Breastfeeding Time Research Articles

Factors associated with the time to cessation of breastfeeding among mothers who have index children aged two to three years in Debre Markos, northwest Ethiopia: a retrospective follow up study

BackgroundBreastfeeding of children, which needs to continue until two years and beyond, is one of the essential requirements for child survival. However, in Ethiopia there is scarcity of literatures on the duration of breastfeeding. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the rate of cessation of breastfeeding among mothers with index children aged 2 to 3 years, northwest Ethiopia.MethodsA retrospective follow-up study was conducted at Debre Markos town from March 1, 2014 to March 30, 2016. A total of 500 mother-child pairs were selected using the systematic random sampling method by moving from house to house with an interval of three eligible houses. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The Cox regression model was employed to identify the predictors of breastfeeding cessation.ResultsThe proportion of women breastfeeding until 2 years was 13.70 per 1000 person- months. HIV-positive mothers decreased the time of breastfeeding by 3.4 times compared to HIV-negative mothers (AHR = 3.41, 95% CI: 1.96, 5.94). Government employee mothers decreased the time of breastfeeding by 2.8 times compared to housewives (AHR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.80, 4.40).Better education increased the time of breastfeeding (AHR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.24, 0.58). Number of children, family income, and place of delivery were the other significant predictors of time to cessation of breastfeeding (p < 0.05).ConclusionIn this study, the rate of cessation of breastfeeding was good. HIV negative mothers, government employment, number of children, place of delivery, and family monthly income were significant predictors to the time of breastfeeding cessation. Therefore, family planning and breastfeeding education in health institutions are essential to increase breastfeeding duration.

The TyG index cutoff point and its association with body adiposity and lifestyle in children

ObjectiveTo investigate the factors associated with insulin resistance in children aged 4–7 years, and to identify the cutoff point of the triglyceride-glucose index for the prediction of insulin resistance in this population. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted with 403 children from a retrospective cohort. Insulin resistance was also evaluated in a sub-sample using the HOMA index. Four indicators of body adiposity were assessed: body mass index, waist-to-height ratio, and the percentages of total and central body fat. Food habits were evaluated by the identification of dietary patterns, using principal component analysis. Information was also collected on lifestyle, socioeconomic status, and breastfeeding time. ResultsThe median index observed in the sample was 7.77, which did not differ between the genders. The shorter the time spent in active activities, the higher the triglyceride-glucose value; and increase in the values of body adiposity indicators was positively associated with triglyceride-glucose. The cutoff point with the best balance between sensitivity and specificity values was 7.88 (AUC=0.63, 95% CI: 0.51–0.74). ConclusionThe present study identified that total and central body adiposity and shorter time spent in lively activities was positively associated with insulin resistance, evaluated through the triglyceride-glucose index. The cutoff point of 7.88 may be used in this population for insulin resistance risk screening, but caution is required when using it in other populations.

Relationship between oral habits and spirometry maneuvers, in children

ABSTRACT Purpose: to analyze whether deleterious oral habits can influence the number of attempts of forced spirometry maneuvers performed by healthy children. Methods: this observational and cross-sectional analytical study included 149 healthy children aged 6-12 years attending public and private schools in Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. A validated protocol was applied for the analysis of deleterious oral habits. The children were grouped according to the number of spirometry maneuvers needed to achieve successful spirometry results, as follows: G1) children who needed 3 maneuvers; G2) 4 maneuvers; G3) 5-8 maneuvers. Data were analyzed with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to compare quantitative variables between the groups. The Chi-square test was used to assess the association between the groups and qualitative variables. Results: there was no association between the number of attempts and the qualitative variables evaluated by the protocol. There was also no difference between the groups regarding quantitative variables for breastfeeding time, breastfeeding occurrence, use of pacifiers, and thumb sucking. Conclusion: the presence of DOH did not influence the number of forced spirometry maneuvers, performed by the healthy children in this study.

The effect of pregnancy Pilates-assisted childbirth preparation training on childbirth fear and neonatal outcomes: a quasi-experimental/quantitative research

This research aims to determine the effect pregnancy Pilates-assisted childbirth preparation training for primiparous women has on the fear of childbirth and neonatal outcomes. Fear of childbirth is very common among women and has negative effects on the birth process and neonatal outcomes. The study was designed as quasi-experimental/non-randomised/quantitative and prospective. Primiparous women presenting to the antenatal clinic of a hospital between 27.2.2015 and 01.03.2016 constituted the study population (reached 149 women). The study sample included 108 women, 54 of whom were in the experimental group and 54 of whom were in the control group. The sample had agreed to participate in the study and had met the sample criteria. In collecting the data, the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire Version A, the birth outcomes data collection form were used. The data were analyzed using means calculation, Fisher’s Exact Test, Pearson’s Chi Square Test and T Test. The study found that the experimental group had a moderate level of childbirth fear prior to the training and a low level of childbirth fear following the training (p < 0.05). The study was determined that the experimental group, as compared to the control group, was positively affected by the training, in terms of childbirth fear, mode of the birth, planned or unplanned cesarean birth, the Apgar score and body weight of the newborn, and problems in the development of the newborn, the first contact time with newborn, and the first time breastfeeding (p < 0.05). The childbirth preparation program had a positive effect on fear of childbirth and neonatal outcomes.

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH RAPID WEIGHT GAIN IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN IN PUBLIC DAY CARE CENTERS.

ABSTRACTObjective: To evaluate the prevalence, and identify factors associated with rapid weight gain in preschool children. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out with 136 children between 24 and 35 months of age attending public daycare centers in Mogi das Cruzes between February and December 2014. Interviews were conducted with the mothers for clinical, sociodemographic and anthropometric characterizations of the children. It was considered to be rapid weight gain when the children presented a difference greater than 0.67 between the weight for age Z score from birth to evaluation. A logistic regression model was adjusted for factors associated with rapid weight gain. Results: Fifty children (36.8%) presented rapid weight gain and 36 (26.5%) were overweight. Of these, 22 children were in the rapid weight gain group. The logistic model showed that longest total breastfeeding time (OR 0.94, 95%CI 0.88-0.99; p=0.031) was a protection factor, and low socioeconomic level (OR 4.18, 95%CI 1.04-18.60; p=0.044) was a risk factor for rapid weight gain.Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of rapid weight gain and being overweight among three year old preschoolers attending public day care centers in Brazil. Encouraging the practice of breastfeeding children in the first years of life, in addition to giving guidance about appropriate foods, especially for families with a low socioeconomic status, can potentially contribute to reduce rapid weight gain and, consequently, future metabolic complications of being overweight.

Socioeconomic status and breastfeeding in China: an analysis of data from a longitudinal nationwide household survey

BackgroundThe benefits of breastfeeding, to infant and mother, are supported by a comprehensive body of evidence. However, in China, only a small proportion of women achieve the breastfeeding recommendation from WHO. Previous studies in high-income countries have found a positive association between socioeconomic status and initiation and duration of breastfeeding. This association might differ between societies and be affected by rapid social and economic development, such as has occurred in China over the past decade. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of socioeconomic status on breastfeeding initiation and duration in China. MethodsIn this analysis we used data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), funded by the 985 Program of Peking University and undertaken by the Institute of Social Science Survey of Peking University. CFPS is a nationally representative and longitudinal household survey that has been collecting individual, family, and community information annually in China since 2010. CFPS has surveyed 15 000 selected households in 25 provinces or directly governed municipalities. Our analysis included all surveyed children who were born between 2010 and 2014, and excluded children with missing breastfeeding information. We obtained data for initiation of breastfeeding (ie, breastfed or non-breastfed), and duration of breastfeeding time, expressed in months. Socioeconomic status was measured using household income per capita, parental years of education, and parental occupational status. We used Kaplan-Meier time-to-event analysis to compare duration of breastfeeding according to socioeconomic status variables, a logistic regression model to analyse the association between socioeconomic status and initiation of breastfeeding, and a Cox proportional hazards model to analyse breastfeeding duration and socioeconomic status. Sex of infant, birthweight of infant, birthplace, nationality, type of residence, age of parents, residential region, marriage status of mother, parity of mother, and birth year were adjusted for in the logistic and Cox model. CFPS was undertaken according to the guidelines laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki and all procedures involving human participants were approved by the ethics committee of Peking University. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. FindingsOur sample consisted of 2938 children. 2658 (90%) infants had ever breast-fed, and the mean duration of breastfeeding was 8·66 months (SD 6·15). After adjusting for potential confounders, we found that socioeconomic status variables were not significant predictors for breastfeeding initiation, but that low birthweight babies were less likely to be breastfed than normal weight babies (odds ratio 0·272, 95% CI 0·18–0·42; p<0·0001). As for breastfeeding duration, mothers with a high school or higher education were more likely to breastfeed for longer than those with a middle school or lower education (hazard ratio [HR] 1·15, 95% CI 1·02–1·29; p=0·021), as were infants with fathers with the highest occupation level versus those with fathers with the lowest occupation level (HR 1·29, 95% CI 1·04–1·59, p=0·019). Mother's occupation had an inverted U-shaped relationship with breastfeeding duration (HRs for low, high, and highest occupation level vs lowest occupation level were 1·17 [95% CI 1·02–1·33], p=0·023; 1·29 [1·08–1·54], p=0·005; and 1·11 [0·87–1·42], p=0·408, respectively). InterpretationThe finding that socioeconomic status in China was not a predictor of breastfeeding initiation is different from that reported in high-income countries. Comprehensive efforts to promote breastfeeding practices should be targeted towards women who are less well educated, and those in both the lowest and highest occupation levels, because we found that these variables were associated with shorter breastfeeding duration. FundingSichuan University (skqx201401 and 2015SCU04A19).

Comparative Study between the Practices of Exclusive Breastfeeding After Normal Delivery and Cesarean Delivery in Paropakar Maternity and Women’s Hospital, Thapathali, Kathmandu Nepal

Breastfeeding is a special gift from a mother to her baby. If mother is successful in breast feeding during first few days of her baby’s life, she is more likely to be successful during the rest of their breastfeeding time. The main aim of this study was to compare the practice of exclusive breastfeeding after normal delivery and cesarean delivery. This study also identified the initiation of breastfeeding within an hour, skin to skin contact between the mother and infant after the delivery and factors influencing for breastfeeding. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used to collect the data from 300 samples. The total sample was divided into half which is 150 for each of the normal and cesarean deliveries. Inclusive criteria included of 20 to 30 years with the primiparous deliveries visiting the respective hospital for the different purpose were included. A self-administered questionnaire was verbally asked to each of the participants while collecting the data. The mode of delivery is significant with both initiation of breastfeeding within an hour (p &lt; 0.01, chi square= 134.2) and skin to skin contact between mother and infant after delivery (p &lt; 0.01, chi square= 185.9). From this study the perspective of the entire participants towards the breastfeeding is found to be on optimistic. ND is able to initiate the breastfeeding within an hour and can have skin to skin contact as soon as the delivery.

FEEDING DIFFICULTIES IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN, PREVIOUS FEEDING PRACTICES, AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS.

ABSTRACTObjective: To identify the prevalence of feeding difficulties in preschoolers, its association with epidemiological factors and previous eating habits, and repercussion on nutritional status.Methods: Cross-sectional study with a questionnaire given to the mothers of 301 children aged 2-6 years enrolled in public and private kindergartens in Natal, Northeast Brazil, conducted in 2014-2015. Feeding difficulty was assessed according to Kerzner’s criteria, resulting in the profiles “highly selective intake”, “active child with small appetite”, “fear of feeding”, and “child with psychological disorder or neglected”. Association with the following independent variables was analyzed by logistic regression: breastfeeding time, age of cows’ milk and complementary feeding introduction, age range, family income, type of school, mothers’ profile (responsive or nonresponsive), and body mass index (BMI). Results: Feeding difficulty was found in 37.2% of cases, with predominance of “highly selective intake” (25.4%). It was not associated with infancy feeding practices, family income or type of school. There were no differences between the BMI Z score means for the groups with and without feeding difficulty (1.0±1.5 SD and 1.1±1.4 SD, respectively). The five-to-six age range had more occurrences (OR 1.8; 95%CI 1.1-2.9). Children of responsive mothers were less likely to have feeding difficulties (OR 0.4; 95%CI 0.2-0.8). Conclusions: Feeding difficulties were very frequent. Nutritional status was not impacted by it, and infancy eating habits were not associated with it. Responsive mothers’ profile is a protective factor against eating difficulties and reinforces the importance of behavioral factors and mother-child interaction.

Determinants of early initiation of breastfeeding in rural Niger: cross-sectional study of community based child healthcare promotion

BackgroundMost child deaths are preventable and caused by behaviorally modifiable factors. By promoting optimal breastfeeding, we can reduce neonatal and child mortality risks by 45%. This paper provides new family and community based perspectives to identify factors interfering with the program impact on promoting early initiation of breastfeeding among the most vulnerable populations in rural Niger.MethodsA secondary analysis of a retrospective cross-sectional study evaluated a UNICEF behavior change program on child healthcare. The study sample is based on a post-hoc constitution of two groups exposed and unexposed to the program. All women (n = 1026) aged 14–49 years having at least one child below 24 months of age were included. We measured crude and adjusted odds ratios with chi-square and multivariate logistic regression models.ResultsIndependent variables shown to be associated with early breastfeeding include sales activities compared to household work with no direct income (AOR 7.7; 95% CI 1.3, 47.8) and mutual decision for harvest use (AOR 8.6; 95% CI 2.0, 36.8). Antenatal care did not modify the timing of breastfeeding initiation.ConclusionsA high risk group of mothers with social and economic vulnerability are prone to suboptimal breastfeeding within the first hour of birth. Support from family and neighbors positively influenced early breastfeeding. Those who had no direct income and limited access to health services were a high-risk group, prone to delayed initiation of breastfeeding.

Factors affecting the choice of type of delivery with breast feeding in Iranian mothers.

ObjectiveThis study assessed the factors affecting the choice of type of delivery with breast feeding in Iranian mothers.MethodsThis Cross section descriptive analytic study was performed using a random sampling technique, using data from 400 pregnant women who attended the maternity centers in Borazjan and Kazerun in Iran in 2014. A questionnaire covering demographic characteristics, mode of delivery and postpartum conditions was completed for each mother. Descriptive analysis and Chi square test were used along with SPSS 23 software to statistically analyze the data and p-value less than 0.05 was considered for statistical significance.ResultsIn this study, the rate of normal delivery and cesarean operation are considered equal. In the main factors influencing the choice of delivery, mothers’ education level (p=0.028) and pregnancy status (p=0.041) showed a significant relationship. Although no significant association between child nutrition with the type of delivery was found, duration of breastfeeding with the type of delivery showed significant association (p=0.046).ConclusionAlthough cesarean delivery in many cases is life-saving for mother and fetus; in addition to medical indications, parents with higher education and pregnancy status are also important factors in increasing the rate of cesarean section compared to vaginal delivery. Babies of mothers with normal delivery had a longer time of breastfeeding. Further studies in Iran are necessary, regarding the reasons for high cesarean section and their outcomes.

Association of the oestrogen receptor beta with hormone status and prognosis in a cohort of female patients with colorectal cancer

BackgroundThe oestrogen receptor beta (ERβ) is the predominant oestrogen receptor in the normal colon mucosa and has been reported to exert anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects. However, the role of ERβ in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression remains unclear. AimTo investigate the role of ERβ and its association with hormone status and lifestyle indicators in a female cohort of patients with CRC. MethodsTissue microarrays of primary CRC tumour samples from 320 female patients were conducted with a monoclonal anti-ERβ antibody. The staining intensity was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. The association of ERβ expression with overall survival, disease-free survival, hormone status and lifestyle was evaluated, and effect estimators with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. ResultsAmong the 314 samples with successfully detected ERβ, 182 (58%) had low expression and 132 (42%) had high expression. The Cox multivariate analysis indicated that patients with high ERβ expression had a decreased risk of overall mortality by 50% (hazard ratio [HR], 0.50; CI, 0.30–0.83) and of cancer recurrence by 76% (HR, 0.24; CI, 0.11–0.52) after adjusting for age, tumour-node-metastasis stage and tumour intravascular invasion. Furthermore, high ERβ expression was significantly correlated with shorter breastfeeding time and longer use of hormone replacement therapy. No association was found between ERβ expression and lifestyle indicators. ConclusionElevated ERβ expression is independently associated with a better prognosis and hormone status but not lifestyle indicators in female CRC patients.

Clinical application of meditation training in postoperative rehabilitation of repeat cesarean section patients

Objective To study the effect of postoperative rehabilitation of meditation training on repeat cesarean section patients. Methods A total of 86 cases of repeat cesarean section from October 1st, 2014 to October 1st, 2016 were collected. The patients were divided into the observation group (43 cases) and the control group (43 cases) by random digits table method. The observationgroup received meditation therapy by a well-trained nurse based on the routine treatment. The control group was treated with routine treatment. The two groups were compared by postoperative pain score, anxiety and depression scores, the first breastfeeding time, the first urination time and satisfaction. Results After intervention, the postoperative pain visual scores of the observation group and the control group were 3.21±1.51 and 5.41±1.45 respectively, the difference was statistically significant (t=3.817, P 6 h/failure: 2.32% (1/43) . While the data of the control group were 6 h/failure: 13.95% (6/43) , the differences were statistically significant (t=6.114, P < 0.05). The satisfaction of the observation group and the control group were 98.47% (42/43) and 91.69% (39/43) respectively, the difference was statistically significant. (χ2=7.679, P<0.01). Conclusions Meditation can effectively reduce the postoperative pain, reduce the incidence of anxiety, shorten the first time of breastfeeding and urination, and improve patients′ satisfaction. Key words: Meditation; Repeat cesarean section; Postoperative rehabilitation

Early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding: Factors influencing the attitudes of mothers who gave birth in a baby-friendly hospital.

Objective:To investigate the initation time of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding rates, and complementary feeding practices during the first six months of life among mothers who gave birth in a baby-friendly hospital.Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted with 350 mothers. Demographic characteristics, obstetric history and information about breastfeeding initiation were collected at the hospital. Information about factors affecting breastfeeding duration and feeding practices of the infants were obtained at the end of six months.Results:Some 97.4% of the mothers initiated breastfeeding, 60.1% within the first hour. Exclusive breastfeeding was maintained for six months in 38.9%. Low education levels of mother/father, random breastfeeding, rare breastfeeding at night, nipple problems, bottle/pacifier use, and lack of social support were found associated with early cessation. Planned pregnancy [odds ratio (OR=2.02)] and vaginal delivery (OR=0.3) were found as the most important factors in early initiation, whereas antepartum breastfeeding education (OR=7.17) was the most important factor for exclusive breastfeeding duration in the logistic analysis. More than half (61.1%) of the infants were partially/bottle fed for six months; the most common reason was the belief that breast milk was insufficient.Conclusion:Efforts to encourage mothers and society to breastfeed exclusively should be made as part of a primary public health strategy to prevent early cessation of breastfeeding.

Effect of Ketofol on Pain and Complication after Caesarean Delivery under Spinal Anaesthesia: A Randomized Double-blind Clinical Trial.

Pain is the key concern of women after caesarean delivery that may interfere with breastfeeding. The aim of this study was to assess effect of ketofol (ketamine/propofol combination) on pain and complication after caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. In this randomized double-blind clinical trial, 92 parturient scheduled for elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia were included. The simple random sampling method was used to place subjects in four groups of ketamine (0.25 mg/kg), propofol (0.25 mg/kg), ketofol (25 mg ketamine plus 25 mg propofol) and placebo (saline). The drugs were administered intravenously immediately after clamping the umbilical cord. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was used to determine the intensity of pain. Complications after surgery including shivering, nausea and vomiting as well as onset of breastfeeding were recorded. The mean score of pain, morphine consumption and time of breastfeeding in the ketofol group were significantly lower than other groups at various intervals (p<0.05, p<0.001). The frequencies of shivering, nausea, vomiting, retention and pruritus in the ketofol group were significantly lower than other groups (p<0.001, p<0.05). The effective role of ketofol on reducing pain and complication after caesarean delivery indicated that it can be considered as a safe and alternative drug in these patients.

ALEITAMENTO MATERNO: CONHECIMENTO DAS GESTANTES SOBRE A IMPORTÂNCIA DA AMAMENTAÇÃO NA ESTRATÉGIA DE SAÚDE DA FAMÍLIA

Objective: This study investigated the awareness and the importance given to breastfeeding by pregnant women attending the Family Health Strategy in a neighborhood in the Serra Catarinense region, Brazil. Materials and Methods: This was aquantitative and qualitative study using an exploratory-descriptive method. A total of 20 pregnant women were surveyed through a questionnairewith multiple choice and open questions about prenatal appointments, in order to check their understanding on breastfeeding. After this procedure, home visits to the pregnant women were scheduled for guidance.The quantitavedata were analyzed by basic descriptive statistics, in order to characterize the sample, andthe qualitative data were analyzed by content analysis. Results:The participants were in different periods of pregnancy, ranging from 4 to 38 weeks. As for data analysis, it was noticed that the average number of prenatal appointments was 3.9 (DP=1.33). Breastfeeding is seen by these pregnant womenas an essential act to the development and healthy growth of the newborn. This study revealed that the pregnant women had prior knowledge about breastfeeding, including correcthold and minimum time of breastfeeding. Conclusion: The majority of surveyed women had children;all of them had made at least one prenatal appointment,and about half of them had had more than five appointments. Only half of them claimed to have the habit of reading about breastfeeding. Most of them had no doubts about breastfeeding, which can be associated to the fact that the majority were notprimigravidae, or that difficulties may arise after pregnancy exclusively associated with the act of breastfeeding. DESCRIPTORS Breastfeeding.Health Knowledge.Pregnant Women.

Characterization of heavy users of skin care products among Norwegian women from 2003 to 2011.

BackgroundSeveral ingredients in personal care products (PCPs) have been classified as endocrine disruptors (EDs) and concern has been raised whether use of PCPs can affect human health. We aimed to characterize Norwegian female users of skin care products and compare life style characteristics between heavy users and non-users.MethodsThis cross-sectional study consisted of 114 202 women (age 41–76 years) participating in the Norwegian Women and Cancer study, a large population-based prospective cohort study. Based on self-reported questionnaire data, we classified the study subjects into five groups according to a calculated percentage of skin area creamed per day. Life-style characteristics were then compared between heavy users (using body lotion twice a day) and non-users. Change in use from 2003 to 2011 was assessed through repeated measurements (n = 8484).ResultsHeavy users of skin care products had a significantly lower BMI, higher level of physical activity, higher income, higher alcohol consumption, fewer children and a shorter total time of breastfeeding than non-users (p < 0.001). There were significantly fewer current smokers and more former smokers among heavy users than among non-users (p < 0.01). Current and earlier use of oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy or hormonal intra-uterine device were significantly more common among heavy users than among non-users (p < 0.01). The use of skin care products was, to a moderate extent (weighted kappa 0.52), consistent over time from 2003 to 2011, and as many as 91.5% of the women were classified into the same user group ±1 category in 2003 and 2011.ConclusionsHeavy users of skin care products differ significantly from non-users on BMI, degree of daily physical activity, income, number of children, use of hormonal pharmaceuticals, smoking and alcohol consumption. Use of skin care products is common among women aged 41–76 years in Norway, and the use is consistent over time.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13690-016-0165-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Full-term newborns’ readiness during the first breastfeeding in rooming-in

Objective: to analyze the full-term newborn’s readiness to suck the mother’s breast in the first breastfeeding in rooming-in. Methods: analytical quantitative study with 43 full-term newborns. Results: the states of sleep and wakefulness prevailing before breastfeeding were 41.9% alert and quiet during breastfeeding, 48.8% active sleep. In all domains assessed in the conduction of breastfeeding, the favorable signs had the highest percentage: Body posture (85.6%); Newborn responses (82.3%); Emotional bond (73.8%); Breast anatomy (100.0%); Suction by the newborn (86.1%); Time spent in the suction (78.4%). The average of the breastfeeding time was 12.08 minutes. Conclusion: full-term newborns showed good readiness to suck maternal breast in the first breastfeeding, since they prevailed in active state, showed good frequency of suction and in the conduction of breastfeeding, most of the signs were favorable to it.

Mode of delivery and atopic phenotypes: Old questions new insights? A retrospective study

BackgroundTo date studies on the relation between mode of delivery and atopic diseases in are controversial. ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to determine a possible relationship between mode of delivery and risk of atopic phenotypes and, to assess the critical role of some pre-and post-natal parameters as a link between mode of delivery and risk of atopy. Methods1516 children were assessed by skin prick tests, serum total and specific IgE levels. Parental reports on demographic and clinical data were also recorded. ResultsOf the 1516 children enrolled for the study, clinical and laboratory informations were obtained from 917 children. 460 children of them were born via CD and 457 via VD. Mode of delivery did not modify the prevalence of immune sensitization and/or allergic diseases. However, CD was associated with increased risk of atopy (p<0.001). Moreover, some parameters such as familiar history of atopy (p<0.001), habits smoking (p<0.05), exclusive artificial feeding (p<0.001); and breast-feeding time (<3months) (p<0.001) were associated with a major risk of atopy in CD group. Additionally, although our study confirmed that breast-feeding is associated to lower serum total IgE levels than artificial-feeding (p<0.001), it seems that the protective role of breast-feeding is negatively influenced from CD. Also in artificial-feeding subjects CD is related to a significant higher levels of IgE than VD (p<0.001). ConclusionsOur findings suggest that CD influences only the risk of atopy but no prevalence of immune sensitization and allergic diseases.

Factors Associated with Breastfeeding Initiation and Exclusive Breastfeeding Rates in Turkish Adolescent Mothers.

This study aimed to determine the early initiation time of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rates during the first 6 months and the main factors affecting EBF practice in Turkish adolescent mothers. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 200 adolescent mothers who were raising 6 to 24 month-old children. A face-to-face interview was conducted for sociodemographic characteristics, obstetric history, information about the baby, information about breastfeeding, and the factors affecting breastfeeding. We detected breastfeeding prevalence as well as its initiation time and duration. The mean age of the patients was 17.9 ± 1.15 years. The percentage of patients who started breastfeeding within 1 hour was 45.5%. Approximately, 74% of the adolescent mothers provided breastfeeding before any type of formula as the baby's first food. Women who initiated breastfeeding earlier had planned pregnancies, educated for breastfeeding, delivered vaginally, and had boy infants. The mothers who started breastfeeding earlier fed their babies significantly more frequently at night, had longer EBF times, and had longer total breastfeeding times than the mothers who started breastfeeding later than 2 hours. Planned pregnancy, vaginal delivery, and having a boy infant were significantly associated with early breastfeeding. Age, planned pregnancy, postpartum education, frequent breastfeeding at night, and formula initiation time were predictors of EBF. Adolescent pregnants may start breastfeeding earlier when had planned pregnancy, educated and encouraged for breastfeeding from the family and medical staff. Therefore, strategies should be formed to improve breastfeeding programs.

Application effects evaluation of nursing intervention based on theory of planned behavior on breastfeeding of primiparas

Objective To evaluate whether intervention application of theory of planned behavior (TPB) on breastfeeding of primiparas can increase exclusive breastfeeding rate and prolong breastfeeding time. Methods A total of 283 pregnant women without severe complications in production inspection chosen from a certain hospital in Shanghai were randomly divided to experimental group and control group. Their breastfeeding data were collected by questionnaires before childbirth, at the time of leaving hospital, 6 weeks after childbirth, and 4 months after childbirth. Their exclusive breastfeeding rate in various stages were analyzed by Chi-squared test. Results At the time of leaving hospital, 6 weeks after childbirth and 4 months after childbirth, exclusive breastfeeding rate in the intervention group were respectively 32.5%, 54.5% and 58.9%, all higher than that of the control group (χ2=18.62, 7.07, 6.86; P<0.05). 4 months after childbirth, continued exclusive breastfeeding rate in the intervention group was 87.9%, higher than that in the control group (χ2=3.52, P=0.038). Conclusions Nursing intervention based on TPB can increase exclusive breast feeding rate of primiparas in various stages, and prolong duration of breastfeeding after 4 months after childbirth. Key words: Breastfeeding; Exclusive breastfeeding; Theory of planned behavior; Primipara