Breast Tissue Research Articles

ANÁLISE CORRELACIONAL DA DEPRESSÃO EM PACIENTES COM CÂNCER DE MAMA: REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA DE LITERATURA

Breast cancer is a neoplasm that affects more women than men and develops in the breast tissue. Depressive syndrome is one of the conditions that has contributed most to the increase in the global burden of health-related diseases, and is a condition closely related to cancer diagnosis. The aim of this study was to analyze the correlation of depressive disorder symptoms in breast cancer patients undergoing treatment. This study was developed through an integrative literature review (ILR) in the online databases VHL and PubMed, carried out between August and November 2024. The literature was searched according to the PICo strategy. The study of the data obtained was mediated according to the themes covered by the works acquired during the literature search. At the end of the filtering carried out according to the established exclusion and inclusion criteria, six publications were obtained, found in different journals and converging with the study objective. Five thematic categories were formed, which discuss prevalence; family support; mortality; genetic analysis and incidence during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, it can be said that depression and breast cancer are extremely interlinked, especially in patients in susceptible situations and with difficult family support and genetic predisposition.

Design and Development of a Quad mode Circular Millimeter-Wave Patch Antenna for Breast Tumour Size Detection and Localization

In this study, we present the development of an antenna based on millimeter-wave specifically designed for performance in breast tumour detection and localization. A quad – mode circular microstrip antenna is engineered to function at millimeter-wave frequencies of 30 GHz and 40 GHz, focusing on accurate tumor size & location. At 30 GHz and 40 GHz, facilitating effective penetration through breast tissue and enabling precise tumor localization. The differential dielectric characteristics of malignant and normal breast tissues provide the basis for the detection of breast cancers using mm-wave imaging. Using quarter mode circular patch antennas, this method sends and receives pulses that travel through the breast at various points. The tumor's location and size are then determined by receiving the waves from the breast. Due to their strong scattering properties, malignant tumors can be identified by their transfer characteristics in the reflected signals they receive. The study also looks at how the tumor's size and location in relation to the antenna affect detection efficiency. These results suggest that mm wave planar antennas are useful for locating and detecting tiny breast cancers, offering a viable method for breast cancer detection.

Single-Sample Networks Reveal Intra-Cytoband Co-Expression Hotspots in Breast Cancer Subtypes

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease comprising various subtypes with distinct molecular characteristics, clinical outcomes, and therapeutic responses. This heterogeneity evidences significant challenges for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Traditional genomic co-expression network analyses often overlook individual-specific interactions critical for personalized medicine. In this study, we employed single-sample gene co-expression network analysis to investigate the structural and functional genomic alterations across breast cancer subtypes (Luminal A, Luminal B, Her2-enriched, and Basal-like) and compared them with normal breast tissue. We utilized RNA-Seq gene expression data to infer gene co-expression networks. The LIONESS algorithm allowed us to construct individual networks for each patient, capturing unique co-expression patterns. We focused on the top 10,000 gene interactions to ensure consistency and robustness in our analysis. Network metrics were calculated to characterize the topological properties of both aggregated and single-sample networks. Our findings reveal significant fragmentation in the co-expression networks of breast cancer subtypes, marked by a change from interchromosomal (TRANS) to intrachromosomal (CIS) interactions. This transition indicates disrupted long-range genomic communication, leading to localized genomic regulation and increased genomic instability. Single-sample analyses confirmed that these patterns are consistent at the individual level, highlighting the molecular heterogeneity of breast cancer. Despite these pronounced alterations, the proportion of CIS interactions did not significantly correlate with patient survival outcomes across subtypes, suggesting limited prognostic value. Furthermore, we identified high-degree genes and critical cytobands specific to each subtype, providing insights into subtype-specific regulatory networks and potential therapeutic targets. These genes play pivotal roles in oncogenic processes and may represent important keys for targeted interventions. The application of single-sample co-expression network analysis proves to be a powerful tool for uncovering individual-specific genomic interactions.

Mammography In Breast Cancer Screening – Current Knowledge, Challenges, The Impact of Artificial Intelligence, And Effectiveness With A Focus On Poland

Mammography is a critical tool in breast cancer screening and secondary prevention, enabling early detection and significantly reducing breast cancer mortality. This literature review assesses the effectiveness of mammography in identifying early-stage tumors, discussing its advantages, limitations, and specific challenges. Additionally, advancements in imaging techniques, such as 3D tomosynthesis, are examined, especially for their enhanced sensitivity in women with dense breast tissue, which reduces structural overlap and improves diagnostic precision. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in mammographic image analysis opens new opportunities, supporting radiologists by automating the detection and classification of potential lesions, thereby increasing screening efficiency and reducing false-positive rates. However, effective implementation of AI requires seamless integration with clinical systems and ongoing research to refine algorithms for diverse clinical needs. Furthermore, legal frameworks are essential to delineate responsibility in AI-supported diagnostics. This review emphasizes the status of breast cancer screening in Poland, where participation rates remain low despite the availability of free screenings. This highlights the need for improved public awareness and accessibility, especially in underserved areas. Overall, the findings underscore the fundamental role of mammography in breast cancer detection, with AI and other technological advancements significantly enhancing diagnostic accuracy while identifying areas for further improvement.

A comprehensive genome-based analysis identifies the anti-cancerous role of the anoikis-related gene ADH1A in modulating the pathogenesis of breast cancer.

Breast cancer (BC), a widespread and lethal neoplasm, is irrespective of the subtype of BC. Metastasis remains a crucial determinant for unfavorable outcome. The identification of novel diagnostic markers is instrumental in optimizing the treatment regime for BC. The direct correlation between anoikis and the progression/outcome of BC is well established. Nevertheless, the contribution of anoikis-related genes (ARGs) in BC remains obscure at present. We implemented the METABRIC dataset to scrutinize and assess differentially expressed ARGs in BC versus healthy breast tissues. An unsupervised consensus clustering approach for ARGs was employed to classify patients into diverse subtypes. ESTIMATE algorithms were utilized to assess immune infiltrative patterns. Prognostic gene expression patterns were derived from LASSO regression and univariate COX regression analysis. Subsequently, these signatures underwent examination via use of the Kaplan-Meier survival curve. 6 pairs of fresh tissue specimens (tumor and adjacent non-tumor) were employed to assess the expression of 7 ARGs genes via qPCR. Notably, DCN and FOS were not expressed in BC tissue, which had been excluded in our subsequent experiments. Also, among remaining 5 ARGs, solely the expression of ADH1A demonstrated a statistically remarkable disparity between freshly collected cancer tissues and the adjacent ones. ADH1A-overexpressed and ADH1A-sh vectors were transfected into MCF-7 and MCF-7-AR cell lines, respectively. The expression status of FABP4, CALML5, ADH1A, C1orf106, CIDEC, β-catenin, N-cadherin, and Vimentin in the clinical samples were scrutinized using RT-qPCR and western blotting techniques. Migration and invasion through transwell chambers were employed to assess the migratory and invasive potential of the cells. Detailed evaluation of cell proliferation was conducted utilizing a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The apoptotic index of the cells was determined by flow cytometry analysis. An innovative anoikis-associated signature consisting of seven genes, namely ADH1A, DCN, CIEDC, FABP4, FOS, CALML5, and C1orf106, was devised to stratify BC patients into high- and low-risk cohorts. This unique risk assessment model, formulated via the distinctive signature approach, has been validated as an independent prognostic indicator. Additional analysis demonstrated that distinct risk subtypes manifested variances in the tumor microenvironment and drug sensitivities. Suppression of ADH1A enhanced the migratory and invasive capacities and reduced these tumorigenesis-related protein levels, underscoring the prognostic role of ADH1A in the progression of BC. Through our meticulous study, we have elucidated the possible molecular markers and clinical implications of ARGs in BC. Our model, which incorporate seven ARGs, has proven to accurately forecast the survival outcomes of BC patients. Moreover, the thorough molecular study of ADH1A has augmented our comprehension of ARGs in BC and opened a novel avenue for guiding personalized and precise therapeutic interventions for BC patients.

MICROWAVE REFLECTOMETRY CIRCUITS INTEGRATION WITH COAXIAL PROBE FOR INITIAL BREAST TUMOR DETECTION

A six-port reflectometry (SPR) system was developed to predict the dielectric properties of both tumor and normal breast tissue, intended for medical diagnostic applications. Ensuring precise measurements, the SPR underwent calibration using a well-established four-step procedure, which will be briefly outlined. Afterward, the investigated coaxial probe was connected to the SPR through the calibrated measurement port. Subsequently, the exposed end of the probe aperture was immersed into synthetic samples representing both healthy and cancerous breast tissue to assess the dielectric constant, εrʹ and loss factor, εrʺ across frequencies ranging from 1.5 GHz to 3.3 GHz. The dielectric constant, εrʹ and loss factor, εrʺ were derived from the measured reflection coefficient using a closed-form equation associated with the coaxial probe. An examination was undertaken to compare the performance of a commercially available vector network analyzer (VNA) outfitted with a Keysight 85070E dielectric probe against an SPR-probe system. The comparison was based on analyzing the reflection coefficient magnitude, phase shift, dielectric constant, and loss factor of synthetic breast tissue samples. The study revealed maximum absolute errors of 0.01, 1.07°, 1.12, and 0.75 for the measured reflection coefficient magnitude, phase shift, dielectric constant, and loss factor, respectively. The calibrated reflection coefficient and predicted relative permittivity, εr can be effectively utilized to distinguish between normal (εrʹ < 50) and tumor (εrʹ > 50) breast tissue.

DESIGN OF MULIFREQUENCY ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE TOMOGRAPHY (MfEIT) BASED ON ANALOG DISCOVERY TO DETECT BREAST CANCER

This study aims to design Multifrequency Electrical Impedance Tomography (MfEIT) based on Analog Discovery to detect breast cancer. The MfEIT was built from Analog Discovery which can be used as a signal generator, power supply, voltage control and measuring voltage and phase difference. Other complementary modules are Multiplexer, Instrument amplifier, Voltage Constant Current Source (VCCS), and High Pass Filter (HPF). The MfEIT performance test was carried out on a phantom object made of agar with a certain conductivity that represents breast and cancer tissue. The MfEIT performance testing at a frequency of 10 kHz, 40 kHz, and 80 kHz. The reconstruction from both potential and phase difference data, it shown that are in accordance with the phantom condition, both in number, size and position of anomalies. The reconstruction from the voltage data shown fine at all frequencies, but the phase data produces a good reconstruction image when frequencies was less than 80 kHz.

Revolutionizing early breast cancer screening: Advanced multi-spectral transmission imaging classification with improved Otsu's method and K-means clustering

Breast cancer stands as a formidable danger to the health of women worldwide, underscoring the critical need for effective screening methods. Multispectral transmission imaging offers a promising avenue due to its non-invasive potential for early screening. Some researchers already suggested registration to solve the problem of jitters due to respiration and movement and frame accumulation technology to solve the low grayscale problem. However, the classification of blood vessels and breast tissue in breast images often suffers from low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and low contrast, hindering accurate classification. This paper proposes a novel improved Otsu's method with K-Means clustering to address this challenge. The proposed method aims to enhance the foundation for classification using multispectral transmission images. The study utilizes multispectral transmission images captured at four wavelengths, representing an innovative avenue for early, affordable breast cancer screening research. Initially, 300 images are registered and accumulated to prove the efficiency of the suggested methodology. Then, median filtering is applied to reduce noise in the images. Improved Otsu's segmentation method is then employed to separate blood vessels from breast tissue. After that, K-means clustering is utilized to accurately classify these components. The results of the proposed method demonstrate significant improvements in classification accuracy and grayscale contrast of multispectral breast images. By effectively distinguishing blood vessels and breast tissue, the proposed methodology addresses the inherent challenges of low contrast in multispectral transmission imaging. This advancement offers a clearer pathway for early breast cancer screening.

Label-Free Detection of Breast Phyllodes Tumors Based onMultiphoton Microscopy.

Phyllodes tumors (PTs) are rare breast stroma neoplasms, and their accurate identification at various stages is essential for personalized patient treatment. In this study, multiphoton microscopy (MPM) with two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) and second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging was used for label-free detection and differentiation of PTs and normal breast tissue. An automated image processing strategy was developed to quantify changes in collagen fiber morphology within the stroma and boundary of PTs, establishing optical diagnostic characteristics of PTs using MPM. The results demonstrated that MPM could be used for the detection of different stages of PTs, and the morphological alterations in collagen fibers could serve as critical indicators of PT malignancy, offering new insights for the diagnosis and grading of benign, borderline, and malignant PTs. It lays the groundwork for the future application of compact MPM for the rapid detection and diagnosis of PTs.

Construction of a novel mitochondrial oxidative stress-related genes prognostic system and molecular subtype characterization for breast cancer

PurposeBreast cancer (BRCA) is the most common malignant tumor among women, characterized by high incidence rates and mortality rates. Oxidative stress and immunity, particularly in relation to mitochondria, have emerged as pivotal factors in breast carcinogenesis. Nonetheless, limited research has explored the specific contribution of mitochondrial oxidative stress to the prognosis of BRCA.MethodIn this study, we conducted univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses to pinpoint independent prognostic genes associated with mitochondrial oxidative stress (MOSRGs) and their correlation with BRCA clinical outcomes. Subsequently, we developed a robust and accurate MOS scoring system for BRCA patients based on these identified independent prognostic MOSRGs.ResultOur findings were further substantiated by immune infiltration and somatic mutation analyses, providing additional evidence that the MOS scoring system holds predictive value for clinical outcomes in patients and correlates directly with three subtypes of BRCA. In vitro experiments in the MCF7 cell and breast tissue further verified the mRNA and protein expression level of independent prognostic genes, validating the consistency of the MOS prognostic signatures in BRCA.ConclusionThis research has unveiled a novel prognostic scoring system, providing valuable insights for improving patient prognosis assessment and developing individualized treatment strategies in BRCA patients.

Neoplasias mamária e esplênica em cadela

Regarding mammary and splenic neoplasms in dogs, the surgical therapeutic approach is often the method of choice, given its curative potential and the possibility of subsequent histopathological analysis. In veterinary medicine, the incidence of mammary neoplasms is high, especially in unneutered female dogs. Breast carcinoma in situ, with its histological particularities and clinical behavior, requires a careful diagnosis and a precise therapeutic approach, carrying out additional tests such as cytopathology and ultrasound to adequately define the treatment. Surgical excision, associated with the evaluation of adjacent healthy breast tissue, is essential to ensure complete removal of neoplastic tissue, plus it is also indicated to perform ovariohysterectomy (OVH) together with mastectomy. Spleen tumors are similarly common in dogs, especially hemangiosarcoma, which is notable for its aggressiveness and high metastatic rate. Therefore, early diagnosis and precise interventions are essential for a good prognosis, with the affected organ being often removed in its entirety. Therefore, we report the case of a female Shih-Tzu dog, 7 years old and weighing 4kg, who presented, upon palpation, a nodule in the left M3 measuring <1cm with absence of nodular secretion, change in color, itching local or galactorrhea. The patient was referred for regional mastectomy and OVH after cytological examination compatible with carcinoma and, in a pre-operative ultrasound examination, a singular hypoechoic nodular formation, discretely heterogeneous, vascularized on Doppler and in close contact with the splenic capsule was noted in the spleen in its medial parietal portion, measuring 0.96 cm in its longest axis. Thus, during intraoperative visual inspection after OVH and upon approval from the owner, it was decided to perform total splenectomy and, after histopathological examination, it was known that the organ was affected by hemangiosarcoma. The canine was discharged from the hospital a few hours after the end of the surgery, without the subsequent use of adjuvant therapies.

High intensity interval training as a therapy: Mitophagy restoration in breast cancer

Recent studies have highlighted the role of mitophagy in tumorigenesis. This study aimed to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on mitophagy in tumor tissues of mice with breast cancer. Twenty-eight female BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to four groups: Healthy Control (CO), Cancer (CA), Exercise (EX), and Cancer + Exercise (CA + EX). Mammary tumors were induced in the CA and CA + EX groups via 4T1 cell injections. Upon confirmation of tumor formation, the EX and CA + EX groups underwent 8 weeks (40 sessions) of HIIT, comprising 4–10 intervals of running at 80–100 % of maximum speed. The expression levels of mitophagy-related proteins, including parkin, PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), NIP3-like protein X (NIX), BCL2 interacting protein-3 (BINP3), microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-I (LC3-I), microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-II (LC3-II), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase-1 (ULK1), and sirtuin-1 (SIRT1), were measured in breast and tumor tissues. Tumor volume relative to body weight was assessed weekly during the eight-week HIIT intervention. Protein expression of parkin, PINK1, NIX, BINP3, LC3-II, LC3-I, AMPK, ULK1, and SIRT1 was reduced in the breast tissue of the CA group, while HIIT restored expression levels across all measured variables (P < 0.01). Additionally, tumor volume relative to body weight was significantly lower in the CA + EX group compared to the CA group from weeks 3–8 (P < 0.01). These findings suggest that breast cancer suppresses mitophagy, yet HIIT effectively reverses this suppression, potentially reducing tumor burden. HIIT may thus represent a promising therapeutic strategy for managing breast cancer.

BreCML: identifying breast cancer cell state in scRNA-seq via machine learning

Breast cancer is a prevalent malignancy and one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide. This disease typically manifests through the abnormal proliferation and dissemination of malignant cells within breast tissue. Current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies face significant challenges in accurately identifying and localizing specific subtypes of breast cancer. In this study, we developed a novel machine learning-based predictor, BreCML, designed to accurately classify subpopulations of breast cancer cells and their associated marker genes. BreCML exhibits outstanding predictive performance, achieving an accuracy of 98.92% on the training dataset. Utilizing the XGBoost algorithm, BreCML demonstrates superior accuracy (98.67%), precision (99.15%), recall (99.49%), and F1-score (99.79%) on the test dataset. Through the application of machine learning and feature selection techniques, BreCML successfully identified new key genes. This predictor not only serves as a powerful tool for assessing breast cancer cellular status but also offers a rapid and efficient means to uncover potential biomarkers, providing critical insights for precision medicine and therapeutic strategies.

083. Bilateral Mammae Reduction in Patients with Gestational Gigantomastia

Background: Gestational gigantomastia is a rare clinical condition characterized by rapid and disproportionate breast enlargement during pregnancy. This case report describes a 24-year-old female patient with bilateral gigantomastia. Case: A 24-year-old female patient presented with complaints of a lump in both breasts that had progressively enlarged since her first pregnancy. Physical examination revealed breast enlargement measuring 30x20 cm, with signs of skin stretching, redness, no lesions, and engorged veins around both the left and right breasts. On palpation, there was no tenderness, the tissue felt soft, no masses were detected, and there was retraction of the nipple. In the right and left axillary regions, masses measuring 4x5 cm and 4x3 cm, respectively, were noted, matching the skin color. Breast ultrasound showed diffuse edematous changes in bilateral mammary parenchyma accompanied by duct ectasia, with a differential diagnosis of mastitis. The patient was diagnosed with bilateral gigantomastia and underwent reduction mammoplasty. Conclusion: This case report describes a patient with gestational gigantomastia who underwent reduction mammoplasty and excision of aberrant breast tissue.

Zymogen granule protein 16B (ZG16B) is a druggable epigenetic target to modulate the mammary extracellular matrix.

High tissue density of the mammary gland is considered a pro-tumorigenic factor, hence suppressing the stimuli that induce matrix buildup carries the potential for cancer interception. We found that in non-malignant mammary epithelial cells the combination of the chemopreventive agents bexarotene (Bex) and carvedilol (Carv) suppresses the zymogen granule protein 16B (ZG16B, PAUF) through an interaction of ARID1A with a proximal enhancer. Bex + Carv also reduced ZG16B levels invivo in normal breast tissue and MDA-MB231 tumor xenografts. The relevance of ZG16B is underscored by ongoing clinical trials targeting ZG16B in pancreatic cancers, but its role in breast cancer development is unclear. In immortalized mammary epithelial cells, secreted recombinant ZG16B stimulated mitogenic kinase phosphorylation, detachment and mesenchymal characteristics, and promoted proliferation, motility and clonogenic growth. Highly concerted induction of specific laminin, collagen and integrin isoforms indicated a shift in matrix properties toward increased density and cell-matrix interactions. Exogenous ZG16B alone blocked Bex + Carv-mediated control of cell growth and migration, and antagonized Bex + Carv-induced gene programs regulating cell adhesion and migration. In breast cancer cells ZG16B induced colony formation and anchorage-independent growth, and stimulated migration in a PI3K/Akt-dependent manner. In contrast, Bex + Carv inhibited colony formation, reduced Ki67 levels, ZG16B expression and glucose uptake in MDA-MB231 xenografts. These data establish ZG16B as a druggable pro-tumorigenic target in breast cell transformation and suggest a key role of the matrisome network in rexinoid-dependent antitumor activity.

Untargeted metabolomic profiling of small extracellular vesicles reveals potential new biomarkers for triple negative breast cancer.

Breast Cancer (BC) is one of the most diagnosed malignancies among women and the second leading cause of cancer related death in North America. Triple Negative BC (TNBC), one of the most severe subtypes of BC, is extremely aggressive and has a higher chance of occurrence in women under 50 years of age. Due to a lack of regular mammographic testing in women under 50, many individuals with TNBC are diagnosed late which can decrease their survival rate. Currently, liquid biopsy is being investigated as a potentially less-invasive alternative to traditional breast tissue biopsy, but this approach is not completely reliable. Blood contains extracellular vesicles (EVs), which carry biomolecular cargo and play a role in BC progression and metastasis. Examination of small EVs could potentially yield metabolite biomarkers for early BC diagnosis. We aim to study metabolites in small EVs to find biomarkers for BC diagnosis. In this work, an untargeted nano-LC MS/MS metabolomics approach was used to analyze metabolites from small EVs derived from metastatic MDA-MB-231 and compare it with a non-cancerous MCF10A cell line. Two metabolites, LysoPC 22:6/0:0 and N-acetyl-L-Phenylalanine, unique to sEVs of MDA-MB-231, were identified, validated, and proposed as potential BC biomarkers. Metabolites from sEVs may be used for BC diagnosis.

An in silico approach uncovering the competency of oncolytic human adenovirus 52 for targeted breast cancer virotherapy

Breast cancer remains a major health threat throughout the world specifically in women above 30 years of age however, it is rarely known to affect men as well. It is characterized by the abnormal division of cells in the breast tissue resulting in the development of breast malignancies. Various risk factors contributing to breast cancer include age, family history, genetic mutations (chiefly in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes) along with hormonal imbalances (oestrogen, progesterone, HER2). Early detection which can be obtained through frequent rounds of self-examination, mammographic scanning, and clinical assessment plays a crucial role in the prevention of the disease. In addition, appropriate diagnosis assists in better therapeutic responses. This study highlights the considerable health risks associated with the conventional treatment procedures which arise and increased demand of advanced, secure, and risk-free treatment alternatives. Oncolytic viruses are potentially apparent for the aim of improving cancer therapeutics with reduced side effects. These viruses act as the fundamental therapeutic agent themselves that selectively target and kill malignant cells without harm to healthy tissues. The key objective of the research is to provide evidence that Human Adenovirus 52 is a potent oncolytic virus and to highlight its capacity to target and eliminate cancer cells with precision while causing the least amount of harm to healthy tissues. Validating the in-silico method entails evaluating the precision and dependability of the computational modelling by contrasting the in-silico predictions with the findings from the experiments rank as the secondary objective. The workflow of this research utilized in-silico computational drug designing approaches including retrieval of tertiary structures of both the target Breast Cancer Type 1 Susceptibility Protein (BRCA1) and the viral Human Adenovirus 52 protein, their validation generating Ramachandran Plots determining favoured amino acid residue angles and prediction of their active residues. Furthermore, the study focused on the molecular dynamics docking of proteins, interpretation of molecular interactions between the docked complex, as well as the assessment of the molecular dynamic simulations (MD) in addition to their MMGBSA binding energy calculations. A successful docking between BRCA1 and Adenovirus protein provided a significant score of 329.2 +/- 24.3, furthermore, MD simulations showed a high RMSD peak at 2.8 Å, RMSF were maximum at 3.5 Å with highest protein–protein interaction, the radius of gyration was stable throughout the simulation representing elastic stability along with a high energy interaction value of - 7882 kCal/mol. Moreover, the MMGBSA calculation results showed a notable release of binding free energy of - 68.96 kCal/mol demonstrating effective bond formation between the docked complex. These findings propose the effectiveness of Human Adenovirus 52 to treat cancer. The selected oncolytic Human Adenovirus 52 is a potential candidate for the target specific treatment of breast cancer through virotherapy. This computer-aided drug discovery presents significant potential in targeting cancer cells and would assist in the development of potent drug reagents for the cancer therapy.

Premature Thelarche: An Updated Review.

Premature thelarche is the most common pubertal disorder in girls. The condition should be differentiated from central precocious puberty which may result in early epiphyseal fusion and reduced adult height, necessitating treatment. The purpose of this article is to familiarize physicians with the clinical manifestations of premature thelarche and laboratory tests that may help distinguish premature thelarche from central precocious puberty. A search was conducted in September 2022 in PubMed Clinical Queries using the key term "Premature thelarche". The search strategy included all clinical trials, observational studies, and reviews published within the past 10 years. Only papers published in the English literature were included in this review. The information retrieved from the above search was used to compile the present article. Premature thelarche denotes isolated breast development before the age of 8 years in girls who do not manifest other signs of pubertal development. The condition is especially prevalent during the first two years of life. The majority of cases of premature thelarche are idiopathic. The condition may result from an unsuppressed hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in the early years of life, an "overactivation" of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in early childhood secondary to altered sensitivity to steroids of the hypothalamic receptors controlling sexual maturation, increased circulating free estradiol, increased sensitivity of breast tissue to estrogens, and exposure to exogenous estrogens. The cardinal feature of premature thelarche is breast development which occurs without additional signs of pubertal development in girls under 8 years of age. The enlargement may involve only one breast, both breasts asymmetrically, or both breasts symmetrically. The breast size may fluctuate cyclically. The enlarged breast tissue may be transiently tender. There should be no significant changes in the nipples or areolae and no pubic or axillary hair. The vulva, labia majora, labia minora, and vagina remain prepubertal. Affected girls have a childlike body habitus and do not have mature contours. They are of average height and weight. Growth and osseous maturation, the onset of puberty and menarche, and the pattern of adolescent sexual development remain normal. Most cases of premature thelarche can be diagnosed on clinical grounds. Laboratory tests are seldom indicated. No single test can reliably differentiate premature thelarche from precocious puberty. Premature thelarche is benign, and no therapy is necessary apart from parental reassurance. As enlargement of breasts may be the first sign of central precocious puberty, a prolonged follow- up period every 3 to 6 months with close monitoring of other pubertal events and linear growth is indicated in all instances.

Marijuana and Its Implications in Breast Reduction Surgery Outcomes and Quality of Life: A Matched Analysis.

With marijuana use on the rise, its influence on surgical outcomes, particularly for breast reduction, warrants investigation. This study aims to clarify marijuana's effects on breast reduction surgery outcomes, given its limited research focus despite potential perioperative implications. A retrospective review was conducted from 2016 to 2022 of patients with/without marijuana use undergoing breast reduction. Propensity score-matching considered age, body mass index, ptosis, and breast tissue mass. Patient demographics, clinical attributes, and postoperative details were analyzed. Quality-of-life (QoL) changes were gauged using pre- and postoperative BREAST-Q. Of 415 patients who underwent breast reduction, 140 patients documented marijuana use. After propensity matching, a total of 108 patients (54 marijuana users versus 54 nonusers) were analyzed. The average age was 39 years ± 12 and body mass index 30.1 kg/m2 ± 5.3. There were no differences between the 2 groups in comorbidities, breast symmetry, excision patterns, pedicle use, or drain count (P > 0.05). Furthermore, surgical outcomes including surgical site occurrences, scarring, pain levels, hypersensitivity, or sensation loss were comparable between the groups (P > 0.05). There were also no differences in number of readmissions, reoperations, or emergency department visits (P > 0.05). Both groups showed enhanced postoperative QoL, regardless of marijuana usage. This study indicates that marijuana use does not significantly impact breast reduction surgery outcomes. Comparable surgical results and postoperative QoL improvements were observed in both marijuana users and nonusers. This study provides surgeons with the knowledge to offer more informed patient counseling regarding the implications of marijuana use in relation to breast reduction procedures.

Genomes and epigenomes of matched normal and tumor breast tissue reveal diverse evolutionary trajectories and tumor-host interactions.

Normal tissues adjacent to the tumor (NATs) may harbor early breast carcinogenesis events driven by field cancerization. Although previous studies have characterized copy-number (CN) and transcriptomic alterations, the evolutionary history of NATs in breast cancer (BC) remains poorly characterized. Utilizing whole-genome sequencing (WGS), methylation profiling, and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), we analyzed paired germline, NATs, and tumor samples from 43 individuals with BC in Hong Kong (HK). We found that single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) were common in NATs, with one-third of NAT samples exhibiting SNVs in driver genes, many of which were present in paired tumor samples. The most frequently mutated genes in both tumor and NAT samples were PIK3CA, TP53, GATA3, and AKT1. In contrast, large-scale aberrations such as somatic CN alterations (SCNAs) and structural variants (SVs) were rarely detected in NAT samples. We generated phylogenetic trees to investigate the evolutionary history of paired NAT and tumor samples. They could be categorized into tumor only, shared, and multiple-tree groups, the last of which is concordant with non-genetic field cancerization. These groups exhibited distinct genomic and epigenomic characteristics in both NAT and tumor samples.Specifically, NAT samples in the shared-tree group showed higher number of mutations, while NAT samples belonging to the multiple-tree group showed a less inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME), characterized by a higher proportion ofregulatory Tcells (Tregs) and lower presence of CD14 cell populations. In summary, our findings highlight the diverse evolutionary history in BC NAT/tumor pairs and the impact of field cancerization and TME in shaping the genomic evolutionary historyof tumors.