Bright Day Research Articles

Sunscreen application by photosensitive patients is inadequate for protection.

Photosensitive patients often comment that sunscreen products seem of little benefit. We used fluorescence spectroscopy to assess quantitatively their sunscreen application technique. A dose-response relationship for sunscreen skin surface thickness and fluorescence intensity was determined for an intrinsically fluorescent sunscreen, Neutrogena sun protection factor (SPF) 15. Ten women with long-standing photosensitivity conditions were asked to apply this sunscreen in the manner they would normally on a bright sunny day. Fluorescence measurements were taken from all unclothed body areas, comprising 17 sites of the head, neck, upper and lower limbs. Geometric regression analysis of the dose-response data showed a high level of correlation (r = 0.99) between sunscreen thickness and fluorescence intensity, allowing fluorescence measurements to be converted to an equivalent sunscreen thickness. The overall median sunscreen thickness was 0.5 mg/cm2, with median thicknesses of individual sites ranging from 0 to 1.2 mg/cm2. The most frequently missed sites were the posterior neck, lateral neck, temples and ears, all of which had median thicknesses of 0 mg/cm2. Hence, photosensitive patients fail to apply sunscreen in some prominently exposed sites, and use average thicknesses far less than the manufacturers' recommendation (2 mg/cm2). The level of protection is much lower than anticipated from the stated SPF of the product.

Does Ozone Exposure Protect from Photoinhibition?

Tropospheric ozone and high light intensities are two stress factors that often occur simultaneously under natural conditions. Ozone is well known to form oxygen radicals in the apoplastic water and long lasting photoinhibition can cause photooxidative damage also by formation of several species of oxygen radicals. We were interested whether moderate levels of ozone would be able to modulate the response of leaves to photoinhibitory conditions naturally occurring around noon on a bright day. Cuttings of Populus sp. were cultivated in two separate greenhouse-compartments adapted as fumigation chambers. In the two compartments plants were grown in ambient air containing about 20 nmol mol(-1) ozone and in elevated ozone concentrations supplied for 8 h per day. During the midday of bright days Fv/Fm decreased by the same amount in all leaves, indicating photoinhibition. At the same time Fo increased in control leaves more than in ozone-exposed leaves indicating a higher amount of heat-deactivating PSII centres in the latter. This was confirmed by a higher epoxidation state in ozone-exposed leaves during midday of a bright day. The contents of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b were significantly decreased in ozone-exposed leaves. In older leaves the ratios chlorophyll a : b, and xanthophylls: chlorophyll b were increased indicating an adaptation to higher light stress. From this we conclude that by increasing the amount of heat-deactivating centres ozone seems to protect PSII from photoinhibition.

The Day the President Came to Town: Benjamin Harrison's 1891 Visit to Southern California

KINGSLEY bell tower standing out like a beacon amid the young citrus groves and the yet to be tamed chaparral north of the town of Pomona, stood empty that April day in 1891 . The school's pot belly stove, which over the past several weeks had been used chiefly to dry out wet clothes, stood cold. For although the school was proclaimed as one of the best in the valley back in 1885 when its patron, Samuel Kingsley, had donated the land and paid for its construction, perhaps its only fault was its location near a wash. During what passes as a rainy season in southern California, students who had the misfortune of having to cross the wash to attend school, got a good soaking for their efforts. However, like the schoolhouse, on this day the wash too was empty; Wednesday, April 22 had dawned a bright sunny day over the Southland. San Bernardino Road, a dirt path which pre-dated the school by a decade and connected Los Angeles and San Bernardino counties, in spite of the good weather, was void of traffic. Less than two miles to the southeast the most exciting event in the young lives of Kingsley School's students was about to take place; an event so important the board of trustees of the Pomona City School District ordered all four of its school closed so every child could take part.1 It was the day the President came to

That Lamoka Lake Feeling

THAT LAMOKA LAKE FEELING/Barbara Sutton MY MOTHER carried huge pocketbooks with everything in the world in them but money. When she got a new pocketbook it was a bright new day, cleared up for ship sightings. The old pocketbooks she'd leave stuffed to the hilt just as they were, and they'd wind up somewhere on the floor of the hall closet with the other vinyl and plastic residue of our skinflinted lives. My mother never went much of anywhere, her excuse being her appearance: she lived in wide cottonpoly shifts and black laceless Keds with holes to accommodate the corns on her baby toes. School events to which parents needed to come, relatives' weddings, and Christmas and Easter were terrible for her, and for me and Toby, because we'd have to go shopping for a new size-22 dress. She could not bear wearing the same dress twice. On its debut the garment would become the text of my mother's life, and it always said the same thing: I hate what I am. You'd have to adopt a different mindset for this kind of shopping: what was "nice" for her wasn't what was nice for you. There was basically no cut to these enormous dresses; they were of a curious texture, like girdle fabric, big synthetic rectangles with short sleeves attached . They had matching fashion belts that any sensible, size-22 woman would discard, gold buttons or simulated leather ones, Nehru collars, fringed faux pockets, and other groovy details. Td display a specimen, lifting my arms over my head. "How 'bout this, Mom. It's purple." Often Td unknowingly venture into the 22 1/2 section of the rack, and my mother would be affronted to the point of outrage. "Td never wear a half size." She had her dignity, her standards, even though we'd hear the clink of a spoon in the middle of the night and know she was eating again. Any number of things could make my mother cry—"Ave Maria," Pattie Page, steel guitars. On Saturday nights we'd listen to an AM radio broadcast of my uncle's band, Delmar Huber and His Country Gentlemen, from where they were playing down in Pennsylvania. When Uncle Del ran through a certain series of twangs my mother would take off her glasses and sob into her fists. This was a routine in which everyone knew his part: Toby and I would pat her on the back in the way I had touched the bony fur of a guinea pig for the first time. Comfort was not a goal or even a consideration: this was simply the way you spent your Saturday nights. The Missouri Review · 259 Then my father left, and my mother had to go to work, and here is where the story that I like can do nothing much but end. Toby and I stood on the front sidewalk, watching our father's preparations for departure . He pulled Toby's ear like he always did, but this time Toby did not slap back at him like Dad's fingers were a June bug. As he backed out of the drive, he leaned through the window to tell me something. He was a gaunt man with a rugged dusting of black that never came off on his razor. "Don't wind up a dope fiend," he said, "and don't let people get under your skin." Right after this my mother began tapping frantically on a Royal portable that wobbled on its tiny metal stand. She was so huge at the typing stand that when she reached sixty words a minute it was frightening —you expected a boom, a Frankenstein bolt of lightning. Because she was a woman encumbered rather than helped by her looks, she had to type well to be able to go back to her profession as a bookkeeper; she had to do everything better than any other woman who wanted to bring home a whopping eighty dollars a week. The wardrobe for my mother's first post port-desertion job consisted of all the size-22 dresses she'd bought and immediately despised. She...

Islam and the Gendered Discourses of Death

On a bright day in January 1987, my host in the Awlad ʿAli bedouin community in Egypt in which I had been doing research invited me to accompany him on a con dolence call. He knew how enthusiastic I was about visiting people who stillcamped in traditional tents in the desert, and this set of families, he assured me, lived in a beautiful area. The group's patriarch had died twenty days ago, but my host had been too busy to go so only his younger brothers had paid their respects. He had just heard, though, that the bereaved family was upset he had not come himself. So we drove off in his car, with his two cowives in the back seat, stop ping at the market town nearby to buy a fat sheep to take with us. As they loaded the beast into his car, my host complained about how expensive sheep had be come. The sound of its bleating in the trunk reminded me of trips to weddings, when sheep are also obligatory gifts.

Nicholas Griffin on Russell's Idealist Apprenticeship

In his Autobiography Russell describes how, in 1895, having recently completed his undergraduate studies in mathematics and philosophy at Cambridge, he formed the intellectual project that was to inform the rest of his life:I remember a cold, bright day in early spring when I walked by myself in the Tiergarten, and made projects of future work. I thought I would write one series of books on the philosophy of the sciences from pure mathematics to physiology, and another series of books on social questions. I hoped that the two series might ultimately meet in a synthesis at once scientific and practical. My scheme was largely inspired by Hegelian ideas. Nevertheless I have to some extent followed it in later years, as much at any rate as could have been expected. (Autobiography 1.125)

カキ‘平核無’樹の推定純光合成速度および果実生産性との関係

Relationship between canopy net photosynthesis and fruit production was analyzed with 40 Japanese persimmon 'Hiratanenashi' trees grown under current common practices. Canopy net photosynthetic rates were estimated by using a multiple regression analysis of leaf net photosynthetic rates (Pn) and our recent models (Yamamoto and Hata, 1991). These models take into consideration seasonal changes in form and structure of fruit trees and the distribution of radiation flux at leaf surfaces in fruit tree crowns (Yamamoto, 1988).1. The Pn distribution plot against most single factors exhibit widely scattered patterns because the measurements were taken under field conditions. However, significant curves were obtained when Pn was plotted against several meteorological and edaphic factors and leaf characteristics and activities. Light-saturation value of Pn (about 21 mgCO2•dm-2•hr-1) was about 1, 400 μpmol•m-2•sec-1 of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD)2. The coefficient of variables of the multiple regression was 80% when all factors except dark respiration rate, as independent variables, were considered. It was 76% when meteorological elements, soil water potential, time factors, and their powers were included. The latter regression analysis gave a practical formula for estimates of Pn. Furthermore, the coefficient of variables was 64% when only PPFD and its powers were used, suggesting that PPFD is the dominating factor in Pn values under field conditions.3. On 22 July, a bright sunny day, when the leaf area had become maximum, the daily total amount of net photosythetic product for 13 hr (DTPP) and the daily mean net photosynthetic rate (DMPn) were calculated for each tree. The above mentioned multiple regression formula was applied, incorporating the total leaf areas, hourly distribution of leaf area frequency of leaf irradiance. The estimated DTPP which is closely related to total leaf number (TLN) ranged from 390 to 1, 400 gCO2•tree-1•(13 hr)-1. The estimated DMPn varied slightly about a mean of 15.5 mgCO2•dm-2hr-1. DTPP became large at about 2.3 in leaf area index (LAI, ) and was negatively correlated to daily mean PPFD at leaf surface (DMPPFD). DMPn was negatively correlated to both LAIc and mean leaf area density (MLAD). Therefore, it was suggested that tree crown having too large DTPP had dark leaf irradiance and low DMPn.4. The mean yield of fruit per tree (MYF) for 2 years was low in trees having DTPP greater than 770 gCO2•tree-1•(13 hr)-1. There was a negative correlation between DTPP and mean peel color (MPC) for 2 years. Furthermore, many trees in which DMPn were around 15.5 mgCO2•dm-2 ? hr-1 developed a large number of flower buds per tree (NFB) and had high MYF values.5. Relative distribution ratio of photosynthetic product into fruit (RDR), equivalent to MYF/DTPP, decreased with increasing TLN and tree vigor. RDR was positively correlated to DMPPFD, MNF, MYF and MPC.6. Three dimensional pillar-shaped graphs show extremely low yields of fruit under conditions of low RDR, which correlates with low leaf irradiance, low net photosynthetic rate and few flower buds on account of excessive vigor.

Prologue—How the Following Article Came to Be

A sI look out onto this bright and cheerful autumn day, I find it hard to believe that it has already been more than two years since I was approached by Dick Jaeger to give a talk on graphics at the Chicago AERA meeting. Although strong evidence existed at the time to suggest that I was asked primarily because John Tukey was unavailable, I was pleased to have the opportunity and prepared my talk with great enthusiasm.

“For the Rest of Us”: A Reader‐Oriented Interpretation of Apple's “1984” Commercial

It was a bright cold day in January, and the clocks were showing third quarter. Fifty million Americans nuzzled in the breasts of their telescreens, staring down into the Super Bowl stadium. They slipped through the afternoon glassily, with their beer and their Winstons and their friends. Suddenly the predictable drone of sportscasters was interrupted by a gritty sixty-second metaphor. A young woman athlete being chased by faceless storm-troopers raced past hundreds of vacant-eyed workers and hurled a sledgehammer into the image of a menacing voice. A transcendent blast. Then a calm, cultivated speaker assured the astonished multitudes that 1984 would not be like 1984. Macintosh had entered the arena.

Balancing the Books

BALANCING THE BOOKS by Oulda Sebestyen Scientists and mystics tell us that we live in an orderly universe. They assure us that a beautiful set of checks and balances is always at work. At some point in my recent past I decided to believe this—in spite of a great deal of evidence suggesting that we humans have managed, through great diligence, to bring considerable chaos to our lives and our world. First off I had to admit, grudgingly, that some of the chaos around me might be the result of my sloppy housekeeping, and my even sloppier thinking. After that, I could finally begin to look for the harmony and symmetry that I had been told were the natural order of things. And I found them—all around me, in abundance—flowing, adjusting, striking balances right and left. Order, equity, unity, everywhere. I began to make connections I'd never made before. Everything started to explain everything else. This has been a rich, almost startling experience, because on the whole, writers live precarious lives—forever dependent on circumstances and the favor of strangers. The queens of romance and the kings of horror don't live that way, of course, but most writers do. They almost get used to it, but never quite—they realize a bit bleakly that they'll never have a pension, they'll never get paid for those years of on-the-job training, or for their failures. Those wildly varying royalty checks, coming six months apart, train them to live on deferred hope and expectation. But they seize their days in other ways. If there are debits there are also credits—remember, everything in the universe continually longs for equilibrium. Right? I'm not a fluent writer by nature. My body of work is still a ninety-pound weakling. Since I started writing in deadly earnest some forty-six years ago (at the age of twenty, in case you're counting) I've written nine novels, but only five have been published, and all in the last eleven years. It took me a while to get the hang of it. I still plod along like a snail in molasses. And to my dismay each new book is harder to write than the one before. It might be lovely to become an absolute fountain of creativity, and have to worry about how to spend money instead of carefully cutting expenses to the bone all the time. On the other hand, a small objective part of me thinks we already chop down too many trees and spew out too many books and magazines and newspapers and reports-in-triplicate, full of chitchat and ephemera—mine included. I catch that part of me thinking, Well, I haven't planted a tree today, but at least I'm writing the Great American Novel on the back of my junk mail. One of the assets of my presently limited lifestyle is that it is constantly giving me a more casual, humorous "so-what" way of looking at my material world—my 'things". It doesn't bother me in the least that I'm standing here in a dress I made twenty years ago, or that I bought my eye shadow at Woolworth's in 1955. (I go very light on eye shadow.) I can laugh about it because the Woolworth's was in London, and somehow for me that evens it all out. And back in April I spent three dollars for these shoes at the thrift shop, but I also "spent" that same bright windy day flying a kite with my delighted son and my delirious dog, on a high mesa with the Rocky Mountains jutting up joyously behind us. We all have to strike our own balances. Writers, inside themselves, struggle with the problem of whether to write a lot, or live a lot, or do 39 some of each. They have to weigh carefully the time spent in "experiencing life" and the time spent "working", because they must draw upon those experiences for their work. They have to take in so they can give out. They can't offer up the distilled, refined essences of life if...

Not the Last Word: Point and Counterpoint: The “Sweet” and the “Swill”: Farewell Welfare?

“It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen” (Orwell, 1949). The opening lines of 1984 have passed into the collective consciousness, gathering the familiarity that is reserved for great works of literature. The ‘Ministry of Truth’ was Winston Smith's employer and the name is now applied by journalists to the Victorian Government's media unit.Much science fiction has been treated with condescension and the label of approval, ‘literature’, has been applied sparingly, if at all. I have enjoyed the genre since reading The War of the Worlds by H.G. Wells. The terror and adventure of the story of the invasion by Martians held me enthralled, but the real thrill for me as a schoolboy was that much of the early action took place where I lived.

After a Death

I have witnessed many deaths and, loyal to my training, have generally remained objective and appropriately supportive during these events. Death, once a matter between family and physician, is now a public event involving guidelines, consultants, and tests, house officers, social workers, nurses, and students. This change in the nature of dying allows one to be more scientific and less involved when talking with a family, making it easier to review with them the litany of personnel and procedures that have been invoked and that basically mean there is no hope for their child. I believe that, in general, I am too old to have new insights into myself; however, a death this summer became an epiphany for me. She was a 14-year-old girl, an only child, who three days earlier had been practicing to be a cheerleader, and who on a bright summer day, despite all our best skills

A visit to a Chinese kindergarten

I often passed the kindergarten on campus during my assignment as a teacher of English at the Sichuan Institute of Finance and Economics in Chengdu. Each time I marveled at the charm of the children as they intently learned while playing. I vowed to arrange a visit before my year was over. It was a bright April day in 1984 when my interpreter and I were welcomed to this busy place.

THE ‘YAN TATSINE DISTURBANCES IN KANO—A SEARCH FOR PERSPECTIVE

Thursday, December 18, 1980 was a bright clear day in Kano, a welcome relief from the thick harmattan dust of the previous week. But that afternoon, a dark column of smoke rose up over the city. Word soon spread that the smoke came from trucks set on fire during a clash between police and followers of an obscure, and seemingly eccentric Muslim preacher by the name of Mallam Muhammadu Marwa, who was popularly called by the derisive nickname of Mallam Maitatsine. This nickname was derived from a Hausa phrase which he often used in his public preaching, “Wanda ba ta yarda ba Allah tatsine,” meaning roughly, “May God curse whoever doesn't agree with me.” Over the next ten days, Kano, the largest city in northern Nigeria, was engulfed in fear and confusion.1

Privacy, security, and freedom in the Information Society

"It was a bright cold day in April and the clock was striking thirteen ...". It is almost mandatory to quote Orwell's "Nineteen Eighty Four" when writing about this topic - the above lines are the opening phrase of that work and some of Orwell's predictions are uncomfortably near fulfillment. Many new inter-related aspects of privacy have arisen in the last few years, some of which have been briefly discussed before by the author [1].

The Games they Play (At Siesta Time): Juegos a la hora de siesta

The action takes place on a bright day, siesta time, in the corner of some park or square. In the background there is a high gray wall: centre stage, a park bench. A hammock is suspended from a tree which is to the left of the bench; the hammock should be at a height which makes it appear that the actor is swinging over the orchestra pit. Near the edge of the stage to the right of the bench, is a sandbox. The light is dazzlingly brilliant. The characters, although they are children, are played by adults; a mature restraint rather than a puerile interpretation should characterize these roles. In the interplay of characters the actors should caricaturize ‘miniature adults’, prototypes of their future selves. The properties should be commensurate with the actual size of the actors; therefore they will be larger than is ordinarily the case with children. When the stage is set, a shrill, strident chirping and singing of birds is heard, interrupted ever so often by sounds of children playing at war… rrrrrrrr… tata tatatatat… When the curtain rises, the stage is flooded with sunshine. Diego is playing in the sandbox; he is kneeling and his arms are extended outward in an imitation of a plane in combat; he simulates the march of tanks as well; he mimics bombs falling, explosions, and the roar of motors with his voice. Each time a plane is presumably hit, his body lifts off the ground, then falls, creating a shower of sand which falls over his body and reaches the orchestra pit; he is completely absorbed in the game and lost to the world.

A comparison of thermal performance of austenitic stainless steel solar absorber plates coloured by chemical and thermal oxidation techniques

A comparison of thermal performance of the chemically and thermally oxidized 18 8 CrNi austenitic stainless steel (SS) solar absorber plates (light blue in colour) under bright sunshine conditions in Benin City, Nigeria, shows that the thermally oxidized austenitic stainless steel AISI 321 performs better than the chemically oxidized (SS) absorbing surface. The highest temperature recorded on a clear bright day, for a singly glazed, thermally oxidized (SS) absorber plate was 108 °C as against 102 °C for the chemically oxidized (SS) absorber plate under the identical conditions of plate masses and dimensions.

In situ measurement of the settling velocity of organic carbon particles and 10 species of phytoplankton

An in situ method of simultaneously measuring the settling velocity of three size ranges of particulate organic carbon (POC) particles and 10 species of phytoplankton is described. The measurements took 2 h and were done at four different periods during the diurnal cycle. The POC fluxes of particles in the size ranges 1‐10 µ, 10–64 µ, and >64 µ were about equal for each size range and showed very little diurnal variation. In contrast, the phytoplankton showed considerable response to the varying light intensities of a day. The flagellates migrated downward at sunset; a species of diatom settled more slowly during daylight than at night; a blue‐green species showed maximum buoyance at midnight and some green species changed from downward sinking on a bright day to upward movement on a dull day.

The range of micrometeorological diversity in the biological environment

The range of temperature and humidity conditions that can exist simultaneously at or near the ground surface on a bright summer day in a temperate climate are shown in a diagram. Cool and warm conditions are defined as having respectively a lower and a higher temperature than the air at a height of 1.50 m above the surface of the ground. Similarly, humid and dry conditions are defined by a lower and a higher saturation deficit (S.D.), respectively. Cool, humid conditions are found in the open shade where only diffuse solar radiation is received. In high reed vegetations on wet soil, temperatures can lie 8°C below that of the free atmosphere and humidity is close to the saturation point. Warm and humid conditions are found in thin vegetations on damp soil with a temperature excess of up to 10°C and a strongly reduced S.D. In dry grassland, air temperatures 1 cm above the ground are up to 20°C higher and S.D. up to 40 mm Hg higher than at a height of 1.50 m. On suitably oriented slopes covered with dark organic material, surface temperatures can reach 50°C above the air temperature.

Cecil Coggins and the War in the Shadows

THIS precept—as sincere as it was moralistic, as forthright as it was naive—verbalized, epitomized, and, to a certain extent, reinforced the American attitude toward intelligence-gathering that characterized the two decades after World War I. But the contrived innocence of the first decade became the enforced isolation of the second as economic malaise spread over the land. It was a time when many newly graduated physicians were happy to have the opportunity to drive cabs in New York City and when only the cream of each class could compete for commissions as medical officers in the army or navy. In such an atmosphere of national introspection, on a bright day in July 1933, a tall and spare lieutenant (junior grade), somewhat older than his peers and with three years of active service already behind him, reported for duty in the obstetrical department at US Naval Dispensary, Long Beach, Calif. Cecil Henry