Brief Self-administered Diet History Questionnaire Research Articles

Abstract P310: Dietary Pattern Associated With Future Better Gait Speed in a Japanese General Population: Tanushimaru Cohort Study

Introduction: Sarcopenia is a core contributor to falls, fractures and disability. Previous cohort studies showed that healthy dietary pattern like plant-focused diets had beneficial effects on cognitive and physical health. However, few longitudinal studies have investigated the association between dietary patterns and future gait speed, which is strongly related to sarcopenia. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between dietary patterns and gait speed in a 9-year follow-up. Methods: We recruited 1943 men and women aged 40 to 95 years in the prospective Tanushimaru cohort study in Japan in 2009. Their dietary intake was assessed using a brief self-administered diet history questionnaire (BDHQ). Principal component analysis (PCA) identified the main dietary patterns. In 976 participants re-examined in 2018, walk time for 5m was examined and <1m/sec of gait speed was defined as slow gait speed. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the association of the main dietary patterns with slow gait speed. Covariates included traditional cardiovascular risk factor (hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes), history of cardiovascular diseases, physical activity and cognitive function at baseline. Results: The prevalence of slow gait speed in 2018 was 46.9%. The PCA revealed three major dietary patterns: vegetable pattern (vegetables, potatoes, mushrooms and seaweeds); rice pattern (rice, bread and miso soup); and alcohol pattern (alcoholic beverages, cakes and snacks). The higher vegetable pattern score was significantly associated with slower gait speed (p=0.002), while other patterns were not. Estimated risk for slow gait speed in the fully-adjusted model was 39.1% in the highest versus 55.8% in the lowest tertile of vegetable dietary pattern scores (p=0.001). Conclusions: The vegetable pattern was significantly associated with a lower risk for slow gait speed in a 9-year follow-up.

Abstract P220: Dietary Patterns and Lower Risk of Early Stage of Renal Dysfunction in 9-Year Follow-Up in a Japanese General Population: Tanushimaru Cohort Study

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing public health problem with aging society and a progression to end-stage renal disease is associated with a higher risk of death. Previous studies have suggested that healthy dietary patterns like vegetable-based diet may reduce risk of incident CKD in general populations. However, there is less evidence on whether dietary patterns have impact on early stage of renal dysfunction (RD). Therefore, we investigated the longitudinal association between dietary patterns and early stage of RD in a general population. Methods: We recruited 1943 men and women aged 40 to 95 years in the prospective Tanushimaru cohort study in Japan in 2009. Their dietary intake was assessed using a brief self-administered diet history questionnaire (BDHQ). Principal component analysis (PCA) identified the main dietary patterns. In 984 participants re-examined in 2018, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated by CKD-EPI method in 2009 and 2018. RD and early RD were defined as eGFR < 60 and < 90 mL/min/1.73m 2 , respectively . Multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the association of the main dietary patterns in 2009 with RD and early RD in 2018. Covariates included cardiovascular risk factors and eGFR at baseline. Results: Mean levels of eGFR in 2009 and 2018 were 94.0 and 84.3 mL/min/1.73m 2 . The prevalence of RD and early RD in 2018 were 8.8% (n=87) and 58.5% (n=576), respectively. The PCA revealed three major dietary patterns: vegetable pattern (vegetables, mushrooms and seaweeds); rice pattern (rice, bread and miso soup); and alcohol pattern (alcoholic beverages, cakes and snacks). The higher vegetable pattern score was significantly associated with higher eGFR in 2018 (p=0.006) and modestly associated with lower risk of early RD (p=0.06), but not RD (p=0.1) in the fully-adjusted models. Conclusions: The vegetable pattern was significantly associated with higher eGFR and may prevent an early stage of RD in a 9-year follow-up.

Survey of Food Intake in Patients with Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm.

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a vascular disease that involves asymptomatic progressive expansion of the abdominal aorta. Aneurysm rupture is associated with a high mortality rate. Dietary conditions may be associated with the development and rupture of AAA. However, the relationship between nutrition and AAA is not completely understood. In this study, a nutrition survey was conducted using a brief self-administered diet history questionnaire (BDHQ) to evaluate the relationship between AAA and dietary habits. One-hundred and twenty-six Japanese people participated in the nutrition survey. Food intake status was analyzed in four groups: the analyzed group-1 (all men), analyzed group-2 (men with smoking history), analyzed group-3 (all women) and analyzed group-4 (women without smoking history). In group-2 and group-3, the intake of citrus fruits was significantly lower in the AAA group than in the non-AAA group. In group-2, the intake of soybean and soybean products was significantly lower in the AAA group than in the non-AAA group. In analyzed group-3, the intake of other vegetables (vegetables except for green and yellow vegetables and soybeans) and seafood was significantly lower in the AAA group than in the non-AAA group. This study suggests that AAA onset may be associated with low intake of fruits, soybeans, vegetables, and seafood.

Impact of Inadequate Calorie Intake on Mortality and Hospitalization in Stable Patients with Chronic Heart Failure.

Malnutrition is highly prevalent in patients with heart failure (HF), but the precise impact of dietary energy deficiency on HF patients’ clinical outcomes is not known. We investigated the associations between inadequate calorie intake and adverse clinical events in 145 stable outpatients with chronic HF who had a history of hospitalization due to worsening HF. To assess the patients’ dietary pattern, we used a brief self-administered diet-history questionnaire (BDHQ). Inadequate calorie intake was defined as <60% of the estimated energy requirement. In the total chronic HF cohort, the median calorie intake was 1628 kcal/day. Forty-four patients (30%) were identified as having an inadequate calorie intake. A Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed that the patients with inadequate calorie intake had significantly worse clinical outcomes including all-cause death and HF-related hospitalization during the 1-year follow-up period versus those with adequate calorie intake (20% vs. 5%, p < 0.01). A multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that inadequate calorie intake was an independent predictor of adverse clinical events after adjustment for various factors that may influence patients’ calorie intake. Among patients with chronic HF, inadequate calorie intake was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality and rehospitalization due to worsening HF. However, our results are preliminary and larger studies with direct measurements of dietary calorie intake and total energy expenditure are needed to clarify the intrinsic nature of this relationship.

Diet and root surface caries in a cohort of older Japanese.

Root surface caries experience tends to increase with age. The purpose of this longitudinal study was to evaluate the relationship between aspects of dietary intake, including milk and sucrose in coffee or tea (SCT), and root surface caries in older Japanese individuals. 303 community-dwelling older individuals (age 75years) were enrolled for analysis. All participants underwent a dental examination at baseline and then annually from 2003 to 2008 (ie six times over a 5-year period). A disease event was considered to have occurred when root surface caries was detected on a previously sound or nonexposed root surface. Over the observation period, disease events in each year were counted. Dietary habits during the preceding month were evaluated using a brief self-administered diet history questionnaire (BDHQ) in 2003 and 2008. Poisson regression analysis performed crude and adjusted increment-rate ratios (IRRs) for root surface caries and the intake of milk and SCT. The adjusted increment-rate ratio (IRR) of the increment of root surface caries for participants in the highest SCT tertile was 1.72 (95%CI: 1.40-2.14) compared with the referent group. In addition, for the amount of milk intake, the adjusted IRR in the highest tertile was 0.63 (95% CI: 0.51-0.78) compared with the referent group. Much SCT and low milk intake were associated with the increment of root surface caries in community-dwelling older people in Japan. These findings suggest that to help prevent root surface caries, community-dwelling older people in Japan should consume adequate amounts of milk daily and limit their intake of SCT.

The relationship between masticatory performance and intakes of foods and nutrients in Japanese male workers: A cross-sectional study.

Although many studies have been conducted on the relationship between masticatory performance and nutrient ingestion in the elderly, few large-scale studies have been carried out using relatively young individuals. The objective of this study was to clarify the association between the masticatory performance evaluated by the gummy-jelly test, not by visual examination, and nutrient ingestion state based on the brief self-administered diet history questionnaire (BDHQ). This was a cross-sectional survey of 540 male workers. Somatometry, blood pressure measurement, blood test and medical interview were performed as a periodic health check-up. In the dental check-up, an oral examination, gummy-jelly test (glucosensor) and survey of ingested food and nutrients using BDHQ were performed. The participants were classified into two groups with low and normal values of masticatory performance. Participants with a score on the gummy-jelly test below 150mg/dL or 150mg/dL or higher were included in the low and normal groups, respectively. Two hundred and forty-eight participants (45.8%) had low masticatory performance, and 292 (53.2%) had normal masticatory performance. The intakes of some minerals and vitamins, such as calcium, vitamin D, vitamin B2 , small fish with bones and non-oily fish, were significantly lower in the low masticatory group than in the normal group. In contrast, the intake of sugar for coffee and tea and that of chicken were significantly higher in the low masticatory group than in the normal group. This study suggested that low masticatory performance can affect nutrient intake, which may cause non-communicable diseases.

The relationship between sucrose intake in coffee or tea, and root or coronal caries in an elderly Japanese population.

Few studies have examined the effect of sucrose intake in coffee or tea (SCT) on dental caries, especially root caries, in elderly people. The purpose of the present study was to examine the associations between SCT and the prevalence of root or coronal caries in community-dwelling elderly Japanese. Participants were 370 elders aged 75 years from a larger cohort study of elders in Niigata City, Japan. Dietary habits during the preceding month were assessed with a validated brief self-administered diet history questionnaire (BDHQ). The caries examination was conducted using mirror and ball-pointed periodontal probes under artificial light. Poisson regression analysis was performed to analyze the prevalence-rate ratios (PRRs) between SCT and the root or coronal caries. The number of root or coronal caries was selected as the dependent variable for the analysis. Then, SCT (tertiles labeled low, medium and high) and other 4 variables were selected as independent variables. The PRRs between the number of root caries lesions and SCT were signifi cantly higher in the second (medium intake, 1.38, p ⟨ 0.001) and third tertiles (high intake, 2.07, p ⟨ 0.001). Similar tendencies were seen for the number of coronal caries lesions (PRRs in the second and third tertiles 1.74 and 2.46, respectively, both p ⟨ 0.001). A significant positive relationship was observed between sucrose in coffee and tea and the number of coronal or root caries lesions in community-dwelling elderly Japanese.

Fish Intake May Affect Brain Structure and Improve Cognitive Ability in Healthy People.

As the population ages worldwide, the prevalence of cognitive disorders including mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is increasing. MCI appears in 10–20% of adults aged 65 years and older and is generally referred to as an intermediate stage between normal cognitive aging and dementia. To develop timely prevention and early treatment strategies by identifying biological factors, we investigated the relationship between dietary consumption of fish, brain structure, and MCI in cognitively normal subjects. The brain structure was assessed using neuroimaging-derived measures including the “gray-matter brain healthcare quotient (GM-BHQ)” and “fractional-anisotropy brain healthcare quotient (FA-BHQ),” which are approved as the international standard (H.861.1) by the International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector. Dietary consumption of fish was calculated using the brief self-administered diet history questionnaire (BDHQ), and MCI was assessed using the Memory Performance Index (MPI) of MCI screening method (MCI Screen). This study showed that fish intake was positively associated with both FA-BHQ and MPI, and FA-BHQ was more strongly associated with MPI than fish intake. Our findings are in line with those in previous studies, but our study further indicates that the condition of the whole brain integrity measured by the FA-BHQ may mediate the relationship between fish intake and MCI prevention in healthy people. In other words, FA-BHQ may be used to identify people at high risk of MCI to provide the appropriate intervention.

Association between Traditional Japanese Diet Washoku and Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Findings from the Kashiwa Study.

To identify the dietary patterns among community-dwelling Japanese older adults and to explore the association between these patterns and sarcopenia. Cross-sectional study. Kashiwa city, Chiba prefecture, Japan. Community-dwelling older adults (n = 1241) aged 65 years and over who were not eligible for long-term care. Dietary intake was assessed using the brief self-administered diet history questionnaire (BDHQ). Dietary patterns were identified using both principal component analysis and the score on the Japanese diet comprising soybeans and soybean products, fish, vegetables, pickles, mushroom, seaweeds, and fruits. Sarcopenia was defined by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) criteria. A binary logistic regression analysis was performed with sarcopenia status as the dependent variable after adjusting for economic status, living alone status, BMI, energy intake, multimorbidity, and physical activity. Participants' mean age was 74.6 years, and 52.1% were male. According to AWGS criteria, 5.1% had sarcopenia. Three dietary patterns were identified from the principal component analysis. Dietary pattern 1 (DP1), showed high loadings for fish, tofu, vegetables, and fruits which are similar to the side dishes in a typical Japanese diet. Dietary pattern 2 (DP2) had high factor loadings for fish, rice, and miso soup which are main dishes in a typical Japanese diet. Dietary pattern 3 (DP3) had a high factor loading for noodles. Men with the lowest tertile of DP1 score had a higher likelihood of being sarcopenic (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 3.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20-11.2). Women with the lowest tertile of DP2 score had a moderate likelihood of being sarcopenic (AOR 2.71, 95%CI 0.99-7.46). Low adherence to Japanese dietary pattern was associated with prevalence of sarcopenia in both genders. Adherence to a dietary pattern high in foods characteristic of a Japanese diet including fish, soybean products, vegetables, and fruits was associated with low prevalence of sarcopenia in both genders.

Association Between Food Patterns and Gray Matter Volume.

Diet and nutrition play a key role in the promotion and maintenance of good health, as they are important modifiable risk factors for chronic diseases. A growing number of studies indicate that optimal food intake and optimal physical activity are essential for the gray matter volume (GMV). However, the precise definition of “optimal” is extremely difficult and a topic of several studies. In the current research, we used the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based normalized GMV (nGMV), for monitoring brain conditions based on GMV. By analyzing the relationship between the nGMV of 171 healthy Japanese participants and the results of a brief self-administered diet history questionnaire (BDHQ), we found that while nGMV was high in the participants with high intake of milk and yogurt, it was low in the participants of “alcohol and animal foods dietary pattern” (high intake of alcohol and animal foods). On the other hand, another food pattern “vegetable-animal balanced dietary pattern” (balanced intake of vegetables and animal foods) has no significant association with nGMV, indicating that although a diet consisting of a good balance of vegetables and animal foods may not lead to brain atrophy, it might not positively contribute to a higher nGMV. nGMV, as an objective measure of the association between food intake and the brain, might provide useful information for “optimal” food intake for GMV.

Effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (dapagliflozin) on food intake and plasma fibroblast growth factor 21 levels in type 2 diabetes patients.

The objective of this study was to investigate whether sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes induced compensatory hyperphagia by reducing fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) secretion. This prospective study was performed in 26 type 2 diabetes patients treated with dapagliflozin (5 mg/day). Hormonal factors associated with glucose metabolism, dietary intakes estimated by brief self-administered diet-history questionnaire (BDHQ), body weight (BW), and body composition were measured at baseline, and 4 and 12 weeks after dapagliflozin. At 12 weeks, HbA1c levels and BW decreased significantly (both p < 0.0001). BMI at baseline was predictive to baseline log10 (FGF21) (p = 0.037). This study showed no change in FGF21, but insulin and glucagon levels decreased significantly (both p < 0.05). Although hyperphagia was found in 10 patients (38.5%), defining hyperphagia as >20% increase in carbohydrate intake, dapagliflozin treatment induced no hyperphagia, when analyzed by all subjects, and there was no significant association between changes in FGF21 levels and carbohydrate intake. On the other hand, a positive correlation between changes in FGF21 levels or carbohydrate intake and BW was observed (both p < 0.005). Taken together, this study demonstrates that the intervention to maintain the reduced levels in FGF21 is beneficial for BW reduction in type 2 diabetes patients treated with SGLT2i.

Monounsaturated fatty acids might be key factors in the Mediterranean diet that suppress rheumatoid arthritis disease activity: The TOMORROW study

The Mediterranean diet is reportedly effective in suppressing disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but the key elements responsible for this effect remain unknown. The presented study therefore aimed to identify such elements. This study included 208 consecutive patients with RA (RA group) and 205 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers (controls) from the prospective "TOMORROW" cohort studythat has been ongoing since 2010 were included in this study. Food and nutrient intake was assessed using the brief self-administered diet history questionnaire (BDHQ), Mediterranean diet scores were calculated based on intake by controls and disease activity was determined from disease activity scores in 28 joints anderythrocyte sedimentation rates (DAS28-ESR). Intake of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was significantly lower in the RA, than in the control group (P=0.003) and the ratio of consumed monounsaturated to saturated fatty acid (MUFA/SFA) significantly differed within the RA group after being sub-classified according to DAS28-ESR. Moreover, DAS28-ESR significantly correlated with MUFA/SFA intake after age adjustment (R=-0.228, P<0.01). Logistic regression analysis selected high MUFA intake as an independent predictor of remission in the RA group with borderline boundary significance (odds ratio, 1.97; 95% CI, 0.98-3.98; P=0.057). Changes in DAS28-ESR between 2010 and 2011 significantly correlated with MUFA/SFA intake after age adjustment (R=0.180, P=0.01). Daily MUFA intake, a component of the Mediterranean diet score, might suppress disease activity in RA patients.

Relationship between Self-Reported Dietary Nutrient Intake and Self-Reported Sleep Duration among Japanese Adults.

Several studies have reported that short sleep duration is a risk factor for obesity and metabolic disease. Moreover, both sleep duration and sleep timing might independently be associated with dietary nutrient intake. In this study, we investigated the associations between self-reported sleep duration and dietary nutrient intake, with and without adjustments for variations in sleep timing (i.e., the midpoint of sleep). We conducted a questionnaire survey, comprising a validated brief self-administered diet history questionnaire (BDHQ) and the Japanese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) among 1902 healthy Japanese adults and found that the dietary intakes of several nutrients correlated with sleep duration among men regardless of adjustment for the midpoint of sleep. Particularly, (1) small but significant correlations were observed between sleep duration and the percentage of energy from protein, regardless of adjustment for the midpoint of sleep; (2) energy-adjusted intakes of sodium, vitamin D, and vitamin B12 also significantly correlated with sleep duration; and (3) intakes of bread, pulses, and fish and shellfish correlated with sleep duration. In contrast, no significant correlations were observed between sleep duration and dietary intakes among women. This study revealed that after controlling for the midpoint of sleep, sleep duration correlated significantly with the dietary intake of specific nutrients and foods in a population of Japanese men.

Relationship between salt intake as estimated by a brief self-administered diet-history questionnaire (BDHQ) and 24-h urinary salt excretion in hypertensive patients.

Assessing an individual's salt intake is necessary for providing guidance with respect to salt restriction. However, the methods that exist for assessing salt intake have both merits and limitations. Therefore, the evaluation methods should be selected for their appropriateness to the patients and the environment of the medical facilities. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the validity of a brief self-administered diet-history questionnaire (BDHQ) by comparing the responses with 24-h urinary salt excretion. A total of 136 hypertensive outpatients (54 men and 82 women) were included in this study. All subjects were given the BDHQ and performed 24-h home urine collection. The energy-adjusted salt intake as assessed by the BDHQ was 12.3 (95% confidence interval: 11.8-12.9) g per day, and the urinary salt excretion evaluated by 24-h urinary collection was 9.0 (8.4-9.5) g per day. The energy-adjusted salt intake assessed by the BDHQ correlated significantly with the urinary salt excretion evaluated by 24-h urinary collection (r=0.34, P<0.001). In conclusion, the estimated salt intake evaluated by the BDHQ weakly, but significantly, correlated with 24-h urinary salt excretion. In clinical practice, it seems important to utilize both methods to assess an individual's salt intake in order to provide adequate guidance for salt restriction.

Dietary patterns and clinical outcomes in hemodialysis patients in Japan: a cohort study.

Background & ObjectivesLittle is known about actual dietary patterns and their associations with clinical outcomes in hemodialysis patients. We identified dietary patterns in hemodialysis patients in Japan and examined associations between dietary patterns and clinical outcomes.Design, setting, participants, measurementsWe used data from 3,080 general-population participants in the Hisayama study (year 2007), and data from 1,355 hemodialysis patients in the Japan Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (JDOPPS: years 2005–2007). Food intake was measured using a brief self-administered diet-history questionnaire (BDHQ). To identify food groups with the Hisayama population data, we used principal components analysis with Promax rotation. We adjusted the resulting food groups for total daily energy intake, and then we used those adjusted food-group scores to identify dietary patterns in the JDOPPS patients by cluster analysis (Ward’s method). We then used Cox regression to examine the association between dietary patterns and a composite of adverse clinical outcomes: hospitalization due to cardiovascular disease or death due to any cause.ResultsWe identified three food groups: meat, fish, and vegetables. Using those groups we then identified three dietary patterns: well-balanced, unbalanced, and other. After adjusting for potential confounders, we found an association between an unbalanced diet and important clinical events (hazard ratio 1.90, 95% C.I. 1.19–3.04).ConclusionsHemodialysis patients whose diet was unbalanced were more likely to have adverse clinical outcomes. Thus hemodialysis patients might benefit not only from portion control, but also from a diet that is well-balanced diet with regard to the food groups identified here as meat, fish, and vegetables.

Socioeconomic Status is Significantly Associated with Dietary Salt Intakes and Blood Pressure in Japanese Workers (J-HOPE Study)

The association of socioeconomic status (SES) with nutrients intakes attracts public attention worldwide. In the current study, we examined the associations of SES with dietary salt intake and health outcomes in general Japanese workers (2,266) who participated in this Japanese occupational cohort. SES was assessed by a self-administered questionnaire. Dietary intakes were assessed with a validated, brief, self-administered diet history questionnaire (BDHQ). Multiple linear regression and stratified analysis were used to evaluate the associations of salt intake with the confounding factors. Education levels and household incomes were significantly associated with salt intake, as well as blood pressures (P < 0.05). After adjusting for age, sex and total energy intake, both years of education and household income significantly affect the salt intake (for education, β = −0.031, P = 0.040; for household income, β = −0.046, P = 0.003). SES factors also affect the risk of hypertension, those subjects with higher levels of education or income had lower risk to become hypertensive (ORs for education was 0.904, P < 0.001; ORs for income was 0.956, P = 0.032). Our results show that SES is an independent determinant of salt intake and blood pressure, in order to lower the risk of hypertension, the efforts to narrow the social status gaps should be considered by the health policy-makers.

Relationship between Saturated Fatty Acids and Periodontal Disease

Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) produce an inflammatory response. Hyperinflammation is now recognized as one of the key underlying etiologic factors in periodontal disease. The longitudinal relationship between dietary SFAs and periodontal disease in 264 Japanese individuals, aged 75 years, for whom data were available for the years 2003-2004, was investigated. SFA intake was assessed with a brief self-administered diet history questionnaire. Participants were classified by quartiles of SFA intake. Full-mouth periodontal status, measured as the clinical attachment level (CAL), was recorded at baseline and follow-up examinations. The number of teeth with a loss of CAL ≥ 3 mm at any site over a year was calculated as ‘periodontal disease events’. Poisson regression analysis was conducted, with dietary SFAs as the primary predictor of interest, to estimate their influence on periodontal disease events. High dietary SFA intake was significantly associated with a greater number of periodontal disease events among non-smokers. The multivariate adjusted relative risk (95% confidence intervals) in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th quartiles of dietary SFAs was 1.00, 1.19 (0.72-1.97), 1.55 (0.95-2.52), and 1.92 (1.19-3.11), respectively. These findings suggest an independent association of dietary SFA intake to the progression of periodontal disease in older Japanese non-smokers.Abbreviations: saturated fatty acid (SFA); clinical attachment level (CAL); Toll-like receptor (TLR); lipopolysaccharide (LPS); brief self-administered diet history questionnaire (BDHQ); decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT); clinical attachment level (CAL); body mass index (BMI); relative risk (RR); confidence intervals (CI); nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB).

Correlation between dental and nutritional status in community‐dwelling elderly Japanese

The purpose of this study was to clarify the correlation between dental and nutritional status among community-dwelling elderly Japanese people. The subjects were 182 elderly individuals, aged 65-85 years, who voluntarily participated in a health seminar at Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine. These subjects were divided into two groups according to the occlusion. The subjects in the retained contact group were those who had retained molar occlusion with natural teeth. The lost contact group were those who retained molar occlusion with removable partial dentures. Anthropometric variables such as body mass index (BMI) were collected and dietary intake was assessed using a brief self-administered diet history questionnaire (BDHQ). No statistical difference in BMI or intake of macronutrients was found between these two occlusal groups. The lost contact group reported significantly lower consumption of vegetables and higher consumption of confectionaries (foods rich in sugar) than did the retained contact group (P < 0.05), and therefore had significantly lower intake of vitamin C and dietary fiber (P < 0.05). It can be concluded that natural tooth contact loss in the posterior region affect the intake of vitamins and dietary fiber. .

Effect of Protein and Energy Intakes on Body Composition in Non-Diabetic Maintenance-Hemodialysis Patients

This cross sectional study was performed to find the adequate amount and combination of dietary protein and energy for maintaining better nutritional status for stable non-diabetic maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. The body composition including body fat, total body water, body cell mass and body protein were measured by multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis in 200 stable MHD patients without diabetes (124 men, 76 women). Dietary energy intake (DEI) and dietary protein intake (DPI) were assessed by a brief self-administered diet history questionnaire (BDHQ), the DPI value being confirmed by calculating the normalized protein equivalent of total nitrogen appearance (nPNA). The nutritional status and the body composition were compared among 4 groups of patients in each gender that were divided by the combination of DEI and DPI; high energy (HE)/high protein (HP), HE/low protein (LP), low energy (LE)/HP and LE/LP groups. The mean DPI ranged between 1.17-1.23 and 0.89-0.95 g/kg IBW/d in the HP and LP groups, respectively for both genders, and the mean DEI was 35-37 and 24-25 kcal/kg IBW/d in HE and LE groups, respectively. BMI and serum albumin concentration were not different among the 4 groups. Body cell mass index (BCMI) was maintained in the HE groups regardless of DPI, and it was significantly higher in the HE/HP group than in the LE/LP group. Multiple regression analysis also showed that the BCMI was more greatly affected by DEI than DPI. These results indicated that a DPI of 0.89-0.95 g/kg IBW/d could be sufficient for maintaining BCMI, if DEI is kept over 35 kcal/kg IBW/d in stable non-diabetic MHD patients. This DPI level is lower than the recommended DPI proposed by dietary guidelines in the US and Japan.