Mosquito Breeding Sites Research Articles

Environmental Factors to Malaria Incidence : A Literature Review

Malaria remains a major public health concern in Indonesia, particularly due to its high mortality rate among children under five, accounting for approximately two-thirds of all cases. The disease is transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes, which carry the Plasmodium parasite. In 2019, malaria caused 409,000 deaths globally, with 229 million cases reported, particularly in remote areas with poor access to healthcare, commonly in low-income countries. This literature review highlighted the environmental risk factors contributing to malaria incidence, based on studies from 24 scientific journals using data from the Sinta and Scopus databases. The study identified key environmental factors, including physical, chemical, biological, and socio-cultural elements, with the most significant risk linked to vector breeding sites. Among the reviewed articles, 62.5% (15 out of 24) found a statistically significant association between the presence of mosquito breeding sites and malaria incidence. Additional risk factors included the use of mosquito nets, housing conditions (specifically wall density), and nighttime outdoor activities. Effective malaria control measures require addressing these environmental factors, as they play a crucial role in the disease’s transmission. Strategies to disrupt the transmission cycle include eliminating mosquito breeding sites, applying larvicides to stagnant water, cleaning vector resting areas, promoting the use of insecticide-treated nets, and implementing Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS). A community-based, integrated approach to environmental management is essential to reducing malaria transmission and controlling its spread in affected regions.

Societal uses of the main water bodies inhabited by malaria vectors and implications for larval source management

BackgroundLarval source management (LSM) effectively reduces mosquito populations at their breeding sites, addressing issues like insecticide resistance that limit the effectiveness of primary interventions such as insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). Although traditionally used in urban and dry areas, recent research suggests it might also be effective in rural settings in eastern and southern Africa, where Anopheles funestus thrives in permanent water bodies that sustain year-round transmission. Targeting these habitats could enhance LSM, but it requires understanding local community practices, as mosquito breeding sites often overlap with community water resources. This study examined how communities use aquatic habitats and how these practices may impact LSM strategies, with a focus on habitats used by An. funestus.MethodsThis study was conducted in three villages in the Ulanga and Malinyi districts of southeastern Tanzania using a mixed-methods approach. Quantitative data were collected through cross-sectional surveillance, and qualitative data through unstructured interviews, focus group discussions, and field observations. Data analysis integrated both quantitative and qualitative findings to develop a comprehensive understanding of community perspectives.ResultsA survey of 931 aquatic habitats found mosquito larvae in 73% of them, with late instar An. funestus present in 23%. River streams made up 41% of the habitats, while ground pools accounted for 4%. Most habitats (90%) were used by communities, including 95% of those with An. funestus larvae, for activities such as domestic chores, agriculture, livestock rearing, brickmaking, and fishing. Focus group discussions revealed a willingness to adopt LSM, with a preference for larviciding and habitat modification over habitat removal, as the water sources were vital for daily use. Community concerns centered on the safety of larvicides for humans and animals, the environmental impact, and the need for better awareness of how LSM affects health and livelihoods.ConclusionThis study highlights community perspectives on LSM, focusing on the dual function of aquatic habitats as mosquito breeding sites and essential community water sources. This dual role presents both challenges and opportunities, suggesting that LSM strategies must balance public health needs with socio-economic realities. There was a clear preference for larviciding and habitat modification over removal, with a strong emphasis on health and environmental safety. The study emphasizes the importance of educating communities on the safety and effectiveness of LSM, and tailoring LSM strategies to fit the needs and preferences of local communities.

Spatial and temporal predictions of mosquito potential breeding sites and densities: integration of satellite imagery, in-situ data, and process-based modeling

Abstract. Dengue fever, primarily transmitted worldwide by the mosquito Aedes aegypti, poses significant public health challenges in tropical and subtropical regions. While effective vector control is crucial in the absence of reliable dengue vaccines, traditional control methods face obstacles like mosquito resistance to insecticides and a very high cost. By combining geospatial data, including satellite imagery, as descriptors, and entomological surveys as target variables in a Random Forest model, we predicted the number of potential mosquito breeding sites, derived the associated environmental carrying capacity for larvae, and used the Arbocarto process-based model to predict Ae.aegypti population densities in an urban region of French Guiana, South America. Our findings highlight that remote sensing data may help predict the number of potential breeding sites over urban areas. Our simulations indicate higher mosquito densities in urban residential areas and a strong spatial and temporal heterogeneity. These densities fluctuate according to intra-annual variations in temperature and precipitation, with higher densities associated with intermediate housing. A comparison with the conventional estimation of environmental carrying capacity for larvae in the current Arbocarto procedure highlights the advantages of our approach. Our study demonstrates the utility of integrating remote sensing with predictive modeling to enhance vector surveillance and control strategies, and provides a replicable approach for monitoring a dengue vector mosquito population in dynamic urban landscapes.

Entomological surveillance of container-breeding mosquitoes focusing on Aedes (Stegomyia) (Diptera: Culicidae)vectors along altitudinal range in Nepal.

Mosquitoes are a significant public health concern due to their role in transmitting various diseases. This study aimed to investigate mosquitoes' diversity, abundance, and ecological aspects, mainly focusing on Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae)mosquitoes, in central Nepal. The research explored variations across regions, seasons, altitudes, and years. Fieldwork for mosquito collection was conducted between May 2022 and October 2023. Dipping and pipetting methods were employed to collect larvae and pupae, whereas Biogents-Mosquitaire trap captured adult mosquitoes. A total of 7,223 (3,640 larvae and 3,583 adults) mosquitoes, belonging to 8 genera and 18 species, were collected and analyzed. Additionally, a survey examined 5,941 wet containers of 20 different types to assess potential breeding sites. The study revealed Culex pipiens (Linnaeus, 1758)(34.13%) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1895)(27.36%) as the most abundant species. Interestingly, larvae were predominantly Aedes spp. (66.13%), whereas only 13.76% of adults belonged to this genus. Mosquito abundance varied across locations and altitudes, with Siwalik region (331-700 m asl) exhibiting the highest numbers. The monsoon season showed the highest overall abundance (1,492). Used tires were identified as significant breeding sites for Aedes mosquitoes, and infestation rates were higher in shaded containers. Seasonal analysis showed the House Index (HI) reaching its peak (10.92%) and the Breteau Index (BI) reaching 23.08% during the monsoon. Conversely, the Container Index (CI) reached its highest point (37.67%) in the post-monsoon season. The results emphasize the need for comprehensive disease prevention strategies at local and national levels, including public awareness campaigns, to address mosquito-borne illnesses in this famous tourist region.

Monitoring of mosquito breeding sites in the municipality of Cascais, Portugal

Abstract Culex pipiens is the primary West Nile Virus vector in Portugal. Additionally, in 2017, Aedes albopictus, vector of various arboviruses, was detected in Northern Portugal. To mitigate viral transmission risks, effective surveillance is crucial, including monitoring egg, larva, and pupa stages. Located on the west of Lisbon, Cascais implemented a surveillance based on monitoring invasive species at Points of Entry and, complementarily, on detecting and intervening in breeding sites. Active searches for new breeding sites and monitoring those that were already identified are conducted weekly during the peak mosquito season (May to October) and biweekly during the colder season (November to April), following the methodology outlined below: • Upon detection, samples of immature stages are collected for submission to the National Institute of Health (INSA); • Corrective measures are requested to the managing entities of the locations where the sites are found; • Date of action, location, collection point, date of report, and status (pending or intervened) are recorded on a database; • Locations with pending status undergo continuous monitoring. In 2023, 16 artificial breeding sites were identified. These findings resulted from 23 actions conducted across 8 locations. 35 samples of immatures were collected, followed by their submission and notification to the respective managing entities. Recurrent detections were noted in 9 breeding sites. The managing entities implemented measures at 13 of the identified sites, leaving 3 with pending intervention. The identification of breeding sites demands continuous monitoring efforts and requires an effective coordination between the Public Health services and the management entities. Based on the achieved outcomes, it is evident that the implementation of corrective measures has been successful, making a significant contribution to reducing mosquito density. Key messages • Effective surveillance and intervention strategies are crucial in mitigating West Nile Virus and arbovirus transmission risks in Portugal. • Continuous monitoring and coordination between public health services and management entities are key for maintaining effective vector control measures.

Imported arboviral disease cases and entomological surveillance of Aedes albopictus in Valencian Autonomous Region (Spain) along 2022

Abstract The Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control (LEPC) of the University of Valencia, hired by the regional government of the Generalitat Valenciana, carried out the entomological surveillance of the Asian tiger mosquito along 2022 in the Valencian Autonomous Region, excepting the city of Valencia for which the surveillance was conducted by a private pest control company. The main purpose of this plan of action was both to continue the detection and monitoring of Aedes albopictus in the Valencian municipalities free of its presence until the end of 2021, and to carry out the entomological surveys related to imported arbovirus cases notified by the Regional Health System. The active search and detection of the mosquito breeding sites in both urban and peri-urban environments throughout the provinces of Alicante, Castellón and Valencia, has revealed the absence of new populations of this allochthonous mosquito in all those municipalities free of this species in December of 2021. Besides, the LEPC has conducted the mosquito surveys in 31 municipalities of the three provinces, in relation to the declaration of 33 cases of arthropod-borne diseases due to Chikungunya, dengue or Zika viruses, which were reported in travellers returning from countries of Latin America, Asia, or West Africa. The methods used to minimise the risk of local transmission of these viruses by Ae. albopictus were focused on detecting the presence of the tiger mosquito and other common native mosquito populations, at both adult and larval stages, in the surroundings of the residence of imported cases to guide the treatments of the detected resting and breeding sites. As result, tiger mosquito populations were recorded in 18 of the 33 municipalities where imported arbovirus cases were reported in 2022.

Prevalence of Malaria among Patients Visiting Public Hospitals in Mogadishu, Somalia-Cross-Sectional Study

Background: In tropical and subtropical areas, malaria is one of the main causes of death and morbidity. Malaria is a major worldwide health concern, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, which includes Somalia, where the majority of cases and deaths from the disease occur. Malaria has a negative impact on both public health and the economic growth of many developing nations. Examining and quantifying the prevalence of malaria among outpatients who have visited hospitals were the study's goal. Study was conducted between September, and November 2023. Methods: A structured questionnaire was administered to 278 were collected patients visit two general hospitals at single time with obtained consented, blood samples were diagnosis used by rapid diagnosis test (RDTs), this study was identified the species of plasmodium used standard keys. Thus, this study design was cross-sectional and quantitative study. The data source was primary information, and was nonrandom sampling. The data generated was analysis using percentage and present in graph forms. Chi- square was used to determine the degree of association between malaria prevalence and factors influencing its transmission, performed by (SPSS 20 version). Results: total of 278 was recruited to conduct the study at outpatient department OPD in two hospitals, Mogadishu, Somalia. Out of 278 persons examined for malaria parasites, 12 (4.3%) were positive. Females were more participated than males 185 (66.5%). The respondents were observed 43.5% use it most of the time sleep under mosquito net. Conclusion: The investigation clearly showed that the persons with malaria infection was minimal. Because the participants aware of the threat posed by mosquitoes in their area, they placed a strong emphasis on vector control measures as reduce the number of mosquito breeding sites. They also understood the significance of indoor residual spray (IRS), which is essential for both mosquito prevention and control.

Comparative Analysis of Avian Malaria Prevalence in Rural Vs. Urban Settings in Kenya

Purpose: To aim of the study was to analyze the comparative analysis of avian malaria prevalence in rural vs. urban settings in Kenya. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study found that avian malaria was more prevalent in urban areas, likely due to higher mosquito populations and altered land use patterns that facilitate vector breeding. In contrast, rural areas exhibited lower prevalence, attributed to more extensive natural habitats that support diverse bird species and reduce mosquito density. Additionally, environmental factors such as temperature and humidity were found to play crucial roles in disease transmission, with urban settings experiencing more favorable conditions for mosquito proliferation. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Ecological niche theory, urban heat island effect & environmental determinants of health theory may be used to anchor future studies on comparative analysis of avian malaria prevalence in rural vs. urban settings in Kenya. Implement targeted vector control measures in urban areas to reduce mosquito breeding sites and manage environmental factors contributing to higher avian malaria prevalence. Formulate and implement policies that address the intersection of urbanization and wildlife health.

Community participatory mapping of malaria mosquito breeding sites in Mozambique

BackgroundThe community involvement and the people’s knowledge allow detailed information about the distribution, location, and identification of mosquito breeding-sites. Information which is fundamental for their efficient management and elimination. Since participatory mapping has proven to be an effective tool to identify health determinants, the study aimed to apply the methodology to identify and map potential mosquito breeding-sites in Tambai, Nhamatanda, Mozambique.MethodsA study was conducted using an open-question guide. Discussions were held with 94 participants within ten focus groups, selected in collaboration with local community leaders. A thematic content analysis was performed. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize sociodemographic data. Geographic Positioning System (GPS) was used to compare and map potential breeding-sites. Children under 5 years of age who tested positive for malaria, were georeferenced to the maps.ResultsParticipants were aware of causes and transmission of malaria, no major differences between groups were observed regarding knowledge and identification of principal potential breeding sites. Gender and age determined specific information, number, and diversity of identified potential breeding sites. A total of 125 potential breeding-sites (36 permanent and 89 temporary) were mapped.ConclusionsSeveral potential mosquito breeding-sites were identified, located throughout the community, often near house conglomerates and malaria cases. Community participatory mapping could be used to identify potential mosquito breeding-sites by the national malaria control programmes to establish an efficient larval surveillance system, while improving community engagement and control strategies.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04419766.

The Role of Community Health Nurses in Handling Dengue Fever Outbreaks in Residential Areas

Controlling Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) outbreaks is a complex public health challenge that requires collaboration from various stakeholders, including community health nurses. This study aims to assess the role of these nurses in managing DHF outbreaks in residential areas. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, the research involved in-depth interviews with community health nurses and direct field observations to gather comprehensive data. The findings revealed that community health nurses are crucial in preventing and controlling DHF outbreaks. Their responsibilities include educating the community about DHF prevention, identifying and managing mosquito breeding sites, and implementing environmental interventions. They also play a vital role in early detection of DHF cases and coordinate with government and health institutions for effective prevention and control measures. Furthermore, community health nurses provide counseling and training to raise awareness about DHF dangers and promote preventive actions. They are instrumental in encouraging community participation in environmental management to reduce mosquito habitats. This study emphasizes the need for ongoing support and capacity building for community health nurses to enhance their effectiveness. In conclusion, collaboration among health workers, communities, and stakeholders is essential to control dengue outbreaks and minimize the disease's impact.

Revolutionizing Urban Pest Management with Sensor Fusion and Precision Fumigation Robotics

Effective pest management in urban areas is critically challenged by the rapid proliferation of mosquito breeding sites. Traditional fumigation methods expose human operators to harmful chemicals, posing significant health risks ranging from respiratory problems to long-term chronic conditions. To address these issues, a novel fumigation robot equipped with sensor fusion technology for optimal pest control in urban landscapes is proposed. The proposed robot utilizes light detection and ranging data, depth camera inputs processed through the You Only Look Once version 8 (YOLOv8) algorithm for precise object recognition, and inertial measurement unit data. These technologies allow the robot to accurately identify and localize mosquito breeding hotspots using YOLOv8, achieving a precision of 0.81 and a mean average precision of 0.74. The integration of these advanced sensor technologies allows for detailed and reliable mapping, enhancing the robot’s navigation through complex urban terrains and ensuring precise targeting of fumigation efforts. In a test case, the robot demonstrated a 62.5% increase in efficiency by significantly reducing chemical usage through targeted hotspot fumigation. By automating the detection and treatment of breeding sites, the proposed method boosts the efficiency and effectiveness of pest management operations and significantly diminishes the health risks associated with chemical exposure for human workers. This approach, featuring real-time object recognition and dynamic adaptation to environmental changes, represents a substantial advancement in urban pest management, offering a safer and more effective solution to a persistent public health issue.

Prioritisation of emerging and epidemic-prone diseases and risk factors in India’s three western states using the One Health Risk and Disease (OHRAD) prioritisation tool

BackgroundThere have been numerous outbreaks of infectious diseases to date, and out of them, six events have been declared as Public Health Emergencies of International Concern by the World Health Organization (WHO). The outbreaks have been unprecedented, and the sudden anxiety associated with these makes the situation more complicated. Prioritisation of diseases has been a common process in public health, and it is important to identify infectious diseases that are important for human health. In addition, a One Health approach requires taking also animal origin and related risk factors for infectious diseases into account.MethodsState-level co-creation workshops were conducted in Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Maharashtra, the three western states of India. One Health Risk and Disease (OHRAD) prioritisation tool was used to prioritise emerging and epidemic-prone diseases and their risk factors.ResultsThe risk factors and diseases were scored using the OHRAD tool, and the ranks were obtained. Avian flu by A(H5N1), A(H7N9), and A(H9N2), swine flu by A(H1N1), A(H1N2) and A(H3N2), dengue, rabies, leptospirosis, bovine tuberculosis, salmonellosis, chikungunya, soil-transmitted helminths, and brucellosis were some of the 10 diseases prioritised in all the three western states of the country. Similarly, the presence of mosquito breeding sites near houses or workplaces, open defecation, poor hand hygiene, poor personal hygiene, reluctance to follow disease prevention measures and improper carcass disposal were prioritised as the risk factors for diseases in all three states.ConclusionThe emerging and epidemic-prone diseases and risk factors that are prioritised reflect state-specific scenarios and the gravity of the situation concerning risk factors for disease outbreaks. This can help in allocating resources and increasing efforts in the prevention and control of these diseases.

Determinants of intended prevention behaviour against mosquitoes and mosquito-borne viruses in the Netherlands and Spain using the MosquitoWise survey: cross-sectional study

BackgroundRecently, Europe has seen an emergence of mosquito-borne viruses (MBVs). Understanding citizens’ perceptions of and behaviours towards mosquitoes and MBVs is crucial to reduce disease risk. We investigated and compared perceptions, knowledge, and determinants of citizens’ behavioural intentions related to mosquitoes and MBVs in the Netherlands and Spain, to help improve public health interventions.MethodsUsing the validated MosquitoWise survey, data was collected through participant panels in Spain (N = 475) and the Netherlands (N = 438). Health Belief Model scores measuring behavioural intent, knowledge, and information scores were calculated. Confidence Interval-Based Estimation of Relevance was used, together with potential for change indexes, to identify promising determinants for improving prevention measure use.ResultsSpanish participants’ responses showed slightly higher intent to use prevention measures compared to those of Dutch participants (29.1 and 28.2, respectively, p 0.03). Most participants in Spain (92.2%) and the Netherlands (91.8%) indicated they used at least one prevention measure, but differences were observed in which types they used. More Spanish participants indicated to have received information on mosquitoes and MBVs compared to Dutch participants. Spanish participants preferred health professional information sources, while Dutch participants favoured government websites. Determinants for intent to use prevention measures included “Knowledge”, “Reminders to Use Prevention Measures”, and “Information” in the Netherlands and Spain. Determinants for repellent use included “Perceived Benefits” and “Cues to Action”, with “Perceived Benefits” having a high potential for behavioural change in both countries. “Self-Efficacy” and “Knowledge” were determinants in both countries for breeding site removal.ConclusionThis study found differences in knowledge between the Netherlands and Spain but similarities in determinants for intent to use prevention measures, intent to use repellents and intent to remove mosquito breeding sites. Identified determinants can be the focus for future public health interventions to reduce MBV risks.

Assessing the relationship between malaria incidence levels and meteorological factors using cluster-integrated regression

This paper introduces a novel approach to modeling malaria incidence in Nigeria by integrating clustering strategies with regression modeling and leveraging meteorological data. By decomposing the datasets into multiple subsets using clustering techniques, we increase the number of explanatory variables and elucidate the role of weather in predicting different ranges of incidence data. Our clustering-integrated regression models, accompanied by optimal barriers, provide insights into the complex relationship between malaria incidence and well-established influencing weather factors such as rainfall and temperature.We explore two models. The first model incorporates lagged incidence and individual-specific effects. The second model focuses solely on weather components. Selection of a model depends on decision-makers priorities. The model one is recommended for higher predictive accuracy. Moreover, our findings reveal significant variability in malaria incidence, specific to certain geographic clusters and beyond what can be explained by observed weather variables alone.Notably, rainfall and temperature exhibit varying marginal effects across incidence clusters, indicating their differential impact on malaria transmission. High rainfall correlates with lower incidence, possibly due to its role in flushing mosquito breeding sites. On the other hand, temperature could not predict high-incidence cases, suggesting that other factors other than temperature contribute to high cases.Our study addresses the demand for comprehensive modeling of malaria incidence, particularly in regions like Nigeria where the disease remains prevalent. By integrating clustering techniques with regression analysis, we offer a nuanced understanding of how predetermined weather factors influence malaria transmission. This approach aids public health authorities in implementing targeted interventions. Our research underscores the importance of considering local contextual factors in malaria control efforts and highlights the potential of weather-based forecasting for proactive disease management.

A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSING THE FIELD EFFICIENCY OF DRONES IN IDENTIFYING POTENTIAL BREEDING SITES OF THE Aedes MOSQUITO

The identification of breeding sites is key to dengue prevention strategies. Community involvement and breeding site surveillance play a vital role in controlling the Aedes population. Drones have emerged as a promising tool to be used in surveillance activities. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to develop a conceptual framework and present comprehensive intervention methods to control dengue cases. This study explores the concepts of community engagement, habitat profiling and mapping, and technology integration that will be implemented in the three main phases. Phase I: Community engagement, in which to understand the implementation characteristics of the proposed system using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) and Human-Centred Design (HCD); Phase II: Profiling and mapping potential breeding sites, in order to compare and characterise vector breeding sites of the Aedes mosquito in selected urban and rural areas using innovative drone technologies; Phase III: Technology integration by developing automated linkage of information on the mapping of mosquito breeding sites for dengue risk to an application platform. This conceptual framework can assess the efficiency of drones as an alternative tool for dengue surveillance and the use of technology to locate breeding sites effortlessly, which can later be applied in dengue-endemic regions.

Investigating the Potency of Camphor Combined With Kerosene on the Emergence of Anopheles Gambiae

Background Camphor has a long-term application history in the control of insect pests and their mixture with kerosene is not an exception in the control of mosquitoes. Objectives Due to differences in larval biology and positioning in breeding sites, this study was designed to reassess the potency of camphor mixed with kerosene against the emergence of Anopheles mosquitoes in order to ascertain that efficacy of a treatment may not differ greatly with different mosquito species. Methodology Larvae and pupae of Anopheles mosquitoes were collected from Ndokwa West Area of Delta State, Nigeria using standard World Health Organization method and left to acclimatize for 6 h in the Insectary before exposure. Mosquitoes were confirmed as Anopheles gambiae. Camphor (2 g) and its mixture with kerosene in equal ratio were introduced into 100, 200, and 400 mL of water which equated 0.02%, 0.01%, and 0.005%, respectively. Anopheles mosquitoes exposed to only water served as control for the experiment. Twenty larvae and pupae in their third stage of larval development was first sorted into 1000 mL glass beaker and then introduced into various treatment concentrations in 3 replicates. Results Highest mortality was recorded in larvae exposed to 0.02% of camphor mixed with kerosene. Pupae exposed to same concentration compared favorably. Lethal dosage (LD50 and LD95) of camphor exposed to Anopheles larvae and pupae ranged from 0.002% to 0.004% and 0.021% to 0.491%, respectively. More so, values were 0.002% and range from 0.010% to 0.021% in camphor mixed with kerosene, respectively. Conclusion Therefore, the intensification in the use of camphor mixed with kerosene among the population in mosquito breeding sites would reduce the mosquito biting activities and diseases in the locality.

Optimizing Malaria Control: Granular and Cost-Effective Mosquito Habitat Index in Endemic Areas Through Satellite Imagery

Malaria, classified as a tropical disease under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) indicator 3.3, remains a significant global health challenge. In this study, by taking advantage of multiple spectral composite indexes of multisource satellite imagery to capture various geospatial features relevant to the suitability of marsh mosquito habitat, we introduced the Mosquito Habitat Suitability Index (MHSI) to assess potential Anopheles mosquito breeding sites in terms of the vegetation density, water bodies, environment temperature, and humidity in any particular areas. The MHSI integrates the publicly accessible granular level of the normalized difference vegetation index, water index, land surface temperature, and moisture index from cost-effective low and medium-resolution optical satellite data. We focus on West Papua Province, Indonesia, known for diverse ecological conditions and varying malaria prevalence, as a case study area. From the built index, the risk zone map is then formed with the K-Means algorithm. One key finding is the elevated risk in Fakfak Regency, demanding particular attention, as its high-risk area represents 45% of its total. This research aids localized decision-making to combat malaria's unique challenges in West Papua Province which are relevant for implementation in other regions, contributing to SDG-aligned interventions for malaria eradication by 2030.

Prevalence of malaria and associated risk factors among household members in South Ethiopia: a multi-site cross-sectional study

BackgroundDespite continuous prevention and control strategies in place, malaria remains a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa including Ethiopia. Moreover, prevalence of malaria differs in different geographical settings and epidemiological data were inadequate to assure disease status in the study area. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of malaria and associated risk factors in selected rural kebeles in South Ethiopia.MethodsA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted between February to June 2019 in eight malaria-endemic kebeles situated in four zones in South Ethiopia. Mult-stage sampling techniques were employed to select the study zones, districts, kebeles and households. Blood sample were collected from 1674 participants in 345 households by finger prick and smears were examined by microscopy. Sociodemographic data as well as risk factors for Plasmodium infection were collected using questionnaires. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to analyse the data.ResultsThe overall prevalence of malaria in the study localities was 4.5% (76/1674). The prevalence was varied among the study localities with high prevalence in Bashilo (14.6%; 33/226) followed by Mehal Korga (12.1%; 26/214). Plasmodium falciparum was the dominant parasite accounted for 65.8% (50/76), while Plasmodium vivax accounted 18.4% (14/76). Co-infection of P. falciparum and P. vivax was 15.8% (12/76). Among the three age groups prevalence was 7.8% (27/346) in age less than 5 years and 7.5% (40/531) in 5–14 years. The age groups > 14years were less likely infected with Plasmodium parasite (AOR = 0.14, 95% CI 0.02–0.82) than under five children. Non-febrile individuals 1638 (97.8%) were more likely to had Plasmodium infection (AOR = 28.4, 95% CI 011.4–70.6) than febrile 36 (2.2%). Individuals living proximity to mosquito breeding sites have higher Plasmodium infection (AOR = 6.17, 95% CI 2.66–14.3) than those at distant of breeding sites.ConclusionsMalaria remains a public health problem in the study localities. Thus, malaria prevention and control strategies targeting children, non-febrile cases and individuals living proximity to breeding sites are crucial to reduce malaria related morbidity and mortality.

Vegetation structure drives mosquito community composition in UK’s largest managed lowland wetland

PurposeThe rising burden of mosquito-borne diseases in Europe extends beyond urban areas, encompassing rural and semi-urban regions near managed and natural wetlands evidenced by recent outbreaks of Usutu and West Nile viruses. While wetland management policies focus on biodiversity and ecosystem services, few studies explore the impact on mosquito vectors.MethodsOur research addresses this gap, examining juvenile mosquito and aquatic predator communities in 67 ditch sites within a South England coastal marsh subjected to different wetland management tiers. Using joint distribution models, we analyse how mosquito communities respond to abiotic and biotic factors influenced by wetland management.ResultsOf the 12 mosquito species identified, Culiseta annulata (Usutu virus vector) and Culex pipiens (Usutu and West Nile virus vector) constitute 47% of 6825 larval mosquitoes. Abundant predators include Coleoptera (water beetles) adults, Corixidae (water boatmen) and Zygoptera (Damselfy) larvae. Models reveal that tier 3 management sites (higher winter water levels, lower agricultural intensity) associated with shade and less floating vegetation are preferred by specific mosquito species. All mosquito species except Anopheles maculipennis s.l., are negatively impacted by potential predators. Culiseta annulata shows positive associations with shaded and turbid water, contrary to preferences of Corixidae predators.ConclusionsTier 3 areas managed for biodiversity, characterised by higher seasonal water levels and reduced livestock grazing intensity, provide favourable habitats for key mosquito species that are known vectors of arboviruses, such as Usutu and West Nile. Our findings emphasise the impact of biodiversity-focused wetland management, altering mosquito breeding site vegetation to enhance vector suitability. Further exploration of these trade-offs is crucial for comprehending the broader implications of wetland management.

A perspective on the worst ever dengue outbreak 2023 in Bangladesh: What makes this old enemy so deadly, and how can we combat it?

AbstractBackground and AimsBangladesh has been going through outbreaks of dengue fever cases every year since 2000. Yet this year's (2023) episode of dengue fever has crossed every line concerning fatality. Symptoms of the fever range from high fever, headaches, and muscle aches to deadly dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). The present review aims to assess the current pathogenicity and associated risk factors of recent dengue outbreaks in Bangladesh.MethodsTo perform this review work, we extracted relevant information from published articles available in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. We used dengue virus, dengue fever, and dengue outbreaks as keywords while searching for information.ResultsThis Aedes mosquito‐transmitted viral fever is more common in Bangladesh because of the tropical nature and immense burden of populations, resulting in convenient conditions for the reproduction of the vector. The rapid genetic transformation of this RNA virus and the resistance of its vector against insecticides have intensified the situation. The number of hospitalized patients has increased, and the case fatality rate has risen to 0.47%. Inadequate mosquito control measures, plenty of vector breeding sites, and a lack of public awareness have worsened the situation. Routine spraying of effective insecticides in high‐risk zones, regular inspection of potential mosquito breeding sites, and public awareness campaigns are the keys to limiting the spread of this virus. Also, the availability of detection kits, improved hospital settings, and trained health professionals are mandatory to keep disease fatalities under control.ConclusionDengue fever is a preventable disease. The successful development of a competent vaccine is now a prime need for preventing any future upsurge of the disease. Also, we recommend public awareness, vector control activities, and global collaboration to prevent spread.