Breathing Apparatus Research Articles

Physiologic Strain of SCBA (Maze) Training Compared to Circuit Training and Live Fire Training

Firefighting is a dangerous occupation and even training carries substantial risk. In fact, about 10-12% of firefighter line of duty deaths occur in training–most due to sudden cardiac death. Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) maze training (also known as SCBA confidence courses) are a common training exercise, and it is often assumed that this type of drill is less physically taxing because there is no “live-fire”. However, little is known about the physiologic strain associated with SCBA maze training. PURPOSE: To compare the physiological strain of SCBA maze training to live fire training and circuit training among cadets at a training academy. METHODS: Cadets (N=40) wore physiologic status monitors to assess heart rate (HR) and estimated core temperature (ECT) during circuit training, live fire training and SCBA maze training. SCBA maze training occurred in full personal protective equipment (PPE) and took place in an air conditioned building. Live fire training occurred in a specialized training structure, and the circuit training workout occurred in a large equipment bay. Age-predicted maximum (APM) HR was calculated using the 220-age formula. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc. RESULTS: Data from 40 cadet firefighters (31±3 yrs. old) were analyzed. No significant difference (p>0.05) was observed between SCBA maze training and live fire training for HR or ECT (see Table 1). However, HR and ECT differed significantly between circuit training and both SCBA maze training and live fire training. CONCLUSIONS: Even though SCBA maze training was performed under controlled environment it involved a physiological strain above circuit training and as high as live fire training, reaching age predicted maximum HR. SCBA maze training should be considered as physiologically stressful as live fire training of similar duration.Table 1: Physiologic characteristics of academy training among cadets (N=40)Supported by FEMA AFG Grant EMW-1015-FP-00731

Fitness Fights Fires: Examining the Relationship between Physical Fitness and Firefighting Ability

The physical demands of firefighting are evident, and a high level of physical fitness is required to perform the job safely. Despite the clear need for adequate physical fitness, the majority of firefighters (FF) remain unfit for duty. Regular exercise is an effective strategy to prevent/attenuate multiple health risks, as well as improve health and job performance. PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between physical fitness (i.e., cardiovascular endurance and muscular endurance) and performance on the Academy FF Challenge (AFC). METHODS: During the first (week 1) and last (week 7) weeks of the FF academy, FF recruits’ (n=54; 26.76±4.16 yrs; 100% male) physical fitness and FF ability were assessed. Physical fitness was assessed via cardiovascular endurance (estimated VO2max via 1.5-mile run time) and muscular endurance (60-second sit-ups and push-ups and Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) bench press), while FF ability was assessed via total completion time on the AFC (Keiser Sled, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus maze, victim drag, hose advance, equipment carry, and ladder set-up). RESULTS: Physical fitness predicted significant variance in FF ability at Week 1 (R2=0.48; P<0.001) and Week 7 (R2=0.47; P<0.001) after accounting for age and BMI. Specifically, cardiovascular endurance accounted for 28.9% (FΔ (3, 50) =22.83) and 36.4% (FΔ (3, 50) =28.70) unique variance, while muscular endurance accounted for 11.4% (FΔ (6, 47) =3.45) and 10.2% (FΔ (6, 47) =3.02) unique variance on FF ability at week 1 and 7, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Firefighting is a challenging occupation that requires these individuals to be in peak physical condition. Targeting FFs early in their careers and highlighting the importance of fitness is extremely vital to developing healthy, safe, and efficient FFs. By better understanding the relationship between physical fitness and firefighting ability, exercise specialists, researchers, and physicians may be able to better prescribe exercise in this population.

Effects of Wearing a Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus on Blood Oxygen Saturation During Exercise in Firefighters

Effects of Wearing a Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus on Blood Oxygen Saturation During Exercise in Firefighters

Плотность вероятности координаты элементарного акта сорбции и мощность источников экзотермического тепла в регенеративном патроне изолирующего респиратора

Рассмотрен альтернативный подход к математическому моделированию рабочего процесса изолирующего дыхательного аппарата на химически связанном кислороде. В его рамках уравнения математической физики, описывающие динамику сорбции углекислого газа кислородсодержащим продуктом регенеративного патрона, используются для вычисления статистических моментов случайной координаты элементарного акта сорбции молекул СО2. Зависимости от времени математического ожидания и дисперсии этой случайной величины позволяют установить асимптотику ее дифференциальной функции распределения исходя из максимальности энтропии Шеннона. Таким образом, устанавливается эволюция ширины и положения работающего слоя хемосорбента. Использование статистических моментов высших порядков позволяет учесть влияние на структуру работающего слоя асимметрий и эксцессов при конечных временах. Показано, что мощность сосредоточенных в единице объема хемосорбента внутренних источников экзотермического тепла пропорциональна плотности вероятности случайной координаты элементарного акта хемосорбции.

소방용 개인보호장비 및 공기호흡기 착용에 따른 반복 소방활동이 체온 및 스트레스 호르몬에 미치는 영향

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of body temperature(tympanic and skin temperature) and stress hormone(serotonin, cortisol, ACTH) wearing firefighters" personal protective equipment(PPE) with self contained breathing apparatus(SCBA) in repetitive firefighting. Fifteen male students(Age: 23.87±0.64 yrs, Height: 177.53±4.09 cm, Weight: 73.65±11.64) participated in this study. Each participants performed under the 2 different treatments[PPE(10.8 kg)/ PPE+SCBA(22.1 kg)]. Main results were as follows: Main results were as follows: First, tympanic temperature showed significant difference in main effect of time and interaction effect of treatment and time. Secondly, mean skin temperature showed significant difference in main effect of time and interaction effect of treatment and time. Thirdly, Cortisol and serotonin showed significant difference in main effect of time. There were no significant differences between the two treatments all times. Lastly, ACTH showed significant difference in main effect of time and interaction effect of treatment and time. It is suggested that PPE+SCBA can induce increase body temperature, responses of cortisol and serotonin which may negatively influence on firefighting. Further research on physiological variables during various firefighting tasks should also be carried out. In addition, continuous study on the reducing weight of fire protective equipments is necessary for the safety of firefighter.

Evaluation on the Wear Fit and Activity of Emergency Escape Breathing Devices for Ship Accidents

선박 운항 중 화재나 사고 시에 선박 내부의 복잡한 구조나 침수로 인해 갑판으로의 신속한 피난이 어려울 경우 유해가스나 산소 부족에 대응하기 위해서는 비상탈출용 호흡구난장비가 필수적이다. 최근 국내에서도 비상탈출호흡 구가 개발 보급되고 있으나, 기본 성능만 만족할 뿐 실제 사용시의 착용성 및 활동성에 대한 평가 사례가 없어 그효용성에 대해 의혹이 크다. 본 연구에서는 선박사고에 적합한 비상탈출호흡구에 대한 착용성 및 활동성 평가 항목을 제반 국제 기준으로부터 도출하였고, 개방식과 폐쇄식 각각의 국산 제품 샘플에 대한 평가를 수행하였다. 개방식은 시인성, 착용시간, 호흡저항 및 호스 걸림 부분에서, 폐쇄식은 정화통 방해, 무게 불균형, 호흡백 시야 가림 부분에서 개선이 필요한 것으로 평가되었다. ABSTRThe use of emergency escape breathing devices (EEBD) is strongly required to protect against toxic gas or flooding caused by ship fires or accidents. Recently developed domestic EEBD products only satisfy the basic performance requirements, but no wear fit and activity performance evaluation has been done for real usage. In this study, the global level test requirements for wear comfort and activity of EEBDs were developed and the open and closed type of domestic EEBD products were evaluated. Poor visibility, longer wear time, breathing resistance, and hose obstruction in an open type and canister obstruction, weight unbalance, and an invisible black breathing bag in the closed type EEBD were estimated to be the main problems that need to be improved.

Application of simple respirator combined with respiratory function training in airway management of patients with cerebral apoplexy after tracheotomy

Objective To observe the application effect of simple respirator combined with respiratory function training in airway management of patients with cerebral apoplexy after tracheotomy. Methods Totally 93 patients with stroke tracheotomy from May 2017 to April 2018 were randomly divided into the intervention group (45 cases) and thecontrol group (48 cases). The control group was treated with routine nursing after tracheotomy, and the intervention group was trained by simple ventilator combined with breathing function on the basis of the control group.The incidence of pulmonary infection during the tracheal cannula in two groups was observed, the total retention time of the trachea cannula, the incidence of blood oxygen saturation < 94% from 24 h to 48 h, the number of cases of catheterization, and the incidence of pulmonary infection were observed. Results In the intervention group and the control group, the pulmonary infection rate was 6.67% (3/45) in the intervention group, which was lower than the control group. The lung infection rate was 20.83% (10/48). The significance of learning (χ2=3.89, P=0.04); the total indwelling time of tracheal intubation in the intervention group (25.73±6.51) d was shorter than that in the control group (28.28±4.79) d, the difference was statistically significant (t=-2.16, P=0.03); within the intervention group and the control group, within 24-48 hours, the oxygen saturation of the intervention group was <0.94 (6.6% (3/45), and the incidence of pulmonary infection was 2.22% (1/45). The incidence rate of re-intubation was 0 (0/45), which was lower than 22.92% (11/48), 14.58% (7/48), and 10.42% (5/48) of the control group. The difference was statistically significant (χ2= 4.80, 4.51, 4.75, P= 0.03, 0.03, 0.03). Conclusions The simple breathing apparatus combined with respiratory function training can effectively improve the respiratory function of the patients, reduce the occurrence of pulmonary infection and re tube after the tracheal tubing and tubing, shorten the retention time of the trachea cannula, reduce the patient's pain and economic burden, and reduce the risk of nursing. It is scientific and effective. Airway management measures should be widely applied in clinical practice. Key words: Stroke; Tracheotomy; Simple respirator; Respiratory function training; Nursing care

Impact of Ketone Salt Containing Supplement on Cardiorespiratory and Oxidative Stress Response in Firefighters Exercising in Personal Protective Equipment

Background: Firefighters have the highest risk of on duty death due to cardiovascular disease which may be caused by excessive oxidative stress (OS). Animal studies have shown that ketone bodies may reduce OS; however, human trials are needed. Objectives: To examine the effects of a supplement containing ketone salts (KS) on blood OS and cardiorespiratory responses in firefighters exercising in personal protective equipment. Methods: Nine firefighters supplemented with KS or a calorie- and flavor-matched placebo (PLA) twice per day for 7 days in a randomized, crossover design. On the eighth day, firefighters arrived for testing after ≥ 8 hour fast and ingested the assigned supplement 35 minutes before performing the exercise task (35 minutes at 60% VO2peak intensity) wearing personal protective equipment (i.e., turnout gear, self-contained breathing apparatus, air tank, gloves). Blood was sampled pre- and post-exercise (post periods: immediately, 30 minutes and 24 hours) and analyzed for markers of OS including red blood cell (RBC) levels of glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione, superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as plasma levels of SOD, catalase, total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde, and glucose. Results: There was no treatment effect or treatment × time interaction (P > 0.05) for any of the markers of OS. However, the exercise protocol resulted in significant increases in RBC levels of SOD from pre- to immediately post-exercise and decreased RBC levels of GSH from pre- to 30 minutes post-exercise. Ingestion of KS resulted in a significant increase in ketone levels and reduction in heart rate during the exercise test. Conclusions: These findings suggest that 7 days of supplementation with a KS supplement does not impact markers of OS but reduces heart rate.

SCUBA Medicine for otolaryngologists: Part I. Diving into SCUBA physiology and injury prevention.

Introduce pertinent self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA) physiology and corresponding terminology. Appreciate the scope of diving and related otolaryngological injury. Illustrate pathophysiologic mechanisms for diving injuries. Summarize strategies for ear, paranasal sinus, and lung barotrauma prevention, including medical optimization and autoinsufflation techniques. We conducted a review of the available medical and diving literature in English, German, Spanish, Italian Turkish, and French to determine the degree of evidence or lack thereof behind recommendations for treating SCUBA divers. The databases of PubMed, Ovid Medline, and the Cochrane library, as well available textbooks, were queried for relevant data. Divers are subjected to large pressure gradients within the first few meters of descent. This can lead to gas embolism formation as well as barotrauma secondary to gas expansion/compression in potential closed spaces such as the middle ear, paranasal sinuses, and lungs. Physicians can minimize the risk of injury by counseling patients regarding proper equalization and descent/ascent techniques, and optimizing sinonasal and eustachian tube function. The use of decongestants is controversial. Diving is an increasingly popular sport with predominantly otolaryngologic manifestations of injury and disease. Treating SCUBA divers requires a firm understanding of how physiology is altered underwater. This review presents the relevant background information using illustrations to understand the environmental forces acting on divers and how to prevent injury. Laryngoscope, 130:52-58, 2020.

SCUBA Medicine for Otolaryngologists: Part II. Diagnostic, Treatment, and Dive Fitness Recommendations.

Challenge current practices and misconceptions in treating recreational SCUBA (Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus) divers. Differentiate patients who are fit to dive and those with relative and absolute contraindications. Redefine the standard of care for fitness to dive parameters based on the most up-to-date evidence. We conducted a review of the available medical and diving literature in English, German, Spanish, Italian, Turkish, and French to determine the degree of evidence or lack thereof behind recommendations for treating SCUBA divers. The databases of PubMed, Ovid Medline, and Cochrane library, as well as available textbooks, were queried for relevant data. Current recommendations regarding fitness to dive are overly prohibitive given the available evidence. Insufficient evidence currently exists to justify the level of certainty with which some recommendations have been made previously. This is particularly true with regard to postsurgical patients, including those who have undergone stapedectomy or skull base repairs. Updated treatment guidelines, particularly those regarding the timely differentiation of barotrauma and decompression sickness, as well as clearance for return to diving following surgery or trauma, are presented herein. Current guidelines for otorhinolaryngologists governing the diagnosis and treatment of SCUBA divers are lacking and in some instances founded on insufficient evidence. We present an up-to-date, comprehensive guide for otorhinolaryngologists to utilize going forward. Laryngoscope, 130:59-64, 2020.

Valved holding chamber drug delivery is dependent on breathing pattern and device design.

Small children with airway obstruction breathe with very low tidal volumes (VT) and high respiratory rates (RRs). These extreme respiratory patterns affect drug delivery unpredictably through valved holding chambers (VHCs).We compared in an in vitro study the effectiveness of two VHCs, one small (140 mL, Optichamber Diamond) and one large (350 mL, Babyhaler) without facemasks, to deliver salbutamol to filters positioned between the VHC mouthpieces and a breathing simulator. Different tidal volumes (from 30 mL to 200 mL) and RRs (25·min-1 and 50·min-1) were applied through a breathing simulator.The amount of salbutamol delivered increased with increasing VT in both VHCs for both RRs (ρ>0.87 and p<0.001 for both devices at both rates). The effect of RR was not as evident, but drug delivery tended to be higher at the higher rate. Drug delivery was significantly higher through the Optichamber Diamond as compared with the Babyhaler at every combination of RR and VT up to a 12-fold difference.We found marked differences in salbutamol delivery between the Babyhaler and Optichamber Diamond VHCs. The delivered dose of salbutamol increased with increasing VT and RR with both VHCs but with differences related to valve dead spaces. Instead of considering all VHCs equal in clinical paediatric practice, each device should be tested in vitro with respiratory patterns relevant to small children with respiratory difficulties.

Исследование совместного действия кофермента Q10 и маточного молочка на некоторые гематологические и спирометрические показатели высококвалифицированных спортсменов

Objective: to study the effects of royal jelly and coenzyme Q10 administered with food on the number of hematological and spirometric indicators in elite swimmers in precompetitive period. Materials and methods: 16 highly qualified athletes at the age of 19,8±0,6 years participated in the study. Content of erythrocytes and different white blood cells and level of hemoglobin in the blood of the athletes were measured using hematology analyzer «Abacus Junior 30». The measurement of respiratory volume, respiratory minute volume, respiratory frequency, рO 2 and рCO 2 in expired air, alveolar рO 2 and рCO 2 in the subjects was made using anesthesia breathing apparatus «Capnomac Ultima». Results: the administration of the above mix by the athletes stimulates the immune system and the oxygen-transporting function of blood, activates the functional state of pulmonary tissue, increases the oxygen consumption and improves physical performance. Conclusions: the effect of preventive therapy on the analyzed parameters in highly qualified swimmers determine the feasibility of the competent intake of composition «royal jelly-ubiquinone-10-honey» before and during major competitions when the requirements are high.

Dry-EEG Manifestations of Acute and Insidious Hypoxia During Simulated Flight

INTRODUCTION: Recently, portable dry electroencephalographs (dry-EEGs) have indexed cognitive workload, fatigue, and drowsiness in operational environments. Using this technology this project assessed whether significant changes in brainwave frequency power occurred in response to hypoxic exposures as experienced in military aviation.METHODS: There were 60 (30 women, 30 men) student Naval Aviators or Flight Officers who were exposed to an intense (acute) high-altitude (25,000 ft) normobaric hypoxic exposure, and 20 min later, more gradual (insidious) normobaric hypoxic exposure up to 20,000 ft while flying a fixed-wing flight simulation and monitored with a dry-EEG system. Using MATLAB, EEG frequencies and power were quantified and analyzed. Cognitive performance was also assessed with a cognitive task validated under hypoxia. Normobaric hypoxia and O₂ saturation (Spo₂) were produced and monitored using the Reduced Oxygen Breathing Device (ROBD2).RESULTS: Significant Spo₂ decreases were recorded at acute 25K and insidious 20K simulated altitudes. Significant power decreases were recorded in all frequencies (alpha, beta, gamma, and theta) and all channels with acute 25K exposures. Gamma, beta, and theta frequency power were significantly decreased with insidious 20K exposures at most of the channels. The frequency power decreases corresponded to significant decreases in cognitive performance and flight performance. Most importantly, frequency power suppressions occurred despite 42% of the volunteers not perceiving they were hypoxic in the acute phase, nor 20% in the insidious phase.DISCUSSION: Results suggest EEG suppression during acute/insidious hypoxia can index performance decrements. These findings have promising implications in the development of biosensors that mitigate potential in-flight hypoxic physiological episodes.Rice GM, Snider D, Drollinger S, Greil C, Bogni F, Phillips J, Raj A, Marco K, Linnville S. Dry-EEG manifestations of acute and insidious hypoxia during simulated flight. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2019; 90(2):92-100.

Aerobic fitness predicts the air consumption time in the self-contained breathing apparatus during physical task of firefighters

Objective: The aerobic fitness on predicting firefighters’ air consumption time from self-contained breathing apparatus (T_SCBA) during physical task was investigated.&#x0D; Methods: Twenty firefighters were divided in two groups: G1 (n=10; 28.0±3.1 years) for the generation of a predictive equation of T_SCBA and G2 (n=10; 25.4±2.3 years) for the validation of the predictive equation. The groups completed two performance tests in separate days: 1) maximal 1600m running in order to determine mean velocity (1600mV) and maximal heart rate; 2) submaximal running/walking at intensity between 88–92% of the maximal heart rate. In second test, the firefighters were equipped with protective clothing (boots, gloves, cape, helmet and balaclava) and the self-contained breathing apparatus. The T_SBCA (corresponding to 1020 liters of pressurized air), blood lactate, heart rate and rate of perceived exertion were measured.&#x0D; Results: The linear regression of G1 (T_SCBA vs. 1600mV) resulted in the following predictive equation: T_SCBA= 0.0442*1600mV (m.min-1) + 4.5029 (r= 0.85; SEE= 0.73; p&lt;0.001). When analyzing in G2, the measured and predicted T_SCBA using the equation generated in G1, no significant differences were found (T_SCBA measured= 15.5±2.5 min vs. T_SCBA predicted= 14.7±0.4 min; p=0.21). High correlation (r=0.95; SEE= 0.79; p&lt;0.001) and agreement of the difference of the means (0.9 min [-3.1/+4.8]) were also found.&#x0D; Conclusion: Aerobic fitness presented high correlation with T_SCBA. In addition, the proposed predictive equation was considered valid to estimate T_SCBA during physical task of firefighters, which can have practical application in the labor activity of this population.

Application of electrical impedance spirometry to evaluate respiratory function

A practical method for studying the dynamics of respiratory function associated with the registration of the electrical impedance of conductive biological fluids exhaled by the patient is described. In the model measuring cell, the physical causes and patterns of change in air flow conductivity, saturated with an electrolytic fluid aerosol created by an ultrasonic nebulizer, have been investigated experimentally. The design of a new electrical impedance spirometer in the form of a mouthpiece with electrical sensors, filled with a porous medium impregnated with electrolyte, through which the patient breathes, is developed and tested. To register fluctuations in the magnitude of the impedance modulus, an original hardware and software complex is used made on the basis of a high-speed analog-to-digital converter. Based on electrical impedance analysis data, quantitative and qualitative assessment methods are proposed for the basic spirometric medical indicators characterizing the state and functioning of the patient’s breathing apparatus, such as respiration rate, entry and expiration rate, exhaled air volume, amount and concentration of exhaled lung fluid.

The Indigenous Imposition: Settling Expectation, Unsettling Revision, and the Politics of Playing with Familiarity

The Indigenous ImpositionSettling Expectation, Unsettling Revision, and the Politics of Playing with Familiarity Darren Edward Lone Fight (bio) The artist Steven Paul Judd’s (Kiowa/Choctaw) short claymation film Neil Discovers the Moon opens on a black screen, and as we hear the line “Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed,” the film cuts to an astronaut figurine slowly raising the American flag and plunging it into the moon’s rocky soil. The famous line “a giant leap for mankind” plays in the background as the astronaut firmly digs the flag into the moonscape. The careful listener will notice the astronaut “breathing” during this scene, but the sound of the astronaut’s respiration is actually the familiar, ominous, and mechanical sound of Darth Vader’s breathing apparatus from the movie Star Wars. As this iconic breathing continues in the background, the astronaut releases his grip on the flag when suddenly a hand lightly taps him on the leg. The camera swings out and pans to reveal a young, dark-skinned, Native American girl sitting on the ground next to where the flag has been planted. She looks up at the astronaut and then asks in her Indigenous language, subtitled in English, “Does this mean we have to move again?” The screen swallows to black, with only a circular spotlight preserved on the mask of the astronaut. As he looks directly at the camera, the video once again reverts to audio from the space mission, intoning, “Uhh . . . Houston, we have a problem.” This film does a lot with its thirty seconds of on-screen action through its invocation of the science fiction (SF) cultural touchstone of Star Wars, the technologies of space exploration, and an emplacement of what I term an “Indigenous imposition” of the Native girl in a futuristic context. The aural blending of NASA transmissions and Vader’s breathing is not particularly surprising here, as there has always been a connection between the SF genre and technologies of space exploration. A concise but exemplary piece of Indigenous Futurist art, Judd’s film [End Page 1] is deceptively complex in its deployment of a revisional aesthetic, here accomplished through the juxtaposition of Indigenous and pop-culture symbolism, historical allusion, and a chiastic temporality that slips back and forth across settler-colonial and Indigenous frames of historical reference. The initial sense of futurity is here accomplished through the use of an otherworldly lunar setting, the implied travel between solar bodies, and the figure of the astronaut—presumably Neil Armstrong, per the title of the film. The space race and lunar landing still manage to evoke a futurist framework within the American cultural imaginary; however, given that the audio transmission used in the closing seconds of Judd’s film is from a different lunar mission, one that never actually landed on the moon (Apollo 13), it is reasonable to assume that the scene and space-race references here are intended rather to call to mind a vague type of nationalism and futurity rather than a precise mimetic construction of any single mission. “Armstrong,” visage concealed behind the faceless reflective glass of his helmet, is generalized through this anonymity and therefore similarly nonspecific: because Armstrong is one of the best-known astronauts other than Buzz Aldrin, the title of the film, while specifying Armstrong’s name, seems to operate more as a metonymy for NASA and “American greatness” during the fullest flourish of the race for space rather than any individual astronaut. Seen in this context, the lunar scene and the NASA figure serve as generalized, somewhat nonspecific representations of space exploration. In that sense, the film toys with the representational force that outer space plays in the U.S. cultural imaginary—a place of the radically foreign and heretofore unknown, and therefore ripe for discovery. And, of course, despite the futurist orientation of space exploration, these referenced NASA events (Apollo 11 and 13) transpired about fifty years ago. Here Judd has chosen signifiers of a “future” that nonetheless have their material reality in the past. As an intertextual complement to this future-historical frame, Judd has inserted the additional aural texture of Vader’s breathing, pregnant with its own pop...

Decision Support Systems Selection of Soang Superior Brood Using Weighted Product (WP) and Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) Method

Gurame Soang Latin name Osphronomus Labirynthici gouramy including fish, that as the fish have gills and breathing apparatus in the form of additional gills (Labyrinth). One important factor in fish farming Soang Gurame is holding elections. Superior brood has characteristics identical, to distinguish it needs to experience since it is quite difficult. Some of the assessment factors in selecting a superior brood that could be considered in the cultivation of the fish farmers Gurame Soang as ideal weight, physical disability, movement of fish, the shape of the head, and the body color. All of these factors combined to get an assessment that could help the decision making process fish Gurame Soang superior sires. This study used two methods that have selected the calculation accuracy of the decision-making process. The method used is the Weighted Product and Simple Additive weighting. The results of the research that has been done, it can be concluded the total number of alternative Gurame Soang superior sires data as many as 10 fish, and obtained the results of testing the level of accuracy by using the results of data from a breeder Gurame Soang superior sires, Method of Weighted Product got an accuracy of 80% and methods Simple Additive weighting got an accuracy of 60%.

Istraživanje profila i motiva rekreativnih ronilaca - studija slučaja iz Grčke

Leisure diving with self-contained breathing apparatus is one of the fastest growing recreational activities in the world. According to the available data, more than 900,000 people every year are certified by the largest relevant certification body. Nowadays, more than 25 million certified divers are recorded worldwide. In parallel, the number of tourists engaged in diving for recreation in coastal resorts, the so-called "resort divers", is also increasing. The growing interest in diving as a maritime tourism activity is supported by the publication of special magazines and videos about the underwater world, the establishment of diving clubs, the operation of special diving boats and the creation of diving resorts. Said interest in the underwater world has resulted in the development of a special form of tourism, namely underwater or diving tourism. This study explores motivations for diving in Greece and has the objectives to understand the Greek divers' profiles, motivations to participate in diving activities and attitudes, as well as reasons for choosing a diving place. Another goal is to investigate whether the new institutional framework in Greece facilitates recreational diving or creates obstacles to divers. The results of the survey demonstrate that recreational diving is a new and dynamic field of alternative leisure activities with a great potential for further development and significant economic benefits for tourism destinations and Greece, in general. Its audience travels inside and outside Greece in order to enjoy the marine environment, but also to escape from everyday life, has a high-income profile and devotes several days to the destination. However, the current institutional framework in Greece, with big delays and considerable limitations for the demarcation of the areas open to scuba diving, seems to be an impediment for the development of this form of special interest tourism.

Weighted Product Method for Selection of Superior Seeds Catfish in the Clarias Gariepinus Types (Sangkuriang)

Sangkuriang catfish is a famous clarias clan fish form his slick and long body non-scaly, with dorsal fins and a long rear fin, which sometimes merges into the tail fin makes it look like a short eel. Catfish also have additional breathing apparatus in the form of modifications from gill arc. There is a pair of fins that are spines bone that is sharp, on the pectoral fin. Some things to consider in order to select superior seedlings of sangkuriang catfish such as size, weight, color, physical defect, even water conditions, which in reality not all catfish farmers know about it. This decision support system using the Weighted Product (WP) method is one of the methods that use the true value in determining the rating of each alternative on each criterion to determine the conclusion of a problem. Based on the results of testing the Selection Decision Support System of the Superior Broodstock Sangkuriang Catfish has an accuracy rate of 87.5%.

Breathing Limited Air Situational Training Masks (BlastMask) Versus Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) for Firefighters: A Pilot Study

Breathing Limited Air Situational Training Masks (BlastMask) Versus Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) for Firefighters: A Pilot Study