Breast Weight Research Articles

Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) under semi intensive System in the Sudan

he objectives of this study were to determine the growthperformance and carcass traits of turkeys under semi intensive system in theSudan. Atotal of 100 unsexed turkey growers from the commercial breed(B.U.T. Big 6) were used during 7 th June to 6 th August, 2011. Birds were keptin an open sided deep litter poultry house at the University of Bahri Farmfrom 9 to 16 weeks of age and fed on turkey grower and finisher diets.Results of feed intake and body weight showed a consistent increase withincrease in age. Performance results showed that turkey had 2.42 kg, 6.64 kg,79.49 g, 1.5 kg/ bird/ day, 2.8 and 4%, starting weight, finishing weight,average daily gain, average feed intake; average feed conversion ratio (FCR)and total mortality, respectively. Results also showed that turkey had 6.91 kg,5.03 kg, 76.98%, 14.37%, 14.2% and 33.4% slaughter weight, carcassweight, dressing percentage and thigh, drumstick and breast weights aspercentage of carcass weight, respectively. Males obtained significantlyheavier slaughter, carcass, thigh, drumstick and breast weights than females.On the other hand PH, WHC and cooking loss were 5.63, 36.6 and 2.05,respectively. It can be concluded that, the rearing of B.U.T. Big 6commercial breed of turkey is possible under semi intensive system in theSudan. Further studies are needed to determine turkey performance andcarcass attributes under range and intensive systems of management using thesame breed or other turkey breeds.

Betaine and nano-emulsified vegetable oil supplementation for improving carcass and meat quality characteristics of broiler chickens under heat stress conditions.

This research aimed to examine the effects of water-added betaine (BET) and/or nano-emulsified vegetable oil (MAGO) on carcass and meat quality characteristics of broilers raised under thermoneutral (TN) and heat stress (HS) conditions. On day 21, 640 birds (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to one of two thermal conditions (thermoneutral 22 ± 1°C and heat stress 32 ± 1°C) each containing four treatment groups: Control, BET, MAGO, and a mixture of both (BETMAGO) in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement (eight groups). Each group has eight replicates, with ten birds each. The birds' carcass and meat quality characteristics were evaluated at 35 days. The dressing percentage, breast, leg, wing, heart, initial pH, color change, cooking loss (CL), water-holding capacity (WHC), shear force (SF), and texture profile with exception of springiness significantly affected by the treatments. The results showed that HS had negative effects on carcass weight and relative weights of the breast, spleen, and heart. Moreover, HS increased dressing percentage, wing, initial pH, final core temperature, initial lightness, WHC, and hardness. Significant differences in interactions between treatments and temperature were observed in the spleen, WHC, and SF. Water supplemented with BET effectively improved carcass dressing percentage, breast weight, and meat quality in terms of water-holding capacity and tenderness under HS conditions. More studies on the use of BET and/or MAGO at different levels were recommended.

Carcass and Internal Organs Characteristics of Broiler Chickens Fed Soybean Diet

Soybean (Glycine max) is a principal vegetable protein source in the animal feed industry in Nigeria, including the poultry feed industry, but because of the fact that it contains various anti-nutritional factors, the raw full-fat cannot be used in poultry nutrition. The present study was carried out to examine the carcass, and internal organ characteristics of broiler chickens fed a soybean diet. A total of eight hundred and four unsexed one-day-old broiler chickens (Arbor Acre) with an average weight of 45 ± 1.1 g were used in 56 days feeding trial to observe the effect of different processing methods of soybean on broiler chicken carcass and organs characteristics including; liver, spleen, lungs, crop, bile, pancreas, heart, intestine and empty gizzard. There were four dietary treatments (T1-T4), each containing soybean meal as the control diet, dried-boiled soybean, roasted soybean and dried-fermented soybean. Each treatment was replicated three times with 67 broiler chickens per replicate, giving 201 broiler chickens per treatment. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design. The starter diet was fed for 4 weeks and the finisher diet for 4 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, 15 broiler chickens were randomly selected for sampling and collecting the data. The weight of the internal organs and carcass characteristics showed no significant difference in the treatment groups, but the fermented method showed the highest value in the live weight (2075.00 g), eviscerated weight (1532.46 g), and breast weight (483.72 g) compared to other carcass parameters in other treatments including the control diet. It is, therefore, concluded that for optimal broiler growth, the fermented processing method of soybean is recommended. Keywords: Broilers chicken, Carcass characteristic, Diet, Internal organ, Processed soybean

Laser enrichment affects myogenic gene expression and breast muscle diameter in Ross 708 broilers

Environmentalenrichment designed to stimulate activity may reduce the occurrence of the problematicbreast muscle myopathy, woody breast (WB). Successful tools to minimize thisdisease and resulting economic loss to the poultry industry have yet to be established.The current research objectives were to improve broiler breast muscle qualityand myogenic growth potential through environmental enrichment. Six hundredRoss 708 broilers were randomly assigned to enrichment (LASER; laserenrichment, or CON; no laser enrichment) for a 49d study. A subset of 100 birdsat each timepoint were used for breast muscle outcomes at d42 and d49. Breastwidth was measured pre-slaughter, then the right breast fillet was scored forWB using a tactile 0-3 scale and weighed at harvest. RNA isolated from 30breast muscle samples each at d42 and 49 was analyzed using real-time qPCR. Breastmuscle diameter was increased in LASER-enriched broilers on d42 and 49(P≤0.005) and breast weight was increased by 30g on d42 (P=0.039). At d42, 16%more LASER-enriched WB scores were 0 (normal) compared to the CON, and at d49, 12%more LASER-enriched scores were 0. LASER-enriched broiler breast tissue hadupregulated expression of muscle regulatory factor 4 at d42 compared to the CON(P<0.05). Taken together, these outcomes indicate that laser enrichment-inducedexercise can minimize severity of woody breast without reducing growth.

Sustainable Broilers Production Performance under High Stocking Condition through Colocynth Seed Supplementation

The negative impacts of high stocking density on the commercial poultry industry compromise sustainable birds’ productivity and welfare. Thus, we investigated the potential of colocynth seed (CC) supplementation in alleviating the negative impacts of high stocking density on broilers’ performance, immunity, inflammation, and redox status. A total of 648 one-day-old male Cobb 500 chicks were recruited and distributed into 2 × 2 factorial arrangements. The treatment groups were assigned based on stocking density as low stocking density (9 birds/m2; LSD) or high stocking density (19 birds/m2; HSD), and CC supplementation as without (0 g/kg feed; −CC) or with (1 g/kg feed; +CC) supplementation. Data were collected from week three to week five of age. Production performance was monitored and meat quality was assessed. Blood samples were collected to measure stress markers, humoral immune response, inflammatory cytokines, and antioxidant activity levels. The results indicated that HSD induced production performance reduction, immunosuppression, and imbalance redox status, along with elevation in inflammation and stress markers levels. Breast meat weight and yield were reduced in the HSD groups by 9 and 1%, respectively, compared to LSD groups. However, CC supplementation to HSD birds was able to slightly improve daily weight gain, body weight gain, and breast weight, showing no significant difference compared to the LSD-CC group, and significantly increased breast yield. Furthermore, CC supplementation significantly reduced inflammatory cytokines and stress markers levels. Under HSD, both cell-mediated and humeral immune responses were elevated with CC supplementation compared with the non-supplemented group. It can be concluded that HSD is a detrimental factor in the commercial poultry industry, which generates oxidative and inflammatory responses and, subsequently, immunosuppression and impaired performance. Nevertheless, dietary CC supplementation can be used as a natural antioxidant source to mitigate the negative impacts of HSD on broilers’ production performance, as well as physiological competency.

Effect of phytase and xylanase enzymes on growth performance and Mucin2 gene expression in broiler chickens.

Development of exogenous enzymes is one of the most important discoveries in animal nutrition. The supplementation of exogenous enzymes in broiler diets allows for supplying nutrient deficiencies and to decrease endogenous losses. The effects of phytase (Hostazym and Phyzyme) and xylanase (Ronozyme) enzymes were investigated on growth performance and Mucin2 gene expression in broilers. A completely randomized design was applied, including 7 treatments, 4 replicates and 25 birds per replicates. A total of 700 male Ross (308) broiler chickens were fed with similar diets supplemented by Hostazym and Phyzyme (500 and 1000FTU/kg) and Ronozyme (100 and 200EXU/kg). Weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined for three phases and entire rearing period. On 42 days of age, four birds per replicate were slaughtered. Total RNA was extracted from jejunum samples, and Mucin2 gene expression was measured by real-time PCR. Phytase and xylanase enzymes had a significant effect (p<0.05) on traits (WG and FCR) in grower and finisher phases and whole rearing period, but FI was not affected by enzymes (p>0.05). Carcass (74.13g) and breast (27.76g) weights by Hostazym (1000FTU/kg) were higher than other treatments (p<0.05). Weight of liver, bursa and spleen were significantly influenced by enzymes (p<0.05). Likewise, bursa and spleen weights in Hostazym (1000FTU/kg feed) and Ronozyme (200EXU/kg feed) were significantly higher than other treatments (p<0.05). Mucin2 gene expression was affected by enzymes in whole treatments. The lowest amount of Mucin2 gene expression belonged to Ronozyme (200 and 100EXU/kg), and the highest was belonging to Hostazym (1000 FTU/kg). Phytase enzymes have higher effect on broiler performance and Mucin2 gene expression compared to xylanase. High doses of Hostazym (1000FTU/kg feed) could be supplemented in broiler chicken diets to improve optimum growth and feed efficiency.

White striping, woody breast and spaghetti meat: Cooccurrence and relationship with breast fillet weight in big broiler chicken flocks

The present study aimed to determine the incidence and coincidence of white striping (WS), woody breast (WB) and spaghetti meat (SM) in raw chicken breast meat (n = 300) collected 3–3.5 h post mortem from commercial broiler flocks (Ross 708 males, 56 days of age). The fillets were scored for the occurrence and severity of WS, WB and SM using visual and tactile methods, and the relationship between myopathies and breast weight was evaluated. A total of 88% of samples (out of 300) had either one or a combination of three myopathies, leaving only 12% without any myopathies. Approximately 29% of the fillets had only one myopathy present, with 59% of the samples demonstrating the cooccurrence of breast myopathies. In the present study, 47.7% of WB samples also exhibited WS, while the cooccurrence of WB and SM was exhibited in 14.7%. Based on binomial logistic regression, an increase in WB scores decreases the odds that the fillet may be affected by SM myopathy. No association was found between SM and fillet weight. Multinomial logistic regression showed that the weight of breast fillets was positively associated with WB1 (P = 0.011), WB2 (P < 0.001), and WB3 (P < 0.001). Furthermore, positive associations were found between WS1 and WB3 (P = 0.004) as well as between WS2 and WB3 (P < 0.001). The percentage distribution changes of each WB and WS myopathy score were used in relation to the 10 weight groups. The percentages of WB3 increased and WB0 decreased as the average fillet weight increased. Regarding linear regression, these results exhibited a positive linear relationship for both WB (R2 = 0.91, P < 0.001) and WS (R2Â =Â 0.71, P = 0.002) myopathy with fillet weight. A high prevalence of myopathies was observed. The incidence of severe WB categories and the overall high cooccurrence rate are alarming.

Abstract P2-14-20: Comparison of robot-assisted nipple sparing mastectomy with conventional nipple sparing mastectomy: a single-center experience

Abstract Purpose: Robot-assisted nipple-sparing mastectomy (RANSM) improves cosmetic outcomes compared to conventional nipple-sparing mastectomy (CNSM) since RANSM is performed with minimal incisions. However, there are few studies on the feasibility and surgical outcome of RANSM. The aim of this study was to compare the surgical outcomes of RANSM and CNSM in breast cancer patients. Method: A retrospective observational study was conducted at our institution between January 2021 and December 2021. A total of 54 patients diagnosed with breast malignancy that underwent either a robotic-assisted or conventional nipple-sparing mastectomy were included. The demographics of the patient’s sex, age, body mass index (BMI), breast weight, and preoperative diagnosis were investigated. The surgical method, operation time (including docking time and console time in the case of robotic surgery), postoperative complications, length of hospital stay, pain score, and adjuvant therapy were analyzed. Result: A total of 57 breasts in 54 female patients were included in the study: 36 invasive ductal carcinoma patients, 11 ductal carcinoma cases, 6 invasive lobular carcinoma, 2 mucinous carcinoma, one solid papillary carcinoma and one lobular carcinoma in situ. A median age of 49(27-66), mean BMI of 22 (18.89-26.28), and mean breast weight was 246 g (120-305g). The mean operation time was 122 minutes (robotic 140 vs. conventional 118), and the average docking time was five minutes and console time 60 minutes in the robot-assisted surgery. There was only one postoperative complication in the robot group and ten cases in the conventional group. The mean hospital stay was 12.6 days (RANSM 10.75 vs. CNSM 12.92), and the average pain score was 3.53 (RANSM 3.50 vs. CNSM 3.54). None needed adjuvant therapy in the robot group. In the conventional surgical group, four patients underwent adjuvant radiotherapy and sixteen patients underwent chemotherapy including six neoadjuvant cases. Conclusion: Our results showed that RANSM had advantages of shorter hospitalization and lower pain scores although it had slightly longer operation time and could not applicable in relatively large breasts. In the near future, RANSM may be considered as the surgery of choice over CNSM in breast cancer patients. Citation Format: Ji Young You, Haemin Lee, Eun-Shin Lee, Seung Pil Jung. Comparison of robot-assisted nipple sparing mastectomy with conventional nipple sparing mastectomy: a single-center experience. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-14-20.

Abstract P2-15-08: Aesthetic Incisions and Early Complications for Nipple-sparing Mastectomy followed by Immediate Breast Reconstruction

Abstract Introduction: Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) is a surgical alternative for patients who are not candidates for breast-conserving therapy in early breast cancer or even for women who are candidates for risk-reducing mastectomies, facilitating immediate breast reconstruction. Aesthetic incisions such as through the inframammary fold (IMF) or periareolar (PA) are viable options for radial scars, with better cosmetic results and less visibility. Little is known about early surgical complications between these two techniques. Objectives and methods The aim of this study was to evaluate early complications (NAC necrosis [mild, partial or total], infection, seroma, hematoma, dehiscence and reconstruction failure) in patients undergoing NSM via esthetic incisions (IMF or PA) and immediate breast reconstruction in a unique Brazilian institution. A retrospective analysis was performed at Hospital Geral de Fortaleza (HGF) between 2015 and 2022, including patients with a minimum follow-up of 3 months and complete data in the medical records. The following demographic parameters were evaluated: age, body mass index, co-morbidities, use of direct implant or tissue expander, breast weight and pre-pectoral or submuscular reconstruction. Pearsons chi squared tests and t-test were performed and a p value of &amp;lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 180 NSM through IMF (n=106) or PA (n=74) incisions were included and 43 cases (23.9%) of complications were observed: 27 in the PA group (62.8%) and 16 in the IMF (37.2%), with this difference being significant (p=0.0002). Regarding NAC necrosis, 65.4% were observed in the PA incision (n=17; 22.4%), compared to 34.6% in the IMF (n=9; 8.7%) (p=0.0023). There was no significant difference in relation to other complications (n=7 [IMF] vs n=10 [PA]), just as there was no difference in relation to the demographic parameters evaluated, except for the pre-pectoral and direct-to-implant reconstruction, which were more frequently performed in the IMF group: 19 (18.3%) vs 3 (4%) and 52 (50%) vs 24 (31.6%) cases respectively. Only 2 patients had breast reconstruction failure, both in the PA cohort. Conclusions Both incisions are viable options for accessing the NSM, with an acceptable rate of complications. The PA incision is related to a higher complication rate compared to IMF, based mainly on the NAC necrosis rate. More studies are needed for a better understanding of this scenario. Citation Format: Francisco Pimentel Cavalcante, Guilherme Novita, Ticiane Oliveira Lima, Ryane Alcantara, Amanda Cardoso, Flora Ulisses, Felipe Zerwes, Eduardo Millen. Aesthetic Incisions and Early Complications for Nipple-sparing Mastectomy followed by Immediate Breast Reconstruction [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-15-08.

Standardized ileal digestible lysine requirements based on growth performance and histochemical characteristics of male broilers from 10 to 21d of age.

The growth performance and histochemical characteristics of breast muscle fibers were used to estimate the standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys requirements for 10- to 21-d-old male broilers. Three hundred and sixty 10-d-old Ross 308 broilers (290±16.6g) were allocated to 6 diets in a randomized complete block design with 6 replicate cages per treatment and 10 birds per cage. The 6 experimental diets were formulated to contain equally spaced increasing levels of SID Lys from 0.86% to 1.36%. The data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. The Lys requirements were estimated by the NLIN procedure of SAS. An increase in dietary SID Lys from 0.86% to 1.36% resulted in a quadratic increase (P<0.05) in body weight gain (BWG), gain to feed ratio (G:F), breast weight, muscle cross-sectional area (MCSA), and fiber area. The SID Lys requirements based on the one-slope broken-line, quadratic line, the first intercept between the plateau of the one-slope broken-line and quadratic-line models and 95% of the upper asymptote of the quadratic-line model were estimated to be 1.01%, 1.19%, 1.08%, and 1.13% for BWG, 1.06%, 1.22%, 1.11%, and 1.16% for G:F, 1.10%, 1.29%, 1.19%, and 1.22% for breast weight, 1.06%, 1.22%, 1.12%, and 1.16% for MCSA, and 1.14%, 1.22%, 1.16%, and 1.16% for breast muscle fiber area, respectively. It was concluded that the SID Lys requirements for broilers at the age of 10 to 21d depended on the response variables used for estimation, and that histochemical characteristics of breast muscle fibers could be good indicators for estimating SID Lys requirements.

Abstract P2-15-02: Omentum-Lipoaspirate Free-Flap Breast Reconstruction in Women with BMI &amp;lt;25

Abstract The Omental Fat-Augmented Free-flap (O-FAFF) is being offered at our institution as an alternative method of breast reconstruction. This novel free-flap construct is ideal for underweight and normal weight women who lack abdominal or other donor tissue, desire to avoid donor site morbidity and/or are averse to implant-based reconstruction. We analyze omentum, mastectomy and final construct weights in women with BMI &amp;lt; 25 kg/m2 who underwent nipple-sparing mastectomies and O-FAFF reconstruction. Methods Operative technical features of women undergoing nipple-sparing mastectomies with immediate O-FAFF breast reconstruction over a 34 month period are included. Steps of the operative procedure are as follows: laparascopic omentectomy, liposuction and unilateral or bilateral mastectomy is performed. An acellular dermal matrix (ADM) shell is fashioned around a tissue expander. This mold is filled with the omentum and then engrafted with lipoaspirate followed by microsurgical anastomoses of gastroepiploic artery and vein to internal mammary artery and vein. Weight of biological construct is compared to native breast weight. Results 26 women with average BMI 21.2 kg/m2 underwent unilateral (15) or bilateral (11) nipple-sparing mastectomies and O-FAFF reconstruction. Average omentum weight for 37 breasts was 149 gm (82- 262) and average mastectomy weighed 212.4 gm (85 – 396). The ratio of engrafted fat to omentum weight was 0.73 for unilateral versus 0.91 for bilateral cases. The ratio of omentum-fat graft construct to mastectomy weight was 1.24 for unilateral and 0.96 for bilateral cases. Conclusion O-FAFF is a novel procedure for autologous tissue breast reconstruction after nipple-sparing mastectomy in underweight and normal weight women. Comparable weight replacement for extirpated native breast is achieved. Citation Format: Irene L. Wapnir, Monica M. Dua, Yulia Zak, Dung Nguyen. Omentum-Lipoaspirate Free-Flap Breast Reconstruction in Women with BMI &amp;lt;25 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-15-02.

Abstract P2-14-03: Learning curve for Robotic assisted nipple sparing mastectomy: a single institution experience

Abstract Backgrounds/Aims: Nipple sparing mastectomy (NSM) is popularly performed as this surgical technique is oncological safety and better cosmetic outcomes. Robot assisted NSM (RANSM) is emerging because of its exceptional advantages: hidden incisions, high resolution, wider visualization and ergonomically moving. Although several studies reported that RANSM has shown a short learning curve, there were few reports about learning curve of this cutting-edge surgical technique. In this study, we reported the learning curve and feasibility of RANSM. Methods: A retrospective and prospective study was conducted for women who underwent RANSM with immediate breast reconstruction at Samsung Medical Center from July 2019 to April 2022. All RANSM were performed by a single surgeon. We divided the total cases in half and set up two phases; an early phase (case 1st to 23th) and a late phase (case 24th to 46th). The total operation time, mastectomy time, docking time, pre-console time and console time was defined as the interval between the creation of the skin incision and the end of the reconstructive surgery, the interval between the time of skin incision and the time of the specimen out of the operation field, the interval between the preparation for docking and the end of docking, the interval between the creation of the skin incision and the end of robot docking, and the time spent by a surgeon to operate the console for mastectomy. To evaluate the impact of case experience accumulation on the operation time of RANSM, the cumulative sum (CUSUM) method was used to analyze the learning curve. Clinicopathologic characteristics, perioperative complications, and operation time were collected. Results: Overall, 42 women underwent 46 RANSM procedures conducted. The median patient age was 44.5 years old (26-59 years) and the median breast weight was 338.5 gram (101.4-817 gram). BRCA 1 mutation carriers were 2 patients and BRCA 2 mutation carriers were 3 patients. 5 patients with BRCA 1/2 mutation carriers underwent contralateral risk-reducing RANSM. Clinicopathologic characteristics of patients between the early phase and late phase were summarized in Table 1. There were no significant differences in almost clinicopathologic characteristics. Median time of total operation, mastectomy, docking time, pre-console time, and console time was 344.0 minutes (254.0-480.0 minutes), 238.5 minutes (166-394 minutes), 6.5 minutes (1-25 minutes), 61.5 minutes (29-180 minutes), and 64.5 minutes (33-134 minutes), respectively. Comparing the early phase and the late phase, median total operation time was 357 minutes (273-480 minutes) and 321 minutes (254-459 minutes), (p = 0.067); median mastectomy time was 245 minutes (204-394 minutes) and 229 minutes (166-376 minutes), (p = 0.070); docking time 7.0 minutes (3-25 minutes) and 5.0 minutes (1-20 minutes),(p = 0.093); pre-console time was 70.0 minutes (49-162 minutes) and 54.0 minutes (29-180 minutes),(p = 0.028); console time was 71.0 minutes (40-134 minutes) and 60.0 minutes (33-105 minutes), (p = 0.095). In the learning curve analysis, it took the 21th procedure in RANSM to decrease the breast operation time. Clavien-Dindo grade III postoperative complication was two cases (8.6%, one case was infection and one case was nipple ischemia) in only early phase and none in the late phase. Clavien-Dindo grade II postoperative complication was absent in all phases. Clavien-Dindo grade I postoperative complications were seven cases (30.4%, all cases were nipple crust) in the early phase and one case (4.3%, one case was nipple crust) in the late phase. Nipple ischemia was found in two cases (8.6%) but only one case required nipple excision given in the early phase. Conclusions: It has shown that the breast operation time improved from the 21th procedure of RANSM. RANSM is technically feasible and acceptable with a short learning curve. TABLE 1. Basic characteristics of patients between the early phase and late phase Citation Format: Yeon JIn Kim, Soo Yeon Chung, Byung Joo Chae, Jonghan Yu, Jeong Eon Lee, Jai Min Ryu. Learning curve for Robotic assisted nipple sparing mastectomy: a single institution experience [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-14-03.

Use of corn distillers dried grain with solubles in broilers feed

This study aimed to evaluate the inclusion of distiller's dried grains with soluble (DDGS) of corn in the broiler diet on growth performance, carcass and viscera yield, and biometrics of the gastrointestinal tract. In total, 700 male Cobb 500 broilers were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments, seven replicates, and 20 chicks per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of a control and four levels of inclusion of DDGS (4, 8, 12, and 16%) in the diet. The inclusion of the DDGS did not influence the performance in the periods of 1 to 7 and 36 to 42 days of age. For broilers 8 to 35 days old, the feed intake was not altered by the treatments, but the average weight gain and feed conversion (p&lt;0.05) had a quadratic polynomial effect. There was a reduction in carcass and breast weight of broilers slaughtered at 42 days of age fed with 12 and 16% DDGS. The DDGS in diets can be considered an alternative ingredient in diets for broilers up to 12% inclusion.

Impact of Different Levels of Crude Protein on Production Performance and Meat Quality in Broiler Selected for Slow Growth

The production performance and meat quality of the slow-growing hybrid Hubbard JA757 were monitored under conditions of diets differentiated by crude protein content. A total of 1200 as-hatched day-old chickens were equally and randomly allotted into two treatments (T-1 and T-2), with six replicates provided for each treatment (100 chickens/replicate). T-1 chickens received standard diets (according to Hubbard Company recommendations), and those in T-2 were fed diets supplemented with crude protein (+0.5% CP in the growing phase and +1.0% CP in the finishing phase). At the end of the investigations (age 56 days), the T-2 chickens performed better than the T-1 chickens for growth traits (+2.72% body weight; +2.77% daily growth gain; −0.34% mortality; and −4.15% feed conversion ratio); for slaughtering (+0.66% dressed yield; +1.10% breast weight; and +1.25% thigh weight); and for quality meat (+0.55% dry matter in thigh muscles and +1.52% dry matter in breast muscles) (p &gt; 0.05). Statistically significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) occurred between treatments for body weight, daily weight gain, and feed conversion ratio due to the 0.5% CP feed supplementation during the 15–28 day age period, justifying the usefulness of the CP increasing throughout the grower diet only and not during the finishing period.

The Effect of Humic Substances on the Meat Quality in the Fattening of Farm Pheasants (Phasianus colchicus)

Background: The effects of humic substances (HSs) on the carcass characteristics and meat quality traits of breast and thigh muscles were studied. Methods: In total, 200 pheasants were allocated to 4 treatments, each containing 50 birds. The control birds were fed a diet without additives (0% HS); the other treatment birds were fed diets containing HSs at 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0% from 1 to 90 days of age. At the end of the experiment, several carcass characteristics were measured and breast and thigh muscle samples were taken to determine the composition of several nutrients by standard laboratory methods and procedures. Results: The carcass weights of both males and females increased significantly (p &lt; 0.05) in the 0.50 HS and 0.75 HS groups after supplementation with HSs. The same effect of humic substances in the 0.50 and 0.75 HS groups was found in the weight of breast and thighs (p &lt; 0.05). Significantly (p &lt; 0.05), the highest carcass yield in males and females was found in the 0.50 HS group. Conclusions: Feeding with a diet containing HSs can have a beneficial influence on the carcass parameters, decrease the crude fat content in the meat and change the profile of bioactive fatty acids in the breast and thigh muscles of broiler pheasants.

Genetic parameters of feather corticosterone and fault bars and correlations with production traits in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo)

Robustness can refer to an animal’s ability to overcome perturbations. Intense selection for production traits in livestock has resulted in reduced robustness which has negative implications for livability as well as production. There is increasing emphasis on improving robustness through poultry breeding, which may involve identifying novel phenotypes that could be used in selection strategies. The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and associated hormones (e.g., corticosterone) participate in many metabolic processes that are related to robustness. Corticosterone can be measured non-invasively in feathers (FCORT) and reflects the average HPA axis activity over the feather growing period, however measurement is expensive and time consuming. Fault bars are visible feather deformities that may be related to HPA axis activity and may be a more feasible indicator trait. In this study, we estimated variance components for FCORT and fault bars in a population of purebred turkeys as well as their genetic and partial phenotypic correlations with other economically relevant traits including growth and efficiency, carcass yield, and meat quality. The estimated heritability for FCORT was 0.21 ± 0.07 and for the fault bar traits (presence, incidence, severity, and index) estimates ranged from 0.09 to 0.24. The genetic correlation of FCORT with breast weight, breast meat yield, fillet weight, and ultimate pH were estimated at −0.34 ± 0.21, −0.45 ± 0.23, −0.33 ± 0.24, and 0.32 ± 0.24, respectively. The phenotypic correlations of FCORT with breast weight, breast meat yield, fillet weight, drum weight, and walking ability were −0.16, −0.23, −0.18, 0.17, and 0.21, respectively. Some fault bar traits showed similar genetic correlations with breast weight, breast meat yield, and walking ability but the magnitude was lower than those with FCORT. While the dataset is limited and results should be interpreted with caution, this study indicates that selection for traits related to HPA axis activity is possible in domestic turkeys. Further research should focus on investigating the association of these traits with other robustness-related traits and how to potentially implement these traits in turkey breeding.

Morphometric measurements and carcass characteristics of Black Australorp, Naked Neck, and Rhode Island Red crossbreds under alternative production systems.

The present trial explained the effect of alternative production systems on growth, morphometric and carcass traits of four different chicken genotypes. The second generation of two genotypes RNN (Rhode Island Red × Naked Neck) and BNN (Black Australorp × Naked Neck) obtained by two self-crosses (RNN × RNN = RR and BNN × BNN = BB) and two reciprocal crosses (RNN × BNN = RB and BNN × RNN = BR) were evaluated in three alternative production systems (conventional cages, enriched cages, and aviary). At the 6th week of age after sexing, a total of 600 birds, comprising 150 from each crossbred with a total of 300 pullets and 300 cockerels were divided into conventional cages, enriched cages, and aviary systems having 200 birds in each.Birds were organized into 3×4 factorial arrangements under Completely Randomized Design (3 production systems × 4 genotypes × 2 sexes × 25 birds = 600 birds). Regarding genotypes, RB and BR males showed higher (p < 0.01) carcass yield, drumstick weight, breast weight, and thigh weight than BB and RR genotypes. Females of BR genotype showed higher (p < 0.01) breast weight, thigh weight and drumstick weight. As far as production systems are concerned, higher (p < 0.01) liver weight, heart weight, breast weight, intestinal weight, drumstick weight, and thigh weight were observed in the males reared in enriched cages compared with conventional cages and aviary system. Females reared in enriched cages showed higher (p < 0.01) heart weight, breast weight, intestinal weight, drumstick weight, and thigh weight when compared with those reared in conventional cages and aviary. It is concluded that chickens (both sexes) of BR and RB genotypes had better morphological measurements and carcass traits than those of RR and BB genotype chickens. Among alternative production systems, chickens reared in enriched cages had better traits than those of reared in conventional cages and aviary during the growing phase.

Impact of Supplementation of Different Levels of Rumen Protected Fat on Productive Performance, Lipid Profile and Hot Carcass Characteristics in Fattening Sheep

The present study was aimed at establishing an association between productive performance, lipid profile, and hot carcass quality in fattening sheep supplemented with different levels of rumen protected fat (RPF). Twenty-four adult ewes of 8 - 12 months of age were randomly divided into three groups with eight animals in each; one without supplementation (CSFA0); two supplementation groups (CSFA3 and CSFA5) that were supplemented with 3% and 5% additional RPF in the form of calcium salts of long chain fatty acids (CSFAs), respectively on dry matter intake (DMI). Productive performances and the blood lipid profile were evaluated at fortnightly intervals, and at the end of 60 days, animals were slaughtered and hot carcass characteristics were recorded. Body condition score (BCS) was higher (P&lt;0.05) in CSFA3 and CSFA5 sheep fed with 3% and 5% additional fat by 34.17% and 37.40%, respectively than CSFA0. The average daily gain (ADG) was higher (P&lt;0.05) in sheep fed with CSFAs by 1.51-1.65-fold and enhanced live body weight (LBW) in the CSFA3 and CSFA5 groups by 11.36% and 14.48%, respectively. Plasma HDL and LDL concentrations were higher (P&lt;0.05) in CSFA3 and CSFA5 sheep supplemented with additional RPF. Inclusion of CSFAs in the diet increased (P&lt;0.05) fatness score of hot carcasses in CSFA3 and CSFA5 by 26.19% and 59.52%, respectively. Hot carcass weight (HCW), separable fat, neck, shoulder, flank and breast weights, and carcass compact index (CCI) were higher (P&lt;0.05) in supplementation groups, which increased the dressing percentage (DP) by 3.21% to 3.68%. The BCS, LBW, slaughter weight, separable fat, fore and hind saddle weights were positively (P&lt;0.01) associated with the HCW. Further, HCW, shoulder, and chest circumferences showed a positive (P&lt;0.01) correlation with CCI and DP. The results of the current study concluded that supplementation of 3% and 5% CSFAs improved BCS, ADG, and LBW which enhanced the hot carcass characteristics and quality with an extra DP of 3.21 to 3.68%. However, we were unable to discern a discernible change in productive performance and hot carcass features between 3% and 5% administration of CSFAs. Therefore, inclusion of a 7% (basal diet 4% + 3% supplementation) source of lipids or fat on DMI is preferred for maximizing the desired productive performance and hot carcass quality in fattening sheep.

Effect of level of metabolizable energy on the breast and wing weight of local chickens: A meta-analysis

The purposed of this study was to determine the effect of dietary energy and protein balance on the wing weight and breast weight of native chicken using meta-analysis technique. This study used meta-analysis technique to integrate 116 data from 8 articles that contain information about effect of energy and protein balance rations on wings weight and breast weight of local chicken. The meta-analysis technique begins with collecting data from several scientific publications that contain energy and protein levels. The data was tabulated in the form of database with the help of Microsoft excel and in this tabulation process the units of each data were equalized tabulated and analysed using SAS. The results of this study concluded that it took 17.04% of dietary crude protein to produce a minimum breast weight of 151.96grams and 2953.31 kcal/kg to produce 122.66grams of breast weight, as well as 17.43% of raw proteins to make a minimum wing weight of 88.25gram and 2970 kcal / kg to produce an 89.53gram of wing. In conclusion protein requirements and energy metabolism, each pile showed varying results. The existence of this diversity is influenced by genetic and environmental factors.

Formulation of diets for slow-growing broilers slaughtered at different ages on carcass characteristics and composition of commercial cuts.

This study was conducted to examine the effects of a diet formulated with industrial amino acids and a commercial vitamin-mineral mixture on the characteristics of carcass and meat cuts of slow-growing broilers slaughtered at different ages. The experiment involved 600 one-day-old male and female white Naked Neck chicks. The chicks were allotted randomly to a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement consisting of two diets and three slaughter ages, in a completely randomized experimental design with five replicates of 20 birds each. The experimental period was 84 days. Six chicks were selected and slaughtered on the first day, and then at 56, 70 and 84 days of age 10 birds unit was selected and slaughtered per experimental period. Weight and yield of carcass, abdominal fat and breast, thigh and drumstick meat were determined. Additionally, moisture, protein, fat and mineral matter contents and protein and fat deposition in the breast, drumstick and thigh muscles were determined. The diet did not influence the yields of carcass, abdominal fat, or meat cuts or the nutritional composition of meat. Slaughter age influenced the yields of breast and thigh meat and abdominal fat; the protein content of breast meat; and the moisture, crude protein, fat, and mineral matter contents of drumstick and thigh meat. There was an interaction effect between diet and slaughter age for protein deposition in breast meat. The age factor influenced fat deposition in the drumstick muscles. Protein deposition in the thigh muscles was influenced by the diet. Moreover, a difference was observed between the ages for protein and fat deposition in the thigh muscle. In conclusion, the use of a commercial mixture in the diet results in decreased protein deposition in the breast and thigh muscles, although this difference does not affect the characteristics of carcass or meat cuts. Birds slaughtered at 70 days exhibit similar carcass characteristics to those of birds slaughtered at 84 days, indicating the possibility of an earlier slaughter age.