Breeding Work Research Articles

Development of test systems for the analysis of polymorphism of the TNFAIP3 and CDS1 genes associated with the fat thickness in pigs

Relevance. In pig husbandry, one of the main issue in selection and breeding work is the efficiency of increasing the yield of quality products. The development of molecular genetic research methods using chips of various densities and subsequent genome-wide association studies made it possible to identify a large number of new genes potentially associated with selectively significant traits. Some of these potential genes are the TNFα-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3) and CDP-diacylglycerol synthase 1 (CDS1) genes. The results of domestic and foreign studies show that these genes are associated with the regulation of the process of catabolism of cellular proteins and differentiation of fat cells.Methods. For further investigation, two polymorphisms were selected that showed a reliable association with the signs: the thickness of the fat over the 6–7 thoracic vertebrae and the thickness of the fat over the 10–12 thoracic vertebrae — in the TNFAIP3 genes (SSC1, rs81351586, A/G) and CDS1 (SSC8, rs331818788, C/A). Polymorphism was determined by real-time PCR. The selection of oligonucleotide probes and primers was carried out based on the localization of the mutation using the BLAST online resource. To test the information content of the developed RT-PCR test systems, alternative primer pairs were selected for RFLP analysis. DNA samples from 50 Large White pigs were used as genetic material.Results. The developed test systems for potential marker genes of productivity TNFAIP3 and CDS1 made it possible to clearly determine the genotypes of animals in the PCR-RT format. Both studied loci were found to be polymorphic. The developed test system can be used for genotyping a large number of animals and selecting animals with certain genotypes.

Impact of technical and technological modernization and special measures in addressing food security

The paper assesses food security in the consumption of milk and dairy products in the Russian Federation and shows the role of individual categories of farms in solving the food problem. Analysis of trends and factors in the development of dairy cattle breeding substantiates the directions for providing the country's population with milk according to the rational nutritional standards in light of international sanctions. The agrarian policy pursued by the state has increased milk production and reduced its imports but has not solved the problem of food security in the consumption of dairy products. The authors conclude that food security in the consumption of milk and dairy products will be supported by import substitution in the food market, the increase in milk production through technical and technological modernization of dairy farming, improvement of selection and breeding work and state support, concentration of milk production in specialized agricultural organizations and farms, the development of cooperation, improvement of livestock productivity through the use of modern technologies, improved use of the genetic potential of cows, strengthening of the feed base, and optimization of feed rations.

Formation of signs of milk productivity of cows depending on their origin by father

When breeding dairy cattle, productivity is of the greatest economic and economic importance. A sufficient number of highly productive animals and their effective use in herds reveals the breed's potential, contributes to increasing the genetic potential of cows and the effectiveness of selection and breeding work as a whole. At the same time, it should be noted that according to many scientists, fathers of cows have the most significant influence on the formation of signs of milk productivity. In dairy cattle breeding, about 90 % of the genetic progress of the population is provided by bulls. However, the research of different farms shows that bulls do not have the same effect on the productivity of their daughters. Therefore, it must be taken into account when planning work on improving the productive qualities of dairy cattle. In view of the above, the goal of our research was to find out the influence of bulls on the formation of milk productivity of daughters in different farms. The research was carried out in farms located in different climatic zones of Ukraine, namely: in the SE EF “Olexandrivske” in Vinnytsia region (Forest Steppe zone, n = 714), LLC AE “Imeni Volovikova” in Rivne region (Polyssia zone, n = 1840) and SE “Experimental farm “Askaniyske” (Steppe zone, n = 926) on first-calf heifers and adult cows (III lactation) of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed. It was established that during the first lactation, the highest milk yield and milk fat output in the SE Oleksandrivske were characterized by the daughters of the bull Dzhorin (6936 and 248.9 kg), during the third – the daughters of the bull Detektiv (8148 and 295.2 kg), and the most fat-milk the above lactations were, respectively, daughters of Zhames (3.68 %) and S. Aristotl (3.63 %). In LLC AE “Imeni of Volovikova” the daughters of the bull R. Baltimor (7509 and 7486 kg and 267.8 and 281.9 kg, respectively) had the highest milk yield and milk fat output for the two studied lactations, daughters of Derbi (3.74 %) for the first lactation had the best indicators of fat content in the milk, for the third – daughters of Tirs (3.64 %). In the SE "Experimental Farming “Askaniyske” first-calf heifers – daughters of N. Bolt were the most productive (7348 kg), in terms of milk fat output - daughters of Surguch (292.2 kg), and in terms of milk fat – daughters of Latur (4.31 %). The highest productivity during the third lactation was observed in the daughters of the bull Akord (8,329 kg of milk fat, 320.8 kg of milk fat), and the highest milk fat content was observed in the daughters of Polarshtern (4.37 %). The influence of bulls on the fertility of cows in controlled farms was in the range of 14.9–46.2 %, on the fat content in milk - in the range of 7.4–20.2 %.

Structure of genomic DNA in chicken populations revealed by multilocus DNA probe

Molecular genetic technologies are taking an increasing place in breeding work to improve existing breeds and populations of chickens, as well as in programs to preserve a valuable gene pool. Small local breeds are a source of valuable genes that can be used in breeding. The aim of this work was to obtain new knowledge about the structure of genomic DNA of six chicken populations using multilocus analysis with a labeled molecular probe (GTG)5. Multilocus analysis using labeled DNA probes provides working simultaneously with a large number of genetic loci and calculating population genetic parameters both within populations and between them. The data on use of the multilocus probe (GTG)5 in molecular hybridization reaction in six breeds and populations of chickens were analyzed. The results revealed a large genetic distance between Black-and-White Australorp and the Bald-necked chickens (D = 0.155). Bald-necked chickens are bred in isolation from other breeds to maintain the unique trait of naked necks. According to the criterion of average heterozygosity, the population of Bald-necked chickens surpassed the Yurlov Crowers and Black-and-White Australorps. Obviously, this is due to the intensive breeding work carried out in the last two populations, which reduces genetic diversity. Marker DNA fragments specific for individual breeds were identified. The effectiveness of multilocus analysis as a tool for identifying the features of genome organization in chicken breeds and populations was confirmed.

Estimation of the efficiency of developing regenerative winter bread wheat lines in anther culture <i>in vitro</i>

The efficiency of the anther culture methodin vitrolargely depends on the responsiveness of varieties and hybrids to the induction of androgenesis. The purpose of the current study was to estimate the efficiency of haploproduction of regenerated lines (R0) of winter bread wheat developed by anther culturein vitroand grown in a greenhouse. To achieve this goal, there was set a task to conduct a morphometric estimation of the developed heads (R0) to identify their fertility level. The study was carried out in the laboratory of cell breeding of the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” in 2021–2022. The objects of the study were 7 hybrid combinations of winter wheat, which were responsive to androgenesisin vitroin the culture of isolated anthers. As a result of induced androgenesis on an artificial nutrient medium, there were identified 333 neoplasms, represented by calluses, embryoids and embryogenic complexes. Green regenerated plants were vernalized in test tubes, cloned, diloidized, then planted into soil. There were obtained 13 haploid lines, after diploidization only 34 plants survived. The highest haploproductive capacity was established in the hybrid combination F3‘Rostovchanka 7xBezostaya 100’. In this combination, there were formed 8 green regenerants, 21 plants of which were developed together with clones, 18 of which survived. The cytometric estimation has shown, that 25 dihaploid (2n= 42) and 16 haploid (n= 21) wheat plants have been identified by hybrid combinations, including 13 dihaploids from the combination ‘Rostovchanka 7xBezostaya 100’. As a result of the structural analysis and morphometric estimation of the head there has been found a different fertility degree of androgenic regenerated plants. There have been established prospects of using the dihaploid line ‘79.2.1.2’ in further breeding work based on the hybrid combination F3‘Rostovchanka 7xBezostaya 100’ with the highest values of such yield elements as ‘number of heads’, ‘number and weight of grains per head’.

Impacts of Gama Irradiations on the Development New Mutants of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is known for its production of sweet glycosides, an alternative to sugar. The cultivation of stevia in Malaysia is hampered because- it produces flowers at an early stage under Malaysia's photoperiod condition, thus leading to poor leaf yield for sweetener extraction. Additionally, there has been low breeding work for suitable cultivars. Thus, the impact of Gama irradiation in developing new Stevia mutants was studied. Seeds of MS012 were collected and exposed to gamma irradiation using a gamma cell in UKM, Malaysia to determine the LD50. The seeds were packed into 21 parts; one part served as the control and the others were subjected to varying gamma irradiation grays of 100 to 2000 grays. Irradiated seeds were sown for germination under the red light for 15 days. The LD50 was determined by plotting a simple regression graph of plant height against irradiation grays. Results revealed LD50 was 55 grays. The number of germinated seeds differed with respect to doses. Genetic analysis showed four types of chlorophyll mutants were induced: Albina, Chlorina, Xantha and Xantha-Viridis. Frequency and spectrum analysis revealed that Chlorina has the highest occurrence at 33.03%. Two classical novelties: (i) M1RAAMBO/03, and (ii) M2 RAAMBO/04 were developed.

COMPARATIVE EVALUATIONS OF BODY STRUCTURE AND EXTERIOR INDEX OF BULLS DIFFERENT DAIRY BREEDS

It was held a comprehensive study of animal exterior of Ukrainian black and white and red and white dairy breeds. By appropriate value of measurements, it was set indices of body structure of experimental animals. The bulls of Ukrainian black and white and red and white dairy breeds were the objects of the research, selected on the basis of counterparts. Researches on indexes of body and analysis of body measurements of bulls of Ukrainian black and redspotted dairy breeds shows that different indicators increased differently at different ages of animals. Comparative analysis of linear measurements of the exterior of bulls of Ukrainian red-spotted dairy breed in the experimental farm and at all stages of development, dominated by bulls of Ukrainian black-spotted breed, which indicates a herd difference in favor of the former and exceed with a significant difference peers in all measurements body structure. Thus, the average body structure indexes of bulls of Ukrainian black-spotted and red-spotted dairy breeds are generally characteristic of dairy-type animals. The connecting variability between the measurements that make up the body structure indexes indicates the objective motivation for their use in assessing the exterior type of animals. The obtained highly reliable correlation between the measurements that form the indexes of body structure makes it possible for their further use in the breeding work of the herd.

Proposals regarding the targeted use of short-stemmed winter rye grain in Ukraine

Aim. To draw the attention of producers, customers, collectors of rye grain, breeders to the availability of specialized short-stemmed, resistant to lodging varieties of this crop intended for baking bread, obtaining compound feed, alcohol, starch, various biopolymers, as well as the prospect of improving the quality of winter rye grain through breeding work. Methods. Field, laboratory, mathematical and statistical. Results. According to research data, rye varieties were divided into groups according to the directions of use. It is recommended to use Alatyr, Sirius, Oriana, Aldana, Laskave, Novax, Palazzo, Yelica varieties for baking bread; for feeding animals – Alatyr, Sirius, Oriana, Aldana, Laskave, Novax varieties; for processing into alcohol – varieties Oriana, Laskave, Novaks. Conclusions. The biochemical composition of the grain of various short-stemmed varieties of winter rye of our own breeding was studied in terms of the content of protein, starch, pentosans, alkylresorcins, and the activity of amylolytic enzymes. The target use of grain of short-stemmed varieties of winter rye has been established.

SIGNS OF FEEDING AND MEAT QUALITIES OF YOUNG PIGS OF DIVERSE INTERBREED DIFFERENTIATION ACCORDING TO THE EUROSOMY INDEX AND THEIR LEVEL OF DISCRETION

The article presents the results of the research on the fattening and meat qualities of young pigs of the large white breed of diverse interbreed differentiation due to the Eurosomy index and the analysis of the coefficients of discreteness of quantitative traits and the economic efficiency of their use in the conditions of the industrial complex. Evaluation of animals according to indicators of individual development, fattening, and meat qualities were carried out taking into account the following characteristics: live weight of young pigs on the last day of control fattening, kg; body length, cm; chest circumference behind the shoulder blades, cm; average daily gain of live weight during the period of control fattening, g; the age of reaching 100 kg live weight, days; length of the cooled carcass, cm; thickness of bacon at the level of 6-7 thoracic vertebrae, mm. The Eurosomia index was calculated due to the methodology of S. V. Akimov (2005), the biometric processing, and the analysis of the economic efficiency of the research results were carried out according to generally accepted methods. It was founded that the young pigs of the large white breed of the controlled population correspond to the 1st class and the elite class in terms of body length, age of reaching a live weight of 100 kg, lard thickness at the level of 6-7 thoracic vertebrae and length of the chilled carcass. It was established that the young pigs of the first experimental group reliably outperformed peers of the second experimental group in terms of live weight on the last day of control fattening, body length, chest girth behind the shoulder blades, average daily increase in live weight during the fattening control period, age reaching a live weight of 100 kg, the length of the chilled carcass, the length of the bacon half of the chilled half carcass by an average of 2.77%. The coefficient of discreteness of signs of individual development, fattening, and meat qualities in young pigs of the experimental groups ranges from 0.427 to 0.829 points. The presence of reliable connections (87.50%) between the Eurosomia index, development indicators, fattening, and meat qualities testify to the effectiveness of using this integrated value in selection and breeding work under conditions of compliance with the optimal level of feeding and maintenance and veterinary safety. The maximum increase in additional production was obtained from young pigs of the 1st experimental group - +2.35%, and its value are +162.47 hryvnias or 4.11 US dollars.

Evaluating initial forms of strawberry for anthocyanin content in fruits

In this paper, we evaluate strawberry varieties of different geographical origin in terms of anthocyanin content in fruits under the conditions of a particular region with the purpose of identifying valuable genotypes for inclusion in further breeding work and practical use. The research was conducted in 2015–2020 at the Kokino collection site of the Federal Research Center for Gardening, located 24 km south-west of the city of Bryansk, in the village of Kokino, Vygonichsky district, Bryansk region. The effect of genotype and weather conditions on the accumulation of anthocyanins in strawberry fruits was studied. The research objects included 35 strawberry varieties of domestic and foreign breeding. Observations were carried out in accordance with the conventional methodology for varietal study of fruit, berry and nut crops. Fruits for the analysis were collected in dry sunny weather, at the stage of optimum maturity. Anthocyanin content in fruits was determined according to the color scale developed by A. A. Zubov and K. V. Stankevich in Michurin Research Institute of Genetics and Fruit Plant Breeding. Most of the varieties (57.1%) were characterized by medium variability of the indicator by year (V = 10–20%). The varieties Sudaruska (24.9%), Darselekt (24.2%), Polka (20.2%), Mieze Schindler (34.1%), Tenira (28.3%) showed a high dependency of fruit anthocyanin content on climatic conditions during the ripening period. The varieties with dark-coloured fruits were found to be Rubinovy Kulon, Barynya, Tsaritsa and Amulet. Their coloring was associated with high anthocyanin levels (more than 80 mg/100 g). These varieties comprise a valuable source material for further breeding and practical use.

Methods for improving efficiency in cattle farms via innovations in Uzbekistan

Our article discusses ways to increase efficiency through the application of innovations in farms specializing in animal husbandry. Livestock is one of the leading sectors of agriculture in Uzbekistan. Meat, dairy and egg products of the population provide the industry with leather, wool and other raw materials. In today’s market economy, one of the most important tasks is to provide the population of Uzbekistan with high quality, environmentally friendly and affordable livestock products. There are many branches of the livestock industry, such as cattle breeding, sheep breeding, poultry farming, horse breeding, fishing, beekeeping. Therefore, the main tasks of the development of these industries are to build a strong fodder base, to provide livestock with a variety of cervitamines, protein-rich, nutritious feeds throughout the year, to properly organize breeding and selection work, based on best practices and scientific achievements such as efficient use, cost-saving new equipment, introduction of innovative efficient technologies, mechanization of production processes, increasing the level of automation, widespread introduction of modern advanced technologies in practice and specialization of farms in formed production and other factors.

A new early-ripening soybean variety of the northern ecotype Civil

The data on morphobiological features and the main indicators of quality of the grain variety Civil are presented. The results of competitive testing are given, and the adaptability of the variety to different conditions of cultivation is shown. The need to develop early-ripening soybean varieties for agricultural production in the northern regions of Russia is noted, since the varieties with a growing season of 110-125 days do not ripen. Breeding work on soybean varieties was carried out at the experimental site under field conditions. The soil of the experimental field is gray forest heavy loam with a humus content of 4.1, close to neutral (with a soil solution reaction of 5.7), with a high content of mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium. The new variety Civil has a growing season of 83-105 days. The soybean variety of the northern ecotype Civil (breeding number 116 4/7-1sk) was bred by multiple individual selection in a hybrid population of F3-F8 obtained from the offspring of Chera-1 x SOUTH 30. The variety has been included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation since 2022 for the Central region (3). The new variety is characterized by early maturity, high yield, its potential yield exceeds 3.8 tons of grain/ha. The Civil variety differs from the zoned varieties by an increased oil content. The fat content in soybean seeds of this variety reaches 24%, which is 1.8% higher than that of the SibNIIK 315 standard variety. The inclusion of a new early maturing soybean variety of the northern ecotype Сivil in the soil and climatic conditions of the midland will contribute to the promotion of the crop in the northern regions of Russia.

Reproductive traits of cows of Holstein breed and dynamics of their changes during productive life

In order to obtain maximum milk productivity of cows, it is necessary to constantly maintain a high level of reproduction traits of cows in the herd to ensure timely eff ective insemination of them for the annual production of calves. The economy of dairy farming, the level of breeding work, the longevity of animals depends on the state of reproduction of the herd. The purpose of the research was to study the reproductive traits of cows of Holstein breed and the dynamics of their changes during productive life. The research was carried out on the basis of the Agricultural Production Cooperative “Plamya”, a milk production enterprise where Holstein cattle are bred. In order to conduct the study, the indicators of the reproductive traits of cows of the entire productive herd were evaluated in dynamics over 5 years of production use. The material for the analysis of the dynamics of change was taken from the database of the information and analytical system “SELEX-Dairy cattle”. Thus, it was found that during the study period the annual calf crop increased by 102,4 % or by 2 calves. The average number of inseminations per effective one was 2,1 doses over the period. In the period from 2017 to 2021, in the herd the duration of the open days period ranged from 128 to 140 days. The best indicator was noted in 2019. On average, for the herd over a fi ve-year period, there was an increase in the duration of the open days period by 12 days compared to 2017 data. As a result of a comprehensive analysis of the state of reproduction traits of cows in the herd, it was found that the indicators of reproductive trais of cows had a slight deviation from the threshold (normative) values, which indicates a fairly high level of breeding work carried out by specialists of the farm.

Achievements of the federal scientific center "all-Russian institute of forages V.R. Williams" in the study of fodder plants

Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production & Agroecology for more than 100 years has been the largest scientific, methodological, research, intellectual center, which concentrates scientific knowledge, skills, and abilities related to the cultivation of fodder plants. Strategic areas of research for the period of activity of the Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production & Agroecology, is the selection and seed production of fodder plants; meadow fodder production; field fodder production; development of technologies for procurement, storage and use of feed. The State Register of Breeding Achievements Approved for Use in the Russian Federation includes 227 varieties of forage crops (24 % of the total number of forage crops in Russia) bred by the Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production & Agroecology, 57 varieties are released to all regions. Profound fundamental research is being carried out on meadow ecosystems, on the ontogeny of meadow grasses, and grassland technologies are being developed. Effective technologies for the restoration of degraded arid pastures and saline lands based on ecologically specialized plant species with extremely high salinity and drought resistance have been developed and put into practice. The total gene pool of halophytes and arid plants includes more than 1200 samples of 25 species. The result of bioresource and breeding work was the creation of 20 new varieties of drought-resistant fodder halophytes for arid territories from the families Chenopodiaceae, Tamaricaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae. Scientists of the Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production & Agroecology developed the scientific foundations of field fodder production. It is shown that fodder crop rotations are the most important means of increasing the productivity of arable land, combating drought, erosion and soil dehumification. Perennial grasses on arable land are the most important means of protection against droughts, the basis for restoring and maintaining soil fertility. Experimental data on the preservative efficacy of compositions of experimental enzyme multisystems in combination with bacterial preparations have been obtained.

Analysis of the state of selection and breeding work with Akhal-Teke horses in China

Analysis of the state of selection and breeding work with Akhal-Teke horses in China

Apple tree selection methods for fruit biochemical composition improving

Apple is the most widespread crop in the world, the fruits of which contain nutrients (sugars) and biologically active substances (ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds) that have a beneficial effect on the human body. One of the priorities in the creation of new apple cultivars is to improve the chemical composition of fruits. Such work is carried out in the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK). The method of repeated and geographically distant crosses is used. Over the years of breeding work at the Institute, a number of cultivars have been created that surpass previously widely known apple cultivars in terms of the content of nutrients and biologically active substances in fruits. A comparative assessment of new VNIISPK cultivars with old cultivars widely distributed in the middle zone of the Russian Federation is presented in terms of the content of sugars, ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds. The best cultivars have been selected for each studied indicator - by the sugar content (%): Ivanovskoye (11,8), Maslovskoye (10,8), Olimpiyskoye (10,9), Orlik (10,8), Osipovskoye (12,2), Pepin Orlovsky (10,8), Start (10,9), Turgenevskoye (11,4), Yablochny Spas (10,6); by the ascorbic acid content (mg/100 g): Ivanovskoye (19,5), Kulikovskoye (15,3), Maslovskoye (14,6), Nizkorosloye (18,0), Olimpiyskoye (15,4), Svezhest (12,5), Sinap Orlovskoye (13,4), Start (11,0), Yubilar (11,3); by phenolic compounds (mg/100 g): Avgusta (451), Bolotovskoye(477), Zhelannoye (384), Candil Orlovsky (553), Pamyati Khitrovo (480), Pamyat Semakinu (474), Radost Nadezhdy (474), Yubilyar (362), Yablochny Spas (369). It has been established that the new VNIISPK apple cultivars are not inferior, and in some indicators (sugars, phenolic substances) surpass previously widespread cultivars.

Breeding evaluation of new gherkin cucumber lines to create F1 heterotic hybrids

The purpose was to evaluate new bee-pollinated open ground parental lines of gherkin cucumber.
 Materials and Methods. The breeding studies (collection and breeding nurseries) were carried out in open ground at the Institute of Vegetable and Melon Growing of NAAS in 2016-2019. To obtain new forms and to create lines, we used inbreeding and individual selections in accordance with traditional breeding methods and cultivation technologies.
 Results and Discussion. Basing on experimental results and literature review, we created models of cucumber genotypes with specified parameters for the implementation of the gherkin cucumber breeding technology. The breeding based on the constructed models resulted in two gynoecious bee-pollinated open ground gherkin cucumber lines: F13I9 BD96 - 18 and F13I8 Toma - 18. The lines are early- ripening (44 days) and well-yielding (25.3–26.6 t/ha), exceeding the check cultivar (Dzherelo) by 20-30%. They are relatively resistant to downy mildew (5 points). They are noticeable for excellent palatability. Their plants form mainly female flowers. Their young fruits are cylindrical, green, and short (8 cm). The lines are intended to be used as female forms.
 Conclusions. The new lines have been included in the breeding process to create competitive heterotic gherkin cucumber hybrids. As of today, several F1 hybrid combinations have been derived from the new lines and the breeding work with them is going on. The lines have been submitted for registration to the National Center for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine at the Plant Production Institute named after V.Ya. Yuriev of NAAS. Certificate No. 353 dated 06/12/2019 was issued.

On-Barn Forecasting Beef Cattle Production Based on Automated Non-Contact Body Measurement System.

The main task of selective breeding is to determine the early productivity of offspring. The sooner the economic value of an animal is determined, the more profitable the result will be, due to the proper estimation of high and low productive calves and distribution of the resources among them, accordingly. To predict productivity, we offer to use a systematic assessment of animals by using the main genetic parameters (correlation coefficients, heritability, and regression) based on data such as the measurement of morphological characteristics of animals, obtained using the automated non-contact body measurement system based on RGB-D image capture. The usefulness of the image capture system lies in significant time reduction that is spent on data collection and improvement in data collection accuracy due to the absence of subjective measurement errors. We used the RGB-D image capture system to measure the live weight of mother cows, as well as the live weight and body size of their calves (height at the withers, height in the sacrum, oblique length of the trunk, chest depth, chest girth, pastern girth). Cows and cattle of black-and-white and Holstein breeds (n = 561) were selected as the object of the study. Correlation analysis revealed the main indices for the forecast of meat productivity-live weight and measurements of animals at birth. Calculation of the selection effect is necessary for planning breeding work, since it can determine the value of economically beneficial traits in subsequent generations, which is very important for increasing the profitability of livestock production. This approach can be used in livestock farms for predicting the meat productivity of black-and-white cattle.

Analysis of reproduction indicators of brown Swiss cattle of the Smolensk region

In dairy cattle breeding, the breeding work is carried out mainly to increase the milk productivity of cows, which often leads to a decrease in the reproductive qualities of the breeding stock. Therefore, practicing breeders are faced with the task of studying and improving the qualities of animals associated with the reproduction of the herd. At the same time, in the conditions of a decrease in the number of livestock, the issue of preserving and improving the reproductive properties of animals is also put forward in the first position. For design breeding problems, it is necessary to have information about the genesis of reproduction. The conducted studies covering the period 2011-2020 reveal the dynamics of significant reproductive indicators – the age of the first fruitful insemination, the number of inseminations per fruitful one, as well as the open days in the first lactation of the breeding stock of the Swiss breed. In the process of its improvement, the age of the first fruitful insemination of animals decreased. The multiplicity of insemination and the associated open days in the first lactation do not have a stable nature of changes. To obtain more informative data on the level of organization of the biological system under study, the entropy – information analysis was used in the study. The age of the first fruitful insemination at the initial stages was poorly controlled, with an absolute organization (O) having values from 0.168 bits (H=3.292 bits) it was found however, during the selection process, the controllability of this system increases (O=0.873 bits; H=2.586 bits). The most controlled feature throughout all stages is the multiplicity of insemination (O = 0.401...1.147 bits; H=1.921 ...1.175 bits). The least controlled is the open days (O=0.136...0.604 bits; H=3.449...2.981 bits). The obtained results of the study contribute to the conduct of purposeful breeding of Brown Swiss cattle, taking into account the reproductive ability.

Новые формы чеснока ярового для селекционного процесса в условиях Северо-Востока

Abstract. In the conditions of the North-East of the Non-Chernozem zone, experimental work was carried out on the study of a collection of spring garlic at the experimental field of the North-East Federal State Medical University (Kirov). The purpose is to evaluate the breeding material of spring garlic according to economically valuable characteristics in the conditions of the North-East and to identify promising samples for further research. Note the samples that can be used in the mechanized separation of cloves and in the future during planting. The planned model of the variety should be: a bulb of at least 45 g, cloves 4.5 g, the number of cloves 11–13 pcs. Methods. 18 varietal samples were evaluated: 9 – Research and production company “Agrosemtoms” LLC, 9 samples – collection nursery of the Federal Research Center of the Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources – VIR. As a result of the study, 6 promising varieties were identified. Results. The highest yield was obtained from varietal No. 129, it was 1.64 kg/m2, which is 0.69 kg/m2 higher than the control – varieties of spring garlic Sovet (LSD05 = 0.2). The weight of the bulb was 58 g, which is 18 g higher than the control. Varietals No. 148 and 129 have the largest number of cloves – 14 and 13 pcs., respectively. In the same samples, the largest tooth mass was revealed: 4 and 4.4 g, respectively. According to biochemical analysis, there were no differences between the varieties, however, in terms of the number of sugars, it is worth noting the Coun Sovet cil variety with a content of 6.38 %. Scientific novelty. For the first time, samples of spring garlic (AST-129, AST-146, AST-148) were isolated, which form an arrow and form viable air bulbs. The formation of air bulbs in spring garlic promotes healing and accelerates the process of reproduction of the variety. Spring garlic has a radial direction of the teeth and this contributes to obtaining a large number of full-fledged teeth, which allows to increase the reproduction coefficient. The results obtained, according to the assessment of the initial collection varieties, are of great practical importance and can be used in production and breeding work.