Brick Mix Research Articles

Compressive Strength and Water Absorption Capacity on Brick Interlock with Fly Ash Addition

Interlock brick is an environmentally friendly substitute for house wall materials because the manufacturing process is not burned like red brick. This method of installing interlocking walls, like Lego, can function as a structure for sluice gates, columns and ring beams without the need for plastering or painting, so it is more effective and efficient and can reduce cement consumption. Several actions must be taken to minimize the use of cement by using environmentally friendly materials. One of the environmentally friendly materials that will be researched is Interlock bricks made from a mixture of Fly Ash . This research aims to determine the compressive strength and water absorption capacity of Interlock bricks mixed with Fly Ash. The research method begins by looking for interlock brick parameter data in the form of compressive strength and water absorption capacity. Compressive strength is a parameter of the mechanical suitability of interlock bricks , while water absorption is the ability of a material to absorb water. There are 3 variations of the mixture, namely with the ratio Fly Ash : Sand: Cement, mixture I (3: 3: 1) Fly Ash 43% , mixture II (4 : 3 : 1) Fly Ash 50% , and mixture III (5 : 3 : 1) Fly Ash 56% calculation divided based on the percentage of the amount of Fly Ash , obtained the compressive strength value of Interlock brick from the Fly Ash mixture in mixture I 16.0 kg/m2 and water absorption capacity 20%, mixture II 24.7 kg/m 2 and strength water absorption 17.5%, mixture III 10.3 kg/m 2 and water absorption 21.8%. According to SK-SNI-S-04-1989-F Interlock brick mix II with a Fly Ash composition of 50% is close to class K25 (25 kg/m 2 ) and has an absorption capacity value of <20.0% according to the absorption capacity limit based on SNI 15- 2094-2000.Keywords: Interlock Bricks, Fly Ash, Compressive Strength, Water Absorption.

Strength and Water Absorption Properties of Cement Bricks Containing Sago Fine Waste

The contamination created by the discharge of sago waste, a by-product of sago milling activities, must be addressed. Using sago waste, specifically sago fine waste (SFW), as a partial cement replacement can be environmentally responsible with a cost-effective choice. The effect of adding sago waste to cement brick characteristics was explored in this study. SFW was utilised to make five brick mixes with partial cement replacement percentages of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%. The mortar mix has a 1:3 ratio, consistent with Malaysian brick production regulations. All specimens had a water-cement ratio of 0.6 and had been cured for 7, 28, and 56 days for compressive strength tests and density, while water absorption tests were performed on the specimens at cured 28 days. As a result, SFW2 produces the greatest results compared to control bricks, where the compressive strength is 15.8MPa and density is 2157kg/m3 . SFW generally decreased the strength of the brick. However, it was discovered that replacing a maximum of 5% SFW can be used for load-bearing internal wall class 1 because the strength is more than 7 MPa, according to MS 1933: Part 1: 2007. Therefore, This proves the potential of SFW as a new pozzolanic material that can produce more sustainable bricks.

RETRACTED: Enhancement of the mechanical properties of green concrete bricks modified with nanomaterials from cement kiln dust and red brick dust

This study presents a methodology for investigating the effect of adding nano cement kiln dust (NCKD) and nano red brick dust (NRBD) on the mechanical properties of concrete bricks. Cement kiln dust and red brick dust were processed into nanomaterials and incorporated into concrete brick mixes as partial replacements for cement at varying percentages: 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%. The research evaluated the fresh and hardened properties of the brick mixes. The workability of the fresh mixes was assessed using the slump test. The hardened properties, which included compressive strength, flexural strength and shrinkage, were measured after 28 days. Results indicated that replacing up to 10% of the cement with NCKD and NRBD led to improvements in the mechanical properties of the bricks. Higher replacement levels of 20% and 30% exhibited a slight increased effect on these properties. In particular, the replacement level of 10% resulted in a 21.6% increase in compressive strength and a 37.8% increase in flexural strength compared with the control bricks (with 0% replacement). In addition, the use of nano additives contributed to reduced shrinkage and improved microstructure by filling voids in the bricks. The findings of this research support the development of ‘green’ concrete bricks with enhanced mechanical properties, reduced environmental effects, and increased sustainability in the construction industry.

Design optimization of a recycled concrete waste-based brick through alkali activation using Box- Behnken design methodology

Construction and demolition waste (CDW) generation is a major concern for the present decade owing to improperly managed disposal and re-utilization brought on by the rapid increase in the global infrastructure segment. The present study focuses on the utilization of recycled concrete waste powder as a precursor in geopolymer to design eco-friendly bricks. Three-factor and three-levels (33) designs were considered. Molarity (M) of NaOH solution, alkaline mix ratio (AMR) and curing temperature (CT) were the independent variables and compressive strength, water absorption, flexural strength, drying shrinkage, and efflorescence as response target values. The response surface method (RSM)- Box Behnken design (BBD) was used to test and develop a quadratic polynomial regression model, which suits the accuracy of the factual data. Multi-objective response optimiser and desirability analysis were carried out to identify the optimum levels. The optimum levels were 12 M, 2.32AMR, and 50 °C CT. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) reveals the molarity of NaOH solution was a significant parameter and contributed 50–70% in property performance enhancement. In addition, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)- Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, and Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out to study morphology, mineralogy, bonding types, and thermal resistance of the brick mixes. Microstructural investigation divulges the presence of zeolites and calcium-silicate-hydrate gels in the brick mixes, which makes a hybrid geopolymer and boosts the alkali activation in the recycled concrete waste mix.

Pembuatan Batako Menggunakan Plastik PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) Sebagai Bahan Pengganti Pasir untuk Menentukan Nilai Kuat Tekan

To preserve the environment, it is necessary to innovate the use of plastic waste in the manufacture of building materials. Innovations that can be applied to this brick mix are such as adding inorganic materials, one of which is by adding PET plastic as a substitute for sand to the brick mix to innovate and know the strength of the bricks. the authors added a mixture of PET plastics with plastic percentages of 0%, 20%, 25%, and 30%. The calculation of brick mix planning uses reference SNI-03-0349-1989 with a compressive strength plan of 10 MPa. Compressive strength tests have various compressive strength values, namely variations of 0%, 20%, 25% and 30% obtaining compressive strength values of 7.92 MPa, 7.24 MPa, 7.52 MPa, and 7.24 MPa. . The addition of plastic as a substitute for sand in too many bricks proved ineffective against bricks. This means that the use of too much plastic can cause mortar and plastic to not be able to lock each other.

Experimental Investigation on Fly Ash Bricks using Industrial Waste

Abstract: Although there are several benefits to using fly ash, its early lack of hydration results in low strength. In order to establish the appropriate fly ash brick mix percentage, an experimental investigation was carried out in the study. In brick specimens measuring 230mm by 110mm by 90mm, the compressive strength of various mix proportion of fly ash (14-30%), gypsum (5.5-8%), lime (14.5-30%), crusher waste (42-45%), cement (5.5%) was investigated. The objective is to find out the optimum mix design for making brick so as to achieve the maximum compressive strength.

Investigation Prosperities Of Brick Mixes with Chemically Depolymerized Waste polyethylene terephthalate Aggregates

In order to create environmentally friendly products, this article focuses on reducing plastic waste by recycling polyethylene terephalate (PET) bottles (Green materials). Depolymerized polyethylene terephthalate (DPET) is created by combining PET with ethylene glycol and magnesium oxide (MgO) at a moderate temperature until the mixture reaches 179 oC (ethylene glycol's boiling point) for 40 to 50 minutes. This process first breaks down the polymer into a monomer. Second, bitumen is combined with plastic (either PET or DPET) to create modified bitumen (MB), then modified bitumen is mixed with sand, silica and gravel in order to produce friendly and sustainable construction materials . Bricks have been produced from mixing the modified bitumen with percentage (10-20)% ,sand in percentage (50-60 ) % and gravel in percentage (30)%. The characterization was carried out for the bricks in two steps : The first was to examine the modified bitumen to determine the best ratio that could be used in the mixture. The hardness test showed the best ratio of modified bitumen in percentages (60% of bitumen and 40% of PET or DPET) percentage is due to the formation of a functional group between bitumen and plastic which has appeared with FTIR characterization . Secondly, the compressibility of the mixture was fully examined and the results showed the best compressive strength in 20% of modified bitumen with PET and 18% of modified bitumen with DPET. The compressive strength value is 7MPA and 6.9 MPA respectively. Finally , the recent results are compared with the previous research, and the results showed a reduction in the cost as a result of the use of waste materials and an increase in compression value.

Experimental investigation and optimization of lightweight concrete bricks developed using vermiculite

Concrete production requires a wealth of resources, including cement, aggregate, and water. Therefore, in terms of maintaining the Earth’s natural ecosystems and resources, researchers need to find sustainable and green methods for producing concrete. The focus of the current research was the use of potentially harmful alternative aggregates to manufacture lightweight concrete bricks. In this study, cement, fine aggregates, and vermiculite were the concrete brick mix components. Three trail mixes were followed by a replacement ratio of 60:40, 50:50, and 40:60 for fine aggregates in bricks. Statistical techniques were exerted to compare all the experimental results. Initially, regression analysis was employed to determine the precise relationship between the dependent and independent variables of the study. Furthermore, the compressive strength of the concrete brick was investigated. As a result of the research, vermiculite concrete bricks with the compressive strengths ranging from 3.2 to 5.9 N/mm2 and densities ranging from 1,780 to 2,142 kg/m3 were obtained. The regression model captured the variability of the data, as evidenced by the suitable R2 threshold (R2 > 0.9935). Subsequently, every property of the concrete bricks was predicted using regression, surface plots, main plots, and a heatmap. The conclusion of the study demonstrated that the models generated very effective results.

Design development of sustainable brick-waste geopolymer brick using full factorial design methodology

Rapid expansion in the worldwide infrastructure sector has led to a massive increase in construction and demolition waste (CDW), which was inadequately managed from a disposal and reuse point of view. In the present experimental study, brick waste powder (BWP) obtained from CDW was used as a precursor material. The current research focuses on the design development of BWP-based geopolymer brick mixes by applying full factorial design (FFD). Molarity (4M−12M), alkaline solution ratio (1.5–2.5), and curing temperature (40–60 °C) were the experimental factors that varied to find an optimum design mix. Sand-to-precursor and solid-to-liquid ratios were kept constant. Physical and mechanical properties of brick specimens were studied and reported in the paper. Multi-response optimizer, desirability analysis, and statistical analysis, i.e. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), were performed to identify the optimum mix. Based on the multi-response optimizer, the optimum mix was 12M2.5AS50°C. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) – Energy dispersive X-ray spectra (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed to examine phase structure, morphology, and thermal resistance of the brick mixes. Statistical and microstructural analysis reveals that molarity, alkaline solution ratio and temperature curing were the significant governing factors in enhancing the properties.

Characteristics of waste mud treated by construction waste-slag based flocculation-solidification combined method

Nowadays, the flocculation-solidification combined method (FSCM) is considered suitable for mud treatment and recycling. However, the traditional FSCM uses ordinary Portland cement (OPC) as the main solidifying material, which pollutes the ecological environment. Currently, the evaluation mechanism of solidification efficiency is not accurate, the treatment of mud with different water content is not detailed enough, and the assessment of carbon emission is unclear. Accordingly, this paper introduces solid waste such as construction waste powder (concrete and brick mix recycled fine aggregate) and slag powder for solidification based on the traditional FSCM. Within the study context, the alkali activation effects of quicklime, NaOH, and NaSiO3 are compared to develop a new solidification agent. Besides, the flocculation time and peak settling rate are measured experimentally, and anionic polyacrylamide(APAM) is added separately to compare low-water-content mud (LW-MS) (ω < 70 %) and high-water-content mud (HW-MS) (70 %≤ω ≤ 300 %). The intrinsic flocculation-solidification mechanism is analyzed and demonstrated through microscopic testing.Finally, the feasibility of construction waste-slag based flocculation-solidification combined method (CWS-FSCM) is verified through field test. In terms of solidification effectiveness, carbon emissions and economy, CWS-FSCM performs better than the traditional FSCM.

Analysis of the Infiltration and Water Storage Performance of Recycled Brick Mix Aggregates in Sponge City Construction

With the gradual advancement of urbanization, urban hardened roofs and pavements are increasing, and the rainwater cycle is being seriously damaged; sponge city construction has become an inevitable trend to address this problem. The analysis of the infiltration and storage performance of recycled brick aggregate, which is highly absorbent and can be used as a permeable paving material in sponge cities, is of great significance. The study firstly designed a simulated rainfall test device, then carried out tests in terms of aggregate gradation, aggregate type, and aggregate grade, and finally analyzed its effect on the void structure and infiltration and water storage performance of recycled brick mix aggregates. The outcomes demonstrate that the particle size of recycled brick concrete aggregate is positively related to the water storage capacity, and the volume water storage rate of recycled sand is close to 26%. The fitting result of 1 h water storage rate under different dosage is 0.984. After 1 h of rainfall, the water storage rate is 3 times that of natural aggregate, and the volume water absorption rate is 2.5 times that of natural aggregate. This indicates that recycled brick concrete aggregate has strong permeability and water storage properties and has great potential for application in sponge city construction, and the study provides a reference for the optimal design of subsequent cities.

Influence of Seashell on the Physical, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Brick Mortar Mixtures

Background: In this work, the effect of crushed cockle shell (CCS) and mixed seashell (MS) as shell sand in cement hydraulic lime brick mortar was investigated. The seashells aggregates came from the shell middens of Mauritania. Objective: This study aims to valorize seashell waste in mortar brick mixes, to design a light insulating brick Methods: The seashells were heat treated at 105°C for 6h, then crushed and sieved into shell sand. Then, they were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and specific tests for mortar aggregates. Afterward, several mortar bricks were fabricated by replacing the natural sand with shell sand. The physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the produced bricks were compared with two types of natural mortar bricks. In total Six types of masonry bricks were produced. The properties analyzed were the compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption, bulk density and bulk porosity, thermal conductivity, and thermal resistance of the bricks. Results: It was observed that the use of seashell waste increased the porosity and water absorption of the bricks and decreased the bulk density and mechanical strength. Conclusion: It is concluded that the seashell shape promotes the porosity of the mortar bricks making them more insulating and lighter. The characterization of crushed cockle shells (CCS) and mixed seashell (MS) bricks helps to clarify the field and limits of application of these bricks.

Laboratory Study of High-Resistance Laterite-Based Geopolymer Bricks

A high amount of energy is required to produce different types of clay and sand-lime bricks, and a huge amount of carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. Also, brick waste from the destruction of dilapidated buildings pollutes the environment. Application of pozzolanic sources containing aluminosilicate and alkaline activators can be beneficial in production of geopolymer bricks, which do not need to be baked in a furnace and can be recycled. A laterite-based geopolymer brick mix design was introduced in this study as an environmental-friendly material. This type of brick is produced using available and cheap raw materials without the need for high furnace heat. The raw materials included laterite soil as aluminosilicate, laterite aggregate filler passed through sieve No. 8 and an alkaline activating solution with different concentrations. The effect of laterite aggregate size on the compressive strength of these brick samples was investigated. The results showed that the compressive strength of the prepared bricks here was much higher than the recommended standards for construction bricks and was similar to those of high-resistance bricks. The size of laterite aggregate had a significant effect on the compressive strength of geopolymer brick samples. The percentage of water absorption of the bricks with different concentrations of alkali activating solution was also within the recommended range for construction bricks.

Use of industrial waste burnt residue to develop sustainable brick

An increase in environmental concern has occurred from the accumulation of mismanaged industrial burned residue, particularly in developing countries. Recycling these wastes as a sustainable building material seems to be a potential solution not only to the pollution problem, but also to the cost of green building design. In order to develop sustainable construction materials, industrial and incinerated leftover materials are being used. The goal of this research is to find out more about the probability of replacing natural soil in brick production with burned industrial waste, such as Cupola Slag and fly ash. This study is based on various mix proportions for making bricks keeping constant cement by 10 %. Brick mixture was prepared with cupola slag and fly ash for various proportions. From the five distinct mixes with variable CS from 80% to 60%, the M1 mix with 80 % CS, 10% FA, 10% Cement had the highest compressive strength 4.5 N/mm2. Compressive strength for burnt clay bricks is 3.5 N/mm2 which is less than cupola slag bricks, while the brick mix M5 (60 CS: 30 FA: 10 cement) had the lowest water absorption and density 6.53 % and 1350.57 kg/m3. This study reveals that used of cupola slag and fly ah in combination gives satisfactory results to be used in making sustainable bricks. This study also reflects the use of burnt residue to developed sustainable building blocks.

Laboratory Study of High-Resistance Laterite-Based Geopolymer Bricks

A high amount of energy is required to produce different types of clay and sand-lime bricks, and a huge amount of carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. Also, brick waste from the destruction of dilapidated buildings pollutes the environment. The application of pozzolanic sources containing aluminosilicate and alkaline activators can be beneficial in the production of Geopolymer bricks, which do not need to be baked in a furnace and can be recycled for industrial and port facilities. A laterite-based Geopolymer brick mix design was introduced in this study as an environmental-friendly material. This type of brick is produced using available and cheap raw materials without the need for high furnace heat. The raw materials included laterite soil as aluminosilicate, laterite aggregate filler passed through sieve no. 8, and an alkaline activating solution with different concentrations. The effect of sieve size for laterite soil screening on the compressive strength of these brick samples was investigated. The results showed that the compressive strength of the prepared bricks here was much higher than the recommended standards for construction bricks and was similar to those of high- resistance bricks. The size of laterite soil sieves had a significant effect on the compressive strength of Geopolymer brick samples. The percentage of water absorption of the bricks with different concentrations of alkali activating solution was also within the recommended range for construction bricks

Palm Oil Fuel Ash and Mussel Shell Powder as Supplementary Cementitious Materials in Non-Load Concrete Brick

The pozzolanic properties of the industrial by-product palm oil fuel ash (POFA) has given this material a unique characteristic that can be used as a cement substitute. Meanwhile, the abundance of waste seashells which contain an enormous amount of calcium oxide (CaO) available around the world has led this material to be another potential waste material as substitutes for conventional materials in concrete. The percentage amount of POFA used as a replacement was constant at 20% from the amount of cement. On the other hand, mussel shell powder (MSP) was replaced by 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% with the decrement of 2% of OPC used for each of the design. The physical and chemical properties of the materials and the mechanical properties of concrete brick were identified for 7, 14 dan 28 days. The inclusion of POFA and MSP in the concrete brick mix in this study reduced the compressive strength of the concrete in the early days and enhanced at the late stages. Apart from that, the compressive strength of the concrete brick mixtures decreased along with the increasing percentage of MSP as the increment content of CaO from MSP reduced the hydration process. The optimum percentage of MSP replacement in this study is 4% with 20% replacement of POFA and 76% OPC. The application of these materials as supplementary cementitious materials in the construction industry, particularly in producing non-load concrete brick will simultaneously encourage reducing potential pollutions and promote sustainability.

Manufacturing of Ecofriendly Bricks Using Microdust Cotton Waste

Large amounts of cotton microwastes are accumulated in textile industries. The cotton microdust is less to ignite and causes serious environmental problems and health hazards. This paper presents an experimental study, which investigates the potential use of cotton microdust to produce new and lightweight brick for construction industries. The physical and mechanical properties of brick mixes having different levels of cotton microdust ratio were investigated. The test results recorded for compressive strength, unit weight, and water absorption values satisfy the relevant required standards for normal construction bricks. The results show that the replacement of clay soil and cement by cotton microdust does not exhibit a sudden brittle fracture even beyond the failure loads, indicates high energy absorption capacity, reduces the unit weight dramatically, and introduces smother surface compared to the current concrete bricks in the market. The results also show that usage of cotton microdust with different mixing ratios for bricks will give light-weight composite, and brick could be an economical alternative to be used for partition of board concrete blocks and sound barrier panels.

Production of Sustainable concrete brick units using Nano-silica

Concrete bricks or blocks are the most commonly used as construction materials over the world. They are used extensively in buildings due to the raw materials availability and the main binder of concrete is Portland cement which is well known manufactured. Cement is a major contributor to climate change; cement manufacturing is a significant source of CO2 emissions, the primary greenhouse gas of concern. So, the use of a locally available solid waste materials or industrial by-products depends on availability of the local materials such as glass powder and steel slag as partial replacements of cement in concrete which are considered as a viable strategy for reducing the cement proportion use. This research aims to produce sustainable and economic bricks using glass powder and steel slag powder as replacements of cement and study the effect of the added Nano-silica to concrete brick mixes to improve the properties of bricks. Two different curing methods were included to investigate the effect of curing regime on some fundamental mechanical and physical properties (compressive strength and flexural strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity and drying shrinkage) of concrete bricks. The first curing method was the normal curing method at 23 ± 2°C and the second curing method was the boiling water method at 100°C. Different six mixes were cast and cured under different curing conditions before testing. From the test results, it has been found that the use of 2.5 % or 3.5 % of Nano-silica in concrete brick mixes can significantly increase the compressive and flexural strengths at early and late ages. Also these strengths of bricks exhibited better performance due to boiling curing compared with normal curing. However, the results of drying shrinkage with boiling curing's specimens at all ages showed that the values of drying shrinkage were slightly higher than these of specimens shrinkage at normal curing method.

Properties of fly ash cement brick containing palm oil clinker as fine aggregate replacement

Environmental pollution caused by disposal of by-product from local industries namely fly ash from coal power plant and palm oil clinker generated by palm oil mills needs to be resolved. This research examines the effect of palm oil clinker as partial sand replacement on properties of fly ash cement sand brick. Five brick mixes were prepared using fly ash blended cement as the binder. Other mixes were produced by varying the quantity of pulverised palm oil clinker ranging from 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by weight of sand. All specimens were water cured for 28 days. The specimens were subjected to compressive strength, flexural strength and water absorption test. Utilization optimum amount of clinker of 30% enhances the brick strength owing to the pozzolanic effect of fine clinker. The chemical reaction between calcium hydroxide and silicon dioxide forms extra CSH gel that contributes to pore refinement and higher strength of brick.

Comparison of mechanical and durability properties of concrete and fired facing bricks

This experimental study compares the durability and mechanical properties of lightweight expanded clay aggregate (Leca) concrete facing blocks with clay, shale and refractory facing bricks. To this end, clay, shale and refractory facing bricks with the dimensions 25 × 70 × 300 mm in different colours and densities were provided from different factories. Then, 11 concrete brick mixes were made with dimensions, colour and density similar to the clay, shale, and refractory bricks that had been provided. Compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption and freeze–thaw durability tests were applied to all of the bricks. Results showed that the concrete facing bricks had better durability and mechanical properties than the clay, shale and refractory ones, given the same densities. For a certain density, the compressive strength of clay, shale and refractory facing bricks is 40–66% of the concrete ones. Moreover, the Leca concrete facing brick with a density ≥1700 kg/m3 can meet the standard compressive strength and water absorption criteria.