Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form Research Articles

A breastfeeding support program changed breastfeeding patterns but did not affect the mothers' self-efficacy in breastfeeding at two months

BackgroundEven though the biological norm in humans is frequent on demand breastfeeding, sparse feeding intervals have become the cultural norm in most Western countries due to a history of on schedule breastfeeding. This discrepancy between the biological basis and the culturally driven practice continues to interfere with women's ability to breastfeed. AimOur aim was to describe breastfeeding patterns in 2-month-old infants before and after the implementation of a breastfeeding support program. A secondary aim was to investigate the relationship between breastfeeding patterns and the mother's self-efficacy in breastfeeding. MethodsThe study had a baseline/intervention design and was part of a larger project aiming to revive the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding program. The larger project included breastfeeding training for health care professionals and provision of breastfeeding information to parents, including information about on demand breastfeeding. Data were gathered via breastfeeding diaries (n = 79 mothers from each group) and the Breastfeeding Self-efficacy Scale–Short Form (n = 83 in the baseline group and n = 79 in the intervention group). ResultsOn demand breastfeeding patterns were more common in the intervention group (97.5%) than in the baseline group (74.7%) (p < 0.001), and breastfeeding sessions were more frequent in the intervention group (a median of 14 times per 24 h versus 11 times in the baseline group; p = 0.026). Self-efficacy in breastfeeding did not differ between the groups, but was higher in mothers with exclusive breastfeeding. ConclusionsKnowledge about infants' breastfeeding behavior can strengthen on demand breastfeeding. Exclusive breastfeeding is associated with higher self-efficacy.

The effect of breastfeeding education with grandmothers\u2019 attendance on breastfeeding self-efficacy and infant feeding pattern in Iranian primiparous women: a quasi-experimental pilot study

BackgroundOne of the most important factors that affects breastfeeding self-efficacy and exclusivity is breastfeeding support provided by the family. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of breastfeeding education sessions for primiparous women, with and without the attendance of maternal grandmothers, on breastfeeding self-efficacy and infant feeding patterns.MethodsThis quasi-experimental study was conducted on 64 primiparous women who referred to the Antenatal Clinic of Amiralmomenin Hospital, Tehran, Iran from June to December, 2018. Eligible pregnant women were allocated into two groups; either with and without grandmothers in attendance. Group assignments were determined according to the week the women had prenatal care at the hospital. All eligible women seen in the clinic during 1 week were assigned to one group and women who presented in the alternating week were assigned to the other group. In the education group with grandmothers in attendance, each woman participated in two prenatal education programs with her mother and one postpartum program approximately 3 h before discharge. In the other group, participating mothers attended breastfeeding education sessions without the grandmother’s attendance. The participating mothers answered questions from the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF) at the time of the hospital discharge, and 4 and 8 weeks after delivery. Questions about the infants’ feeding patterns were asked by telephone contact with the participating mothers from both groups at the same time periods.ResultsThe mean BFSE scores were signficantly different between the groups with grandmothers and without grandmothers at the time of the hospital discharge (60.15 ± 4.47 vs. 56.84 ± 6.22, independent t-test; p = 0.017), and at 4 weeks (61.71 ± 2.66 vs. 56.62 ± 9.12, p = 0.004) and 8 weeks after delivery (63.68 ± 2.14 vs. 60.03 ± 6.32, p = 0.003). No significant difference existed in infant feeding patterns between the groups at the same time periods.ConclusionsThis study suggests that breastfeeding education with grandmothers’ attendance is effective in improving the mothers’ breastfeeding self-efficacy. A family-centered program should be considered in beastfeeding education for increasing of exclusive breastfeeding.

Effects of in-hospital breast feeding on brain function development in preterm infants in China: study protocol for a prospective longitudinal cohort study

IntroductionDue to immature brain development, preterm infants are more likely to develop neurological developmental defects compared with full-term infants. Most preterm infants without neurodevelopmental damage can eventually reach the same...

Psychometric properties of the modified breastfeeding self-efficacy scale–short form (BSES-SF) among Chinese mothers of preterm infants

ObjectivePreterm mother-infant dyads face more challenges than healthy term infants in breastfeeding initiation and continuation due to maternal health status, preterm infant's immaturity or comorbidities, and breastfeeding policy of the neonatal units. Breastfeeding self-efficacy affects breastfeeding outcomes in preterm infants. No specific instrument in Chinese is available to assess maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy of preterm infants. This study aims to assess the psychometric characteristics of the modified Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF) among Chinese mothers of preterm infants. DesignA cross-sectional study was conducted. SettingTwo tertiary hospitals in China. ParticipantsA total of 153 women who gave birth before 37 weeks of gestation. MeasurementsThe instrument was translated and back translated. The internal consistency reliability was investigated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The content validity, construct validity, and criterion validity were conducted to evaluate the validity of the scale. Exploratory factor analysis was used to investigate the factor structure. FindingsThe scale had good reliability with Cronbach´s alpha above the acceptable level of 0.7. The Item-Content Validity Index (I-CVI) ranged from 0.800 to 1.000, and the Scale-Content Validity Index (S-CVI) is 0.950. The principal component analysis revealed the presence of two factors with eigenvalues greater than 1, explaining a total variance of 74.665%. The modified BSES-SF scores were correlated with women's parity, breastfeeding knowledge, previous breastfeeding experience, perceived support from the spouse and health professionals, and amounts of expressed milk. Key conclusions and implications for practice: The Chinese version of modified BSES-SF is a reliable, valid screening instrument to evaluate the maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy of preterm infants. It is recommended to provide interactive, face-to-face breasting education and support to help mothers of preterm infants maintain high level of breastfeeding self-efficacy and further to achieve satisfactory breastfeeding outcomes.

Effectiveness of an integrated breastfeeding education program to improve self-efficacy and exclusive breastfeeding rate: A single-blind, randomised controlled study

BackgroundLow self-efficacy affects new mothers’ ability to sustain breastfeeding. Interventions that increase self-efficacy could improve sustained breastfeeding. ObjectivesTo develop an integrated breastfeeding education program based on self-efficacy theory, and evaluate the effect of the intervention on first-time mothers’ breastfeeding self-efficacy and attitudes. DesignA single-blind, randomised controlled trial. SettingA prenatal clinic of a teaching hospital. ParticipantsFirst-time mothers with a singleton pregnancy (12–32 weeks’ gestation) and their support partners were selected by convenience sampling (N = 104) and allocated by block-randomization to an intervention or control group. MethodsA 3-week breastfeeding intervention program was developed based on self-efficacy theory. The intervention group received the breastfeeding program; the control group received standard care. Data between groups were compared for scores on breastfeeding self-efficacy, infant feeding attitude, and breastfeeding practice, which were assessed using the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form, the Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale, and a structured questionnaire, respectively. Repeated data measurements were collected at baseline, 36-weeks’ gestation, and postpartum at 1-week, and 1-, 3-, and 6-months. ResultsNinety-three mothers completed the study. Data were compared for the self-efficacy intervention group (n = 50) with the control group (n = 43). Baseline measures did not differ between groups. The intervention group had significantly higher breastfeeding self-efficacy at 36 weeks’ gestation (mean difference (MD): 7.3, p < .001), and postpartum at 1-week (p < .001), 1-month (p < .001) and 3-months (p < .01) with MD: 6.7, 7.9, and 8.1, respectively; differences in scores from baseline were also significantly greater from 36 weeks’ gestation to 3-months (MD from 9.1~9.9, p < .001) and 6-months postpartum (MD: 7.0, p < .05). Infant feeding attitude scores significantly improved from 36 weeks’ gestation to 6-months postpartum for the intervention group (MD from 3.5~7.4, p < .05). Rates for exclusive and predominant breastfeeding postpartum were significantly higher for the intervention group vs control (p < .02) at 1-week (98% vs. 86%), 1-month (100% vs. 90.7%), and 3-months (94% vs. 76.7%). Odds ratio (OR) postpartum for exclusive and predominant breastfeeding was greater for the intervention group at 3-months (OR = 4.7, 95% Confidence interval (CI), 1.2 -18.6; p = .05) and for exclusive breastfeeding at 6-months (OR: 2.82, 95% CI 1.0–8.1; p = .05). ConclusionsThe breastfeeding education intervention improved breastfeeding self-efficacy, infant feeding attitudes, and exclusive breastfeeding rates. The breastfeeding education program could be effective for sustaining breastfeeding in new mothers.Trial registration: Registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03807726)

Psychosocial barriers and enablers of exclusive breastfeeding: lived experiences of mothers in low-income townships, North West Province, South Africa

BackgroundDespite national efforts to promote exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), South Africa’s EBF rate is only 32 %. The aim of this study was to examine the rate of EBF discontinuation and the lived experiences of breastfeeding mothers at postnatal time points 3–14 days, 4–8 weeks, 10–14 weeks and 20–24 weeks.MethodsThis community-based mixed-methods study collected data within a prospective cohort study on sociodemographics, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF) at 6–8 weeks with infant feeding data collected at 4–8, 10–14 and 20–24 weeks from 159 mothers living in low income areas. Six focus groups with 32 mothers with infants aged 6–24 weeks were conducted. Descriptive statistics was used for the quantitative data and thematic analysis for qualitative data.ResultsThe majority of mothers were unmarried (84.9%), living with family (69.2%) and unemployed (74.2%). Exclusive breastfeeding decreased from 34% at 4–8 weeks to 9.7% at 20–24 weeks. Mixed feeding with infant formula increased from 17.0 to 30.6% and food feeding from 3.1 to 54.2%. While there were no statistically significant associations between EBF and any of the quantitative sociodemographic variables, in the qualitative data, codes associated with barriers were more than enablers. The themes were Mothers’ attributes (wellbeing, experiences and relationships) with the code mother’s stress the strongest barrier, Mother’s knowledge, attitudes and practices of breastfeeding with the code conventional medicines the strongest barrier, Family environment with the code home setting the strongest barrier, Social environment with public spaces and places a barrier and in Baby cues the code baby stomach ailments the barrier. Within these same themes mother’s positive emotions, benefits of breastfeeding, support in the home, access to information and services from health professionals and baby’s health were strong enabling factors.ConclusionsLow EBF, high mixed feeding and a high EPDS score were explained by the barriers identified in the qualitative data. The data suggests that mothers from low-income households would be better supported through interventions that address food insecurity; family relationships and those that build confidence in mothers and resilience in confronting difficult and hostile breastfeeding environments.

The Effect of Buzz Group Modification Method on Exclusive Breastfeeding Against Self Efficacy in Pregnant Women: A Quasi Experiment

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding for six months is an effort to increase the breastfeeding benefits and reduce infant mortality rate. Self efficacy is one of the factors that can influence the level of confidence exclusive in breastfeeding.Aim: This study aimed to identify the level of self efficacy before and after given modified buzz group method and to the influence of modified buzz group method about exclusive breastfeeding against self efficacy in pregnant motherMethod: This study was designed using quasi-experimental design. The study was conducted in the working area of the health center. The total population used in this study was 42 pregnant women. A total sample of 38 respondents was taken according to purposive sampling. BSES-SF (Breastfeeding Self Efficacy Scale Short Form) questionnaire was administered at pre-test and post-test. Data analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test and the Mann Whitney test.Results: The results showed that the Wilcoxon Signed Rank statistical test obtained p value of 0,000 in the treatment group and p value of 0.355 in the control group. The Mann Whitney statistical test obtained a significant value of p = 0,000 at the post-test. The modification of the buzz group method took effect to increased self efficacy about exclusive breastfeeding for pregnant mother because this method was organized by four sources of self efficacy that was direct experience, indirect experience, verbal persuasion, and emotional condition.Conclusion: With the modification of the buzz group method and self efficacy for pregnant mother can increase of value for breastfeeding exclusive coverage.

Comparison of Breastfeeding Self-efficacy in Mothers with Different Ages

Introduction: Breastfeeding is one of the most important health-promoting behaviors and one of the main goals of the World Health Organization. Breastfeeding self-efficacy is an important variable in predicting the duration of breastfeeding and its continuation. Breastfeeding self-efficacy is a modifiable parameter that is affected by various individual and social factors. Objective: This study aimed to compare breastfeeding self-efficacy levels of mothers with different ages referred to comprehensive health centers. Methods and Materials: This is a correlational study with a cross-sectional design. Study samples were 460 breastfeeding mothers of different ages referred to comprehensive health centers in Rasht City, Iran in 2019. The data collection tool was a two-part questionnaire: a demographic form and a breastfeeding self-efficacy scale-short form (BSES-SF). Data analysis was performed using the independent t test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and regression. Results: The mean ± SD scores of breastfeeding self-efficacy were as follows: 43.69 ± 12.48 in mothers under 19 years old, 50.26 ± 10.93 years in mothers aged 19-35 years, and 58.35 ± 8.53 years in mothers over 35 years old. There were statistically significant relationships between breastfeeding self-efficacy and maternal age (P= 0.0001), housing status (P= 0.0001), monthly income (P= 0.0001), breastfeeding history (P= 0.0001) and source of breastfeeding education (P=0.014), number of pregnancies (P= 0.0001) and number of deliveries (P = 0.0001). The variables of maternal age (b= 4.130, P= 0.0001, 95% CI; 2.165-6.051), monthly income (b = 1.735, P = 0.002, 95% CI; 1.239-3.922), breastfeeding history (b= 5.505, P = 0.0001, 95%CI; 4.598-9.183) and number of pregnancies (b= 3.553, P =0.0001, 95% CI; 1.278-4.098) were predictors of breastfeeding self-efficacy. Conclusion: Breastfeeding self-efficacy increases with the older age and its level is lower in mothers aged &lt; 19 years than in other age groups. Counseling support for mothers at this age is more necessary, and the need-based educational program should be designed for them.

Do postpartum anxiety and breastfeeding self-efficacy and bonding at early postpartum predict postpartum depression and the breastfeeding method?

We investigated whether postpartum anxiety (PPA) and breastfeeding self-efficacy and bonding at the early postpartum period can be used to predict postpartum depression and the breastfeeding method, and we sought to identify factors related to postpartum depression. Of the 510 eligible women, 185 (36%) returned the questionnaire on all three occasions (1 day, 3 days, and 1 month after childbirth). The mothers' progress on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale Short Form (BFSES-SF), and Postnatal Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ) was observed over three periods. A repeated-measures ANOVA revealed that the mothers at high risk of developing postpartum depression (PPD) were those who did not show an increase in BFSES-SF score at early postpartum, and mothers whose bonding disorders have deteriorated rapidly. The results of the logistic regression analysis revealed a significant difference in employment as a factor related to postpartum depression. Compared to Regular, Part-time status was 4.4 times more likely and Unemployed status was 2.3 times more likely to cause postpartum depression. For the early detection of PPD, it is necessary to identify (1) mothers who do not show an increase in the BFSES-SF score, (2) mothers whose bonding disorders have deteriorated rapidly, and (3) part-time or unemployed mothers as characteristic of postpartum depression.

The Effect of Buzz Group ModificThe Effect of Buzz Group Modification Method on Exclusive Breastfeeding Against Self Efficacy in Pregnant Women:A Quasi Experimentation Method on Exclusive Breastfeeding Against Self Efficacy in Pregnant Women: A Quasi Experiment

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding for six months is an effort to increase the breastfeeding benefits and reduce infant mortality rate. Self efficacy is one of the factors that can influence the level of confidence exclusive in breastfeeding. Aim: This study aimed to identify the level of self efficacy before and after given modified buzz group method and to the influence of modified buzz group method about exclusive breastfeeding against self efficacy in pregnant mother Method: This study was designed using quasi-experimental design. The study was conducted in the working area of the health center. The total population used in this study was 42 pregnant women. A total sample of 38 respondents was taken according to purposive sampling. BSES-SF (Breastfeeding Self Efficacy Scale Short Form) questionnaire was administered at pre-test and post-test. Data analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test and the Mann Whitney test. Results: The results showed that the Wilcoxon Signed Rank statistical test obtained p value of 0,000 in the treatment group and p value of 0.355 in the control group. The Mann Whitney statistical test obtained a significant value of p = 0,000 at the post-test. The modification of the buzz group method took effect to increased self efficacy about exclusive breastfeeding for pregnant mother because this method was organized by four sources of self efficacy that was direct experience, indirect experience, verbal persuasion, and emotional condition. Conclusion: With the modification of the buzz group method and self efficacy for pregnant mother can increase of value for breastfeeding exclusive coverage.

Marital Adjustment and Prenatal Breastfeeding Efficacy of First Time Mothers in A Low-Income Community in The Philippines

Introduction: All women should be offered support to breastfeed their babies to increase the duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding. This study aims to assess the level of marital satisfaction and its influence to prenatal breastfeeding self-efficacy in first time mothers during late pregnancy.Methods: A descriptive correlational was conducted among 128 simple randomized prim gravid women who agreed to participate and had prenatal care check-up in the health center at the time of data gathering. The instruments used were 15-item Marital Adjustment Test (MAT) to measure marital adjustment and 14-item Breastfeeding Self efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF) as a measure of breastfeeding self-efficacy. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was utilized to test the relationships between the sample’s marital adjustment scores to correlate with BFSE of the respondents. Fisher’s t test was utilized to determine the significance of correlations. A p-value of equal to or less than .05 was considered statistically significant.Results: The study revealed that the sampled mothers have a high level of marital adjustment score (112.05± 21.83). Prenatal mothers responded in the study were highly confident and have high self-efficacy in breastfeeding first child currently bearing (4.55±.51). Lastly, it was found that there is no significant correlation between marital adjustment and prenatal breastfeeding self-efficacy (β=-.052, p-value=.280).Conclusion: It was found that there is a high level of marital adjustment and breastfeeding self-efficacy among sampled mothers. However, there is no significant correlation between marital adjustment and prenatal breastfeeding self-efficacy. The study suggests incorporating co-parenting intervention involving father’s involvement and assistance with breastfeeding when creating interventions in breastfeeding.

Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy of Early Postpartum Mothers in an Urban Municipality in the Philippines.

Studies on women have identified breastfeeding confidence as an important variable in influencing breastfeeding outcomes. The mother’s breastfeeding self-efficacy in the early postpartum period was a strong predictor of the duration of breastfeeding. This study aims to assess the breastfeeding self-efficacy of the postpartum mothers in urban barangays of San Jose Occidental Mindoro.The respondents of the study were 200 early postpartum mothers distributed equally chosen from four purposively selected urban barangays. The data collection technique was through a survey interview using 14-item Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF) and a demographic questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data.The study revealed that postpartum mothers responded in the study were confident and has self-efficacy in breastfeeding their child as measured through technique and intrapersonal thought in breastfeeding. Moreover, the number of prenatal check up was positively correlated with breastfeeding self-efficacy.The result of the study can be used as a baseline assessment tool in the hospital at delivery to assist in identifying women who are at risk for early weaning.

Effects of healthy behavioral capability and psychological resilience on breastfeeding self-efficacy in primiparas

Objective To analyze the relationship between healthy behavioral capability, psychological resilience and breastfeeding self-efficacy in primiparas. Methods Totally 140 primiparas who delivered in Children's Hospital Affiliated of Zhengzhou University from September 2018 to March 2019 were selected by convenient sampling and investigated with the Demographic Information Questionnaire, Self-rated Abilities for Health Practices Scale (SRAHP) , The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) and Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF) . The relationship between healthy behavioral capability, psychological resilience and breastfeeding self-efficacy in primiparas was then analyzed based on the data. Totally 140 questionnaires were distributed in this study, and 137 valid questionnaires were collected, accounting for an effective recovery rate of 97.86%. Results The total SRAHP score of the 137 primiparas was (68.25±13.85) , whose total average score of the different items of this scale was (2.43±0.92) . The total CD-RISC score of the 137 primiparas was (57.41±13.82) , whose total average score of the different items of this scale was (2.30±1.22) . The total BSES-SF score of the 137 primiparas was (48.83±10.87) , whose total average score of the different items of this scale was (3.87±1.26) . Pearson correlation analysis showed that there were positive correlations between the dimensions of healthy behavioral capability, the dimensions of psychological resilience and the scores of breastfeeding self-efficacy in primiparas (P<0.01) . Healthy behavioral capability showed a mediating effect between psychological resilience and breastfeeding self-efficacy in primiparas, accounting for 37.19% of the total effect. Conclusions There is a positive correlation between breastfeeding self-efficacy and the level of healthy behavioral capability and psychological resilience, and the level of healthy behavioral capability plays a mediating role between psychological resilience and breastfeeding self-efficacy. Therefore, enhancing psychological resilience and the level of healthy behavior can significantly improve the self-efficacy of breastfeeding, which has a significant effect on the breastfeeding rate of primiparas. Key words: Resilience, psychological; Breast feeding; Primipara; Health behavioral capability; Self-efficacy

The Hindi Version of the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form: Reliability and Validity Assessment.

Background:Despite the cultural sanctity and elevation of breastfeeding practices, nearly one in two Indian women nationwide are unable to practice exclusive breastfeeding (EBF). Early identification of mothers at risk of reduced breastfeeding through a suitable instrument can enable targeted interventions for breastfeeding support.Objectives:We conducted this study with the objectives of translation into Hindi and to psychometrically test the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF) and to ascertain the sociodemographic and other correlates of breastfeeding self-efficacy.Methods:The BSES-SF was translated into Hindi using a back and forth translation process to ensure linguistic validity. We enrolled a total of 210 married women who were mothers of infants at an urban primary health center in Delhi, India.Results:The Cronbach's alpha for the Hindi translation of the BSES-SF was 0.87 with all except one correlation coefficient <0.3. We conducted an exploratory factor analysis using principal component analysis that revealed a two-component solution, which explained 47.9% and 16.7% of the total variance, respectively. Mothers perceiving higher social support registered significantly higher mean BSES-SF scores, indicating a greater confidence in their breastfeeding abilities (P = 0.01). However, breastfeeding self-efficacy was unrelated to the mother's age, parity, and education. The women planning to breastfeed partially had lower BSES-SF scores compared to the woman adhering to EBF norms (P < 0.001).Conclusion:The Hindi version of the BSES-SF demonstrates good reliability and validity and can also explain previous and planned breastfeeding behavior in mothers of infants.

Translation, Validation, and Psychometric Properties of Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form Among Iranian Women.

Iranian researchers have investigated breastfeeding self-efficacy and its related factors. However, there is no valid and reliable tool for assessing the breastfeeding self-efficacy of Iranian Farsi-speaking women. To examine the validity and reliability of the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form among Iranian Farsi-speaking mothers. We conducted this cross-sectional study at Izadi teaching hospital in Qom, Iran. Using convenience sampling, we recruited 174 mothers, who completed the questionnaire on the first postnatal day. A forward-backward translation method was used to translate the scale. Cronbach's alpha and item-total characteristics were examined to test reliability. Construct validity was evaluated via principal component analysis (PCA), as well as known-groups validity. The mean (standard deviation) of sample age was 28.33 (5.38). The mean (standard deviation) of breastfeeding self-efficacy score was 54.32 (10.50), ranging from 24-70. Cronbach's alpha (.92), inter-item correlations (.21-.72), and corrected item-total correlations (.44-.75) indicated the adequate reliability of the scale. PCA yielded one component with an eigenvalue of 6.97, explaining 49.8% of the total variance. There was no significant difference in the self-efficacy scores between primiparous and multiparous women. Breastfeeding self-efficacy was not significantly different between the groups in terms of the demographic characteristics. The Farsi version of the Breastfeeding Self-efficacy Scale-Short Form is a valid and reliable instrument for Iranian Farsi-speaking mothers, with sound psychometric properties per the other studies worldwide.

Correlations among subjective well-being, breast-feeding self-efficacy, maternal role adaptation in puerpera after cesarean section

Objective To investigate the breast-feeding, role conversion and subjective well-being among puerpera after cesarean section, and to explore the correlations among them. Methods From January to April 2018, we selected puerpera after cesarean section at Shanghai Pudong New District Zhoupu Hospital by cluster sampling to implement investigation with questionnaires. All of the puerpera were investigated with the general information questionnaire, Subjective Well-Being (SWB) , Mother Role Adaptation Questionnaire (MRAQ) , Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF) 42 days after delivery. Finally, the data analysis was carried out based on investigation results. A total of 177 questionnaires were distributed in this study, and 174 valid questionnaires were returned. The effective rate of the questionnaire was 98.31%. Results Among 174 puerpera after cesarean section, the total score and the item average score of SWB were (68.59±10.34) and (3.61±1.11) respectively. The total score and the item average score of MRAQ were (49.75±7.71) and (3.21±1.24) respectively. The total score and the item average score of BSES-SF were (51.42±7.27) and (3.73±1.09) respectively; the dimension scores from high to low were the inner and skill dimension. Among those puerpera after cesarean section, the overall life satisfaction, positively affective frequency and the total score of SWB had positive correlations with the total score of maternal role adaptation and dimension scores of breast-feeding self-efficacy with statistical differences (P<0.05) . SWB was the mediate variable between maternal role adaptation and breast-feeding self-efficacy with 0.117 for the mediate effect value and 15.98% for the mediate effect rate. Conclusions Breast-feeding self-efficacy has correlations with the maternal role adaptation and SWB, and the SWB plays a mediate variable role. Therefore, promotion of SWB and maternal role adaptation among puerpera after cesarean section can significantly improve their breast-feeding self-efficacy which has significant effect on increasing the rate of breast-feeding. Key words: Cesarean section; Maternity; Subjective well-being; Breast feeding; Maternal role conversion; Correlations

Effect of childbirth education on the perceptions of childbirth and breastfeeding self-efficacy and the obstetric outcomes of nulliparous women*,**,***

In this quasi-experimental and prospective study, we aimed to determine the effect of education about childbirth on the perceptions of nulliparous women regarding the experience of childbirth, obstetric outcomes (e.g., type of delivery, use of induction, and instrument-assisted delivery), and breastfeeding self-efficacy. The study population comprised 121 women, of whom 64 and 57 were classified into the education and control groups, respectively. Study data were collected using a participant identification form, the Perception of Birth Scale, Visual Analog Scale, and Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form. Compared to the control group, participants in the education group held significantly more positive birth-related perceptions (p = 0.000) and experienced a lower level of pain during delivery (p = 0.016). However, education did not affect the obstetric outcomes. During the first month postpartum, a higher level of breastfeeding self-efficacy was reported by mothers in the education group than by those in the control group. In conclusion, systematic childbirth education positively affected the mothers’ perceptions of the childbirth experience and their breastfeeding self-efficacy, but had no effect on the type of delivery or other birth-related obstetric interventions.

Breastfeeding self-efficacy as a dominant factor affecting maternal breastfeeding satisfaction

BackgroundOne of the psychological benefits of breastfeeding for mothers and infants is to get the satisfaction of breastfeeding. Maternal breastfeeding satisfaction derives from the interaction and cooperation between mothers and their babies. This research aims to identify the maternal breastfeeding satisfaction and its influential factors.MethodsThis study applied a cross-sectional design. Two hundred four breastfeeding mothers after four until 8 months postpartum were recruited using cluster sampling methods. Respondents completed the questionnaire of Maternal Breastfeeding Evaluation Scale (MBES) to identify maternal breastfeeding satisfaction. Factors affecting maternal breastfeeding satisfaction were identified using the following instruments: Breastfeeding Knowledge Questionnaire was used to identify knowledge on lactation, Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS) to identify attitude toward lactation, and the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF) to identify breastfeeding self-efficacy.ResultWe identified that 53.4% of the breastfeeding mothers had a high level of satisfaction. The results indicate that the household income, type of delivery, and breastfeeding self-efficacy was associated with breastfeeding satisfaction (p < 0.05). Breastfeeding self-efficacy is the most influential factors in maternal breastfeeding satisfaction (OR=16.64; CI 95% 7.65–35.94).ConclusionBreastfeeding satisfaction is the satisfying feeling obtained during breastfeeding resulting from cooperation between the mother and the infant to fullfil desires or needs. Education and promotion of breast milk and breastfeeding provided by professional healthcare providers encouraged the successful of breastfeeding programs. Assistance by a health care provider or breastfeeding counselor during the seven contacts breastfeeding initiated during pregnancy until after delivery should be applied so that the mother is informed about breastfeeding. Breastfeeding satisfaction can keep the mother from continuing to breastfeed her baby for up to 2 years or more.

Comparison of the breastfeeding outcomes and self-efficacy in the early postpartum period of women who had given birth by cesarean under general or spinal anesthesia

Objectives This study was conducted to compare the breastfeeding outcomes and self-efficacy in the early postpartum period of women who had given birth by cesarean under general (GA) or spinal anesthesia (SA). Methods This descriptive study was conducted with 190 women who had given birth under GA and SA at a training and research hospital. The data of the study were collected with the “Data Collection Form”, “LATCH Breastfeeding Assessment Tool” and the “Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale- Short Form (BSES-SF)”. Results The time to first breastfeeding of the newborns was 78.71 ± 126.9 min and 23.7% of the women breastfed within 30 min. Those who gave birth under SA breastfed their newborn infants statistically significantly earlier (p < .05). However, there was no statistical difference between women giving birth by cesarean under GA and SA and their score medians from the LATCH or the BSES-SF (p > .05). Conclusion The percentage of women breastfeeding their infants within the first half hour and the self-efficacy and success rate was higher among women who gave birth under SA than those who had cesarean under GA. However, breastfeeding behaviors were not at the desired level in either group. Health care professionals should therefore support women who undergo a cesarean and especially those who give birth under GA to increase their breastfeeding success and self-efficacy.

BREASTFEEDING SELF-EFFICACY (BSE): COMPARATION BETWEEN ANTENATAL AND POSTPARTUM PERIOD

Breastfeeding is the process of giving mother’s breast milk to baby. Breast milk is the best nutrition for babies. However, there are inhibiting factors that influence mother to decide stop breastfeed. One of the factors is the low Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy (BSE). BSE can be used to predict mothers, who will stop the breastfeeding earlier in the future. BSE will increase during pregnancy until 6 weeks postpartum. The purpose of this study was to analysis comparation of BSE during third trimester pregnancy and postpartum period. The design of this study was observational analytic with a prospective cohort study approach. The study was conducted in Malang, on Kedungkandang District from January to May 2018. Fifty-eight respondents were involved in this study. The instruments used in this study were Prenatal Breastfeeding Self Efficacy Scale (PBSES) and Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale Short Form (BSES-SF). The data were analysed using paired t-test. The result of this study was the average BSE score of mothers during pregnancy is 57,59 ± 7,49 and BSE at postpartum, 58.53 ± 5,99. While, the paired t-test obtained a p value of 0.365, it can be concluded that there were no significant differences between BSE mothers during pregnancy and postpartum.