Abstract
The association of socioeconomic status (SES) with nutrients intakes attracts public attention worldwide. In the current study, we examined the associations of SES with dietary salt intake and health outcomes in general Japanese workers (2,266) who participated in this Japanese occupational cohort. SES was assessed by a self-administered questionnaire. Dietary intakes were assessed with a validated, brief, self-administered diet history questionnaire (BDHQ). Multiple linear regression and stratified analysis were used to evaluate the associations of salt intake with the confounding factors. Education levels and household incomes were significantly associated with salt intake, as well as blood pressures (P < 0.05). After adjusting for age, sex and total energy intake, both years of education and household income significantly affect the salt intake (for education, β = −0.031, P = 0.040; for household income, β = −0.046, P = 0.003). SES factors also affect the risk of hypertension, those subjects with higher levels of education or income had lower risk to become hypertensive (ORs for education was 0.904, P < 0.001; ORs for income was 0.956, P = 0.032). Our results show that SES is an independent determinant of salt intake and blood pressure, in order to lower the risk of hypertension, the efforts to narrow the social status gaps should be considered by the health policy-makers.
Highlights
The association of socioeconomic status (SES) with health outcomes has been well documented: the poorer the SES the worse the prospects for health development [1]
It is worth noting that when the two SES factors were added into the analysis model at the same time, all of the effects on blood pressures or prevalence of hypertension of household income disappeared (Table 4), the associations of education remained
As to the relations between salt intake level and blood pressure, we found that the salt intake was significantly associated with both SBP and DBP (SBP: β = 0.059, P = 0.007; DBP: β = 0.064, P = 0.003), when the age and sex were added as adjusted factors, the significance disappeared (SBP: β = 0.009, P = 0.689; DBP: β = 0.011, P = 0.598)
Summary
The association of socioeconomic status (SES) with health outcomes has been well documented: the poorer the SES the worse the prospects for health development [1]. In England, an association between socioeconomic position and mortality was found by the Whitehall II study [2]. Persons with disadvantaged SES suffer from higher rates of some common diseases, such as abdominal obesity [3], metabolic syndrome [4], hypertension [5,6], diabetes [7], atherosclerosis [8] and cardiovascular disease (CVD) [9]. These lifestyle diseases are considered to have a direct relation with nutrition and diet. The association between habitual dietary salt intake and blood pressure has been established through experimental, epidemiological and intervention studies [13]
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