5%), 98.7%, 100.0%, 100.0%, and 93.1%, respectively. A confusion matrix for model predictions on the test set is displayed in Figure 1. Interpretation plots displaying six examples of incorrect model predictions are shown in Figure 2. Class 1 and 2 designate images without pathology and those with supraspinatus pathology, respectively. All six images were cases where the model predicted “normal” when the ground truth label of the image was supraspinatus pathology. Figure 3 demonstrates an example of class activation mapping, which visually indicates the areas on an image that influenced the model prediction the most. Bright yellow coloration indicates highly influential regions whereas purple coloration corresponds to regions that were less influential. In Figure 3, which is an example image of supraspinatus pathology, one of the most influential regions appears to localize to the supraspinatus tendon. Conclusions: Deep learning is a viable method for differentiating supraspinatus pathology from normal anatomy on shoulder MRIs. The ConvNeXt model demonstrated excellent performance in predicting images with supraspinatus pathology on shoulder MRIs in the RadImageNet database. Future research using deep learning techniques to classify different rotator cuff tear types and sizes is warranted.

Unveiling Unconventional Luminescence Behavior of Multicolor Carbon Dots Derived from Phenylenediamine.

Fluorescence regulation of carbon dots (CDs) during their preparation has become a hot research topic. In this work, multicolor fluorescent CDs with unconventional luminescence behavior are prepared by using o-, m-, or p-phenylenediamine (o-PD, m-PD, or p-PD, respectively) and 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene with rich hydroxyl groups as reaction precursors. Tunable multicolor fluorescent CDs with bright blue, yellow, and red colors can be obtained by a solvothermal method under the joint action of ethanol and hydrochloric acid. The fluorescence emission of the synthesized CDs follows a rule of o-PD to m-PD to p-PD from blue to red, which is contrary to most previously reported results (the luminescence from blue to red following an order of m-PD to o-PD to p-PD). Our results reveal that the differences in the polymerization, surface states, functional groups, and graphite N content of CDs might be the main reasons for the unconventional luminescence behavior. In addition, these multicolor CDs have good applications in the fields of light-emitting diode lighting and anticounterfeiting.