Breast Size Research Articles

Acetabular cup size trends in total hip arthroplasty.

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a common procedure for end stage osteoarthritis. The learning curve for THA is complex and challenging. One of the most difficult skills to master is acetabular reaming. We wish to identify if experience in arthroplasty leads to preservation of more bone stock. To investigate if increasing surgeon experience will predict an ever decreasing acetabular cup size. A retrospective case series of four attending orthopaedic surgeons was completed. All uncemented elective total hip arthroplasties since appointment were selected for inclusion. The size of acetabular cup used was noted and logistic regression was used to identify if a trend to smaller cups existed. A total of 1614 subjects were included with a mean age of 64 years. Overall cups were on average 0.18mm smaller per year (95% confidence interval -0.25 to -0.11, P < 0.001). Individual surgeon trends showed cup sizes to decrease 0.27 mm/year for surgeon A, 0.02 mm/year for surgeon B, 0.15 mm/year for surgeon C and 0.29 mm/year for surgeon D. Three of the four surgeons had a more pronounced trend to smaller cups for male subjects than their female counterparts. We found increasing surgeon experience to be associated with an ever-decreasing acetabular cup size. Smaller acetabular cup size may act as a surrogate marker of surgical proficiency by virtue of decreased acetabular reaming.

Safety and Feasibility of Single-Port Robotic-Assisted Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy

Robotic-assisted nipple-sparing mastectomies with multiport robots have been described in the US since 2015; however, significant hurdles to multiport robotic surgery exist in breast surgery. To demonstrate that the single-port da Vinci SP (Intuitive Surgical) robotic system is feasible in patients undergoing robotic nipple-sparing mastectomy (rNSM). An initial case series of 20 patients at a large university hospital underwent bilateral single-port robotic nipple-sparing mastectomies (SPrNSM) with tissue expander reconstruction from February 1, 2020, through January 4, 2023. Participants included women who met surgical criteria for nipple-sparing mastectomies, per standard of care. Surgery using a single-port robot and the surgical technique of the authors. Age, indication, body mass index, breast size, operative time, conversion to open surgery, systemic complications, postoperative skin necrosis, and reported skin and nipple areolar complex (NAC) sensation. Twenty women aged 29 to 63 years (median, 40 years) underwent bilateral SPrNSM. Eleven patients completed prophylactic surgery due to a high risk for breast cancer (more than 20% lifetime risk) and 9 patients had breast cancer. Breast size ranged from A through D cup with median B cup and a body mass index range of 19.7 through 27.8 (median 24.4). The total duration of the procedure from incision to skin closure for both sides ranged from 205 minutes to 351 minutes (median, 277). The median robotic time for bilateral SPrNSM was 116 minutes and varied by cup size (A cup, 95 minutes; B cup, 140 minutes; C cup, 118 minutes; D cup, 114 minutes) with no inflection point in learning curve. No cases were converted to open and no immediate complications, such as hematoma, positive margins, or recurrence, were seen. In the first 10 patients prior to routine sensation testing, 20 resected breasts had measurable NAC sensation at a range from 4 to 36 months post-index resection (65%). In the second 10 patients of the cohort, measurable NAC was preserved in 13 of 20 resected breasts 2 weeks following the index operation (65%). In this case series, SPrNSM with immediate reconstruction was feasible and performed safely by an experienced breast surgeon with limited previous robotic training. Further studies confirming the preliminary data demonstrating improved NAC and skin sensation following SPrNSM are warranted. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05245812.

Impact of autologous breast reconstruction on bra fit.

To inform bra design by analyzing 3D surface images of breast cancer patients who underwent autologous breast reconstruction. We computed bra design measurements on 3D surface images of patients who underwent unilateral and bilateral autologous breast reconstruction. Breast measurements and right-left symmetry between preoperative baseline and postoperative time points were compared using either paired Student t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test, depending on the data's distribution. Regression analysis determined associations between measurements and patient characteristics such as age. Postoperative measurements and symmetry differences were also compared between autologous and implant-based breast reconstruction. Among participants who underwent bilateral autologous breast reconstruction, the reconstructed breasts were smaller and positioned higher on the chest wall than their native breasts. For patients who underwent unilateral reconstruction, similar postoperative changes were observed in the contralateral breast due to symmetry procedures. Overall, for participants whose baseline breast measurements showed substantial asymmetry, unilateral reconstruction decreased right-left asymmetry whereas bilateral reconstruction amplified right-left asymmetry. Preoperative baseline breast measurements, age, and BMI were statistically significantly associated with most postoperative breast measurements for participants who underwent bilateral autologous reconstruction. Compared to implant-based reconstruction, autologous reconstruction resulted in fewer changes in breast shape and symmetry that are pertinent to bra fit. Preoperative baseline breast measurements, age, and BMI can impact bra designs for breast cancer survivors who undergo autologous reconstruction due to size, shape, and symmetry changes. Bra needs of people who undergo autologous reconstruction differ from those who undergo implant-based reconstruction.

Automated three-dimensional image registration for longitudinal photoacoustic imaging.

Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) has great potential in monitoring disease progression and treatment response in breast cancer. However, due to variations in breast repositioning, there is a chance of geometric misalignment between images. Further, poor repositioning can affect light fluence distribution and imaging field-of-view, making images different from one another. The net effect is that it becomes challenging to distinguish between image changes due to repositioning effects and those due to true biological variations. The aim is to develop a three-dimensional image registration framework for geometrically aligning repeated PAT volumetric images, which are potentially affected by repositioning effects such as misalignment, changed radiant exposure conditions, and different fields-of-view. The proposed framework involves the use of a coordinate-based neural network to represent the displacement field between pairs of PAT volumetric images. A loss function based on normalized cross correlation and Frangi vesselness feature extraction at multiple scales was implemented. We refer to our image registration framework as MUVINN-reg, which stands for multiscale vesselness-based image registration using neural networks. The approach was tested on a longitudinal dataset of healthy volunteer breast PAT images acquired with the hybrid photoacoustic-ultrasound Photoacoustic Mammoscope 3 imaging system. The registration performance was also tested under unfavorable repositioning conditions such as intentional mispositioning, and variation in breast-supporting cup size between measurements. A total of 13 pairs of repeated PAT scans were included in this study. MUVINN-reg showed excellent performance in co-registering each pair of images. The proposed framework was shown to be robust to image intensity shifts and field-of-view changes. Furthermore, MUVINN-reg could align vessels at imaging depths greater than 4cm. The proposed framework will enable the use of PAT for quantitative and reproducible monitoring of disease progression and treatment response.

Dynamic Taping: A Promising Non-surgical Management Technique for Lactational Breast Abscess

Background Breastfeeding is crucial for maternal and child health. However, mastitis and lactational breast abscesses (LBAs), pose serious health risks for nursing mothers and are traditionally treated with minor surgery, that often separates mother and child, and causes significant maternal distress. This study investigates dynamic tape (DT) as a nonsurgical intervention for LBAs that will allow breastfeeding even during treatment in postpartum Indian women. Methods This prospective, observational cohort study was conducted at a tertiary maternity center (Karnataka, India) between October 2017 and December 2018 [CTRI Number/2018/05/013788]. Twenty postpartum women with mastitis and LBA were subjected to dynamic taping (using DT Beige Tattoo or DT Eco based on breast size and abscess location). LBA resolution was confirmed through ultrasonography and clinical examination. Results Twenty participants (median age = 30 years) completed the study without adverse reactions; 65% practiced exclusive breastfeeding. Lump sizes and pus volumes were significantly reduced after treatment; 60% experienced self-drainage, 35% experienced resolution without self-drainage, and only 5% did not experience resolution; average time to resolution was 13.95 days, with each taping session lasting 3.85 days. The mean lump measurement and pus volume significantly reduced post-treatment from 108.7 cm3 and 54.58 ml to 3.14 cm3 and 1.07 ml, respectively, with 95% experiencing abscess resolution. The positive outcomes were observed during the three-month follow-up, with no recurrence of LBAs. Conclusions Dynamic taping resolves LBAs without surgery, by aiding lymphatic flow, reducing inflammation, and supporting breastfeeding. Larger randomized studies are required to validate its efficacy and safety.

Design of a New Glass Cleaning Robot

Improve the various abilities of glass cleaning robots, such as climbing ability and obstacle crossing ability at any angle, change the traditional movement mode of robots, and enable them to perform obstacle free movement in three-dimensional space. Taking inspiration from the quadruped movement of geckos, the UG software in mechanical CAD/CAM is used to simulate the structure of a glass cleaning robot for gait planning and structural design. By studying the force situation, the dimensions of the four bar mechanism and the size of the suction cup of the vacuum suction cup quadruped glass cleaning robot were derived. The structural design diagram was drawn, and its operating trajectory and mode were explained. Create post-processing through Postbuilder, conduct comprehensive testing and simulation to ensure accuracy before processing its components. The calculation shows that the thigh step distance within one cycle is 89.83 mm, and the calf step distance is 3.11 mm. So, the total step distance of a single leg in one cycle is 92.94 mm. Based on this, a top-down modeling approach was adopted, and assembly methods, connection methods, and driving methods were set in the simulation. The cosine function was used to control the motion trajectory of the legs. This design effectively simulates the motion of geckos. In future research, we will continue to focus on the dynamic trajectory of the robot's tail, in order to enable the robot to adjust its posture through its tail under microgravity and make the motion of the gecko like robot more flexible.

Preoperative visualization of mammary artery for breast reduction surgery based on computed tomography angiography

BackgroundMacromastia, characterized by an increase in breast size, poses challenges such as elevated body burden and chest oppression, potentially leading to cardiac and pulmonary overload. A crucial aspect of addressing these challenges involves preoperative planning, aiming to acquire detailed images and a 3D model of the internal mammary artery with minimal radiation exposure.PurposeThis study aimed to explore the clinical significance of computed tomography angiography (CTA) of the mammary artery in preoperative planning for breast reduction surgery.MethodsRetrospective analysis was conducted on CT images from 60 patients scheduled for breast reduction surgery in the plastic surgery department. These images were processed using a post-processing workstation to extract internal mammary arteries for subsequent 3D modeling. Radiologists and plastic surgeons collaborated to perform preoperative planning based on the 3D model and associated measurement parameters. Subsequent follow-up examinations occurred 4 to 9 months post-surgery, evaluating necrosis rates and complications of the nipple-areola complex (NAC).ResultsA total of 206 blood vessels were reconstructed and extracted in 60 patients, including 156 main arteries and 50 arterioles. There were no instance of NAC necrosis, complications, or infections in the 4–9 months follow-up period.ConclusionsPreoperative Mammary artery CTA emerged as a valuable tool, facilitating a comprehensive understanding of the internal mammary arteries and the primary blood supply in the NAC region. This approach effectively minimizes the risk of NAC supply artery injury during surgery, thereby preserving the functionality of the nipple and areola.

A randomized Phase I pre-operative window trial of transdermal endoxifen in women planning mastectomy: Evaluation of dermal safety, intra-mammary drug distribution, and biologic effects

Breast cancer prevention only requires local exposure of the breast to active drug. However, oral preventive agents entail systemic exposure, causing adverse effects that limit acceptance by high-risk women. Drug-delivery through the breast skin is an attractive option, but requires demonstration of dermal safety and drug distribution throughout the breast. We formulated the tamoxifen metabolite (E/Z)-endoxifen for transdermal delivery and tested it in a placebo-controlled, double-blinded Phase I trial with dose escalation from 10 to 20 mg daily. The primary endpoint was dermal toxicity. Thirty-two women planning mastectomy were randomized (2:1) to endoxifen-gel or placebo-gel applied to both breasts for 3–5 weeks. Both doses of endoxifen-gel incurred no dermal or systemic toxicity compared to placebo. All endoxifen-treated breasts contained the drug at each of five sampling locations; the median per-person tissue concentration in the treated participants was 0.6 ng/g (IQR 0.4–1.6), significantly higher (p < 0.001) than the median plasma concentration (0.2 ng/mL, IQR 0.2–0.2). The median ratio of the more potent (Z)-isomer to (E)-isomer at each breast location was 1.50 (IQR 0.96–2.54, p < 0.05). No discernible effects of breast size or adiposity on tissue concentrations were observed. At the endoxifen doses and duration used, and the tissue concentration achieved, we observed a non-significant overall reduction of tumor proliferation (Ki67 LI) and significant downregulation of gene signatures known to promote cancer invasion (FN1, SERPINH1, PLOD2, PDGFA, ITGAV) (p = 0.03). Transdermal endoxifen is an important potential breast cancer prevention agent but formulations with better dermal penetration are needed.

Benefits of using a support bra in women undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery: A randomized trial

BackgroundApproximately 30 % of cardiac surgeries are conducted on women by median sternotomy, which often causes discomfort such as pain, affects quality of life, and delayed recovery compared with men. Breast size is related to operative wound complications, such as incisional pain, sternum dehiscence, and infection, which may affect hospital costs due to prolonged hospital stays. ObjectiveTo evaluate breast size and operative wound complications and the effect of breast support on the incidence of pain, infection, and quality of life in women after coronary artery bypass grafting. MethodWomen were randomly assigned to one of three groups: group A (surgical breast support), group B (ordinary breast support), and group C (no-support). Observations were taken daily between the second and seventh postoperative days and at 30, 60, and 180 days. Pain was assessed using the Short-Form 36 Health Survey (SF36) for quality of life and a verbal numerical scale. The authors used the nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis and Friedman tests to examine variance. The authors used the Pearson correlation coefficient or the Spearman correlation for correlations between variables. A multivariate study was conducted to evaluate the occurrence of infection, and the logistic regression model with “stepwise” variable selection was used. A linear regression model with the “stepwise” variable selection was also used for hospitalization. The authors used SPSS 17.0 software for Windows, with a significance level of p < 0.05. ResultsThere was no difference in pain evaluation between the groups in 190 women (p > 0.05). When comparing quality of life, there was a statistically significant difference in the functional capacity domain at 30 and 60 days, with group A having the best functional capacity (p < 0.05). The larger the breast size, the longer the hospital stay (p < 0.001) and the higher the probability of infection (p = 0.032). Patients with a history of stroke had a 3.8 higher incidence of infection (p = 0.040). ConclusionThe use of surgical support did not affect acute pain or sternal infection rate in the 6-month follow-up. However, it was effective in the functional capacity domain 30 days after surgery and maintained at 60 days.

Patient and Plastic Surgeon Agreement on Bra Cup Size.

Patient and Plastic Surgeon Agreement on Bra Cup Size.

Adding quilting sutures to Y plasty to avoid postmastectomy lateral dog ears in patients with large cup sized breast

Background Total mastectomy without reconstruction is a commonly adopted procedure for managing breast cancer. Formation of lateral dog ears is very common, especially with large breast cup size. In this study, we assessed the feasibility of adding quilting sutures to the Y plasty technique to achieve more acceptable results in the avoidance of lateral dog ears in comparison to using Y plasty alone. Methods The study included 150 female patients with large breast cup size. Patients were randomized 2 : 1 between group A and group B. In group A, 3–5 quilting sutures were added to the lateral flaps of Y plasty. In group B, Y plasty only was adopted without the quilting sutures. Patients were followed up at 4-month intervals for at least 1 year. One year after surgery, patients filled in a questionnaire inquiring about the degree of discomfort in the area beneath the arm. Also, a plastic surgeon was asked to give a score about the cosmetic outcome of managing lateral dog ears both at 3 weeks and 12 months after surgery. Results Both groups were comparable in regard to age, BMI, breast cup size, and postoperative radiotherapy exposure. Patients in group A had better scores for satisfaction with the shape of the scar and comfort with the bra. Also, the blinded cosmetic outcome assessment was in favor of group A. Conclusion Adding quilting sutures to the lateral flap of the V-Y plasty technique is associated with a better cosmetic outcome in the management of lateral dog ears in mastectomy patients with large breast cup size.

Prediction of axillary lymph node metastasis using tumor volume to breast volume ratio: retrospective cohort study.

Tumour size appear to be a risk factor of axillary lymph node metastasis in breast cancer. Recent evidence shows that higher the T staging is associated with higher rate of axillary lymph node metastasis. However, no studies shows that in the same T staging or tumour size but different breast size or breast volume the incidence of axillary lymph node metastasis differ or not . This Study aimed to investigate the association between tumour to breast ratio in breast cancer as a predictive factor of axillary lymph node metastasis. This study included 200 consecutive patients diagnosed with breast cancer between January 2012 to march 2022. The authors retrospectively reviewed medical data pathologic report and Ultrasonography and mammography of breast. Tumour diameter reported in pathologic report was used to calculate tumour volume using formula for ellipse. Breast volume was calculate using formula referencing from study of Jack W. Rostas et all by formula Breast Volume=1/3׶×Radius2ccview×Heightccview by measuring from mammography of patient. Tumour volume to breast volume ratio was calculated and analyzed. Of 200 patient included in this study, 84 patient (42%) was in lymph node positive group and 116 patient (58%) was in lymph node-negative group. Median for tumour and breast volume ratio in node positive group was higher [median 0.0093 (interquartile range=0.0047-0.023)] than in node-negative group [median 0.0065 (interquartile range (0.0028-0.0199)]. P=0.0414 receiver operating characteristic curve for tumour to breast ratio showed AUC of 0.7389 (95% CI 0.67993-0.82335) Which seems to be a significance as predictive factors for Axillary lymph node metastasis. Higher tumour volume to breast volume ratio tends to be a significance predictive factors for axillary lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients.

Automated digital templating of component sizing is accurate in robotic total hip arthroplasty when compared to predicate software

Accurate pre-operative templating of prosthesis components is an essential factor in successful total hip arthroplasty (THA), including robotically-assisted THA (RA-THA) techniques. We sought to validate the accuracy of a novel, robotic-optimized THA planning software compared to a predicate THA planner for component sizing. We analyzed a series of 199 patients who received manual THA (mTHA) and fluoroscopy-based RA-THA at a single institution. All cases were templated using a predicate pre-operative templating software. For RA-THA cases, the novel robotic-optimized pre-operative planner software was also used for templating. The differences between templated and implanted acetabular cup, femoral head, and stem component sizes were compared based on matching within 1, 2, and ≥3 sizes. Differences in templated and implanted femoral stem implant geometry were also compared. The robot-optimized pre-operative RA-THA plans demonstrated equivalent accuracy to that of predicate pre-operative plans for both RA-THA and mTHA cases. Templated acetabular cups (90.4 vs. 86.8 vs. 82.8; p = 0.421), femoral stems (76.0 vs. 65.1 vs. 67.7; p = 0.096), and femoral heads (91.3 vs. 96.2 vs. 88.2; p = 0.302) were within +/−1 size of implanted components. No significant differences were detected in the proportion of matching templated and implanted stem geometry across the study cohorts.

The Role of Serum Nestin in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Breast Cancer: A Prospective Observational Study.

The molecular classification of breast cancer has enabled targeted therapy for specific molecular subtypes. Nestin, which has been studied for its role in oncogenesis, could contribute to this direction. This study aimed to investigate the differences between serum nestin levels and molecular profiling, as well as histopathological tumor types, in women who underwent surgery for breast cancer. Women who underwent surgery for breast cancer at the Breast Unit of the 1st Propaedeutic Department of Surgery, Hippocration General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens were prospectively included. Patients' demographic data were recorded and serum nestin levels were measured. Molecular biomarker analysis was performed, as well as histopathologic assessment. Seventy patients were included in the analysis. Among patients with breast cancer, 93% were estrogen receptor (ER) positive, 91% were progesterone receptor (PR) positive, and 43% were human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positive. Ki67 was expressed in 16% of patients and p53 was expressed in 32% of patients. Invasive ductal carcinoma was diagnosed in 80% of patients, with 44% of tumors classified as T1 and 46% as T2. Additionally, 43% were G1 and 56% were N0, while 34% were N1. No statistically significant difference was observed between serum nestin levels and ER, PR, HER2, Ki67, and p53 expression. Furthermore, no difference was observed between serum nestin levels and breast cancer histological type, size, N-stage, and grading. The diagnostic and prognostic role of circulating nestin for breast cancer was not confirmed and no correlation with immunohistochemistry results was observed. Thus, the necessity of larger prospective studies is enhanced.

Supported to perform: sports bras and breast volume do not impair cycling performance in females.

Despite the importance of sports bras for comfort during exercise in people with breasts, concerns persist regarding their potential effects on athletic performance. Discrepancies in previous studies necessitate a closer examination of the interaction between sports bras, breast volume, exertional symptoms, and exercise performance. Twenty-three recreationally-active, normal bodyweight females completed three 10-km time-trials on a cycle ergometer on three separate occasions in a randomized order, while wearing a professionally fitted high-support sports bra, a professionally fitted low-support sports bralette, or a personal, self-selected sports bra. Performance was quantified as the time to complete the 10-km distance. Cardiorespiratory and symptom responses were measured throughout. Participants were grouped by their estimated breast volumes (small: mean ± SD 284 ± 38 ml, median bra size: 32C; large: 560 ± 97 ml, 34DD; p = 0.002, g = 3.84). The average time-trial duration was 23.1 ± 3.1 min and comparable across breast volume groups and sports bra conditions (between-group: p = 0.794, η p 2 < 0.01; between-bras: p = 0.273, η p 2 < 0.01). Notably, larger-breasted participants experienced stronger symptoms of chest tightness (p = 0.042, η p 2 = 0.18), which were associated with their ratings of perceived exertion and breathlessness (intensity and unpleasantness). Irrespective of breast volume, the high-support sports bra also evoked stronger symptoms of chest tightness (p = 0.039, η p 2 = 0.15). Stronger symptoms of chest tightness associated with larger breast volumes or high-support sports bras do not impede performance during self-paced non-weight-bearing exercise in recreationally-active females.

Level-2 Oncoplastic Surgical Techniques for Breast Cancer: A Preliminary Vietnamese Report.

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy and remains the first cause of death related to cancer among Vietnamese women, with an incidence of 21,555 cases in 2020. Most breast cancer patients present with invasive disease and relatively large tumor sizes. While oncoplastic surgery (OPS) are commonly applied in Western countries, data on Asian population remains relatively limited. This study aims to assess the outcomes of level-2 oncoplastic techniques in breast-conserving surgeries at the Vietnam National Cancer Hospital. From January 2017 to June 2021, a cohort of 257 breast cancer patients who underwent breast-conserving surgery with OPS techniques were examined. Surgical complications, cosmetic outcome, recurrence and survival rates were assessed. The mean age was 47.6±9.4 years, most patients had breast cup sizes B and C. The mean tumor size upon pathological examination was 2.00 ± 0.74 cm. Only 7 cases required reoperation, resulting in a mastectomy rate of 1.17%. The overall complication rate was low at 11.46%, with 9 cases (3.56%) experiencing delayed complications. Cosmetic results were rated as "excellent" in 20.6% and "good" in 60.5%, with a statistically significant difference. The rates of local recurrence, regional recurrence, and distant metastasis at five years were 2.78%, 1.19%, and 2.36%, respectively. The level 2 oncoplastic techniques had low complication rates, favorable oncological outcomes, and cosmetically satisfying results.

927 The impact of cup size on complications in vacuum-assisted deliveries: A retrospective case-control matching analysis

927 The impact of cup size on complications in vacuum-assisted deliveries: A retrospective case-control matching analysis

Variasi Ukuran Payudara sebagai Daya Tarik Fisik Perempuan di Masyarakat Lampung

Sexual selection occurs when living organisms, including humans, exhibit specific preferences for morphological traits related to health and fertility when choosing a mate. Various physical characteristics such as body size and shape, leg length, skin color, hair length and color, facial features, and breast size contribute to the physical attractiveness of females in mate selection. Breasts can serve as a particular attraction for males, as they are believed to be associated with health and fertility for reproductive purposes. Sexual selection leads to a range of breast sizes, from small to large, within a population. The aim of this research is to investigate the variation in breast size preferences among females in the Indonesian society, specifically in Lampung. The study was conducted by distributing both online and offline questionnaires randomly with breast size stimuli in the form of images. Descriptive data analysis was employed to examine the variation in breast size preferences. Very large breast sizes were considered healthy and feminine by respondents, while medium sizes were deemed attractive. Married male respondents preferred larger breast sizes on average compared to unmarried respondents. Higher-income respondents tended to select larger breast sizes. Respondents with lower educational backgrounds tended to prefer smaller breast sizes. Respondents residing in rural areas preferred larger breast sizes compared to those living in urban areas. In conclusion, sexual selection applied among the population of Lampung in the context of breast size preferences.

Alpelisib Efficacy in Advanced Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is one of the popular problems related to the medical field. Breast cancer become more aggressive, and the incidence rate keeps increasing yearly. The incidence indicates the slow progression of the disease. Yearly, there are more than one million new cases that get worse. Probably the incidence rate will increase significantly in the next years. Breast cancer develops silently without medical attention, and most cases are discovered during a routine clinic visit. While other cases may accidentally discover breast lumps, changes in breast shape or size, and nipple discharge. Breast cancer highly affects women worldwide. Mortality rates of breast cancer are improving, but still, the survival rate in the advanced stage is decreasing. Nowadays, Chemotherapy is considered the gold-standard approach for most cancer types and a modest improvement in both survival rates and toxicity reduction. Therefore, this article aims to focus on the use of one of the modest drugs that treat advanced breast cancer, which is Alpelisib, and highlight the mechanism of action, indication, contraindication, pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, dose, and its side effects. Alpelisib is being developed by Novartis company. The first clinical trials started in Oct 2010. It was approved in the USA on May 24th, 2019. Alpelisib works by inhibiting the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) which leads to inhibiting the activation of some signaling pathways. Alpelisib is used in combination with fulvestrant to treat advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women with some genetic mutations.

Breast morphology classification method based on generalized neural network

In order to establish a breast shape classification method with general indicators, this paper selects six measurement indicators that can characterize the three-dimensional shape of the breast, such as circumference, length, width, and height. The relevant data of the measurement indicators are used to establish a generalized neural network model, and the generalized neural network is applied to the evaluation of breast shape classification recognition. The MATLAB software toolbox is used, based on training sample data, We have established a generalized neural network (GRNN) model, which involves establishing corresponding functional relationships through training to approximate the training data. After obtaining the function relationship through training, the predicted values were obtained, and the prediction results reflected that the established generalized neural network GRNN model is quite reliable for predicting the category of breast shape. By establishing a mapping relationship between the input quantity of breast feature parameters and the output quantity of categories, training samples can be established. When encountering new test data, these data can also be used as test samples. Based on the established model, appropriate spreads can be adjusted to predict the output quantity, providing relevant personnel with basic and simple basis for judgment and evaluation. It can also provide convenience for customers in various consumption channels Accurate bra size recommendations can help consumers purchase bras that fit well and are comfortable.