Breast Examination Research Articles

Frequency and indication of non-musculoskeletal examinations: a cross-sectional survey of Quebec chiropractors

BackgroundApproximately 1% of low back pain is estimated to be caused by serious systemic diseases, including cancer, infection, or abdominal aortic dissection. This study aimed to determine the frequency of execution of non-MSK physical examination procedures among Quebec chiropractors and to identify the clinical context that prompts them to use these physical examination procedures.MethodsCross-sectional survey containing 44 questions administered to a random sample of Quebec chiropractors using a succession of online, postal and phone questionnaires. The 4-part survey questionnaire contained six demographic questions, 28 single-choice questions to determine the frequency of execution of non-MSK physical examination procedures, seven short clinical vignettes for which the respondents had to select the non-MSK examinations that would be required, and two questions inquiring about the proportion of new patients for which participants’ felt non-MSK examinations were necessary and whether appropriate assessments were performed. The questionnaire was pilot tested, and feedback received integrated prior to administration. We conducted descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, and an ANOVA.ResultsThe survey was completed by 182 chiropractors (response rate: 36.4%). The most commonly non-musculoskeletal examination performed daily were blood pressure (12.1%) and cranial nerves (4.9%). The most common tests never performed were oxygen saturation (68.7%), cardiac auscultation (69.2%), tibio-brachial index (71.4%), breast (86.8%), rectal (96.7%), testicular (95.6%), and vaginal (99.9%) exams. Female chiropractors and Quebec University in Trois-Rivières graduates reported that a significantly higher proportion of their new patients required a non-musculoskeletal physical examination compared to male participants (37.2% vs 28.3%) or Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College graduates (33.9% vs 19.9%). Reason for not performing a physical examination included the belief that another healthcare professional was better positioned to perform and/or interpret the related tests (76.4%).ConclusionsVital signs and cranial nerve examinations were the most frequency performed non-musculoskeletal examinations reported by chiropractors. Apart from the genitourinary exam almost never performed, most participants chose non-musculoskeletal examinations deemed appropriate for the patient’s presentation.

Male’s Primary Breast Lymphoma: Rare Entity of Breast Malignancy, Wad Madani Teaching Hospital, Gezira State, Sudan, August 2023

<i>Background</i>: Primary breast lymphoma is a malignant lymphoma primarily involving breast in absence of previously detected lymphoma localizations. <i>Method</i>: A male of forty years old admitted to Department of Surgery; Wad Madani Teaching Hospital; Gezira State; Sudan; complaining of left breast lump for three months. Condition observed as a painful swelling in left breast, increasing gradually in size, associated with continuous high-grade fever, no rigors and relieved by analgesia, no nipple discharges. Had significant weight loss, anorexia, fatigability, back pain, dry cough with no hemoptysis, no history of headache, and no past or family history of similar condition. Examination: patient looks ill, pale, and not jaundiced. Breast examination: Left breast was larger than right one. Left breast: no nipple destruction, nipple was directed downward medially, no skin changes or dimpling, and no ulceration. There was a mass in left upper outer quadrant, measuring 6*7 cm, smooth surface, hard in consistency with well-defined edges, and attached to muscles but not to skin. No palpable axillary lymph nodes. Right breast was normal. Chest and abdominal examination were unremarkable. Investigations: Fine needle aspiration cytology showed poorly differentiated carcinoma. Incisional biopsy revealed: high grade Non-Hodgkins Lymphomas (Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma). He was referred to oncological department for neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Conclusion and <i>Recommendation</i>: Primarily breast lymphoma is extremely rare among male, showing features mimicking breast carcinoma. Incisional biopsy was recommended for investigation of breast lump especially among males.

Exploring women's strong preference for women surgeons in breast healthcare.

This study challenges the prevalent belief that surgical roles demand masculine traits, potentially limiting women's suitability for such positions. Contrary to this stereotype, we explored the hypothesis that in sensitive surgical procedures, where communal traits are valued, women patients might favor women surgeons. Two experimental studies investigated women's preferences for a man versus a woman surgeon in a breast exam and breast surgery. In two studies we experimentally tested women's preferences for a man versus a woman surgeon for a breast exam (a noninvasive and non-complicated procedure), and breast surgery (an invasive and more complicated procedure). Study 2 delved into factors influencing these preferences, including patients' age, stereotypical perceptions of women surgeons as communal/warm, past negative experiences with men and women doctors, and previous body-related trauma. Women consistently preferred a woman surgeon for both procedures and expressed increased willingness to wait for an appointment with a woman surgeon. However, this preference was less pronounced for surgery than for an exam. Study 2 identified the stereotypical perception of women surgeons as communal/warm as the strongestpredictor for this preference, along with previous negative experiences with men doctors and age. While some gender bias persists, this study underscores a notable preference for women surgeons in intimate medical services like breast exams or surgery. This preference holds practical implications for healthcare providers encouraging women's preventive checkups and offers insights for women medical students making residency choices.

A study on awareness of breast cancer and breast self-examination practices among women above 35 years of age in rural areas of Wardha District, Maharashtra: a protocol

Background Breast cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in women and a global health issue. Breast self-examination (BSE) is a recommended breast cancer screening technique that a woman can use on her own, in the privacy of her home. Hence, awareness regarding it and knowledge to identify any changes will be a boon to the early identification and promotion of treatment. This study aimed to increase awareness and educate women about breast self-examination (BSE) to facilitate the early detection of breast cancer in rural areas of Wardha District. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on rural women in Wardha district. Women older than 35 years of age will be included in the study and assessed using a ‘pre-designed’ and ‘pre-structured’ questionnaire inquiring about their socio-demographic profile, awareness of breast cancer, and breast self-examination. Research implications Most studies show how to self-examine breasts, but awareness and knowledge regarding the subject are not well demonstrated and applied in many studies. Although we now understand that women do not always need to use a specific BSE technique, they should still be taught and encouraged to recognize breast changes. BSE for early detection of breast cancer has undergone a paradigm change or development into breast awareness. The progression towards breast awareness is a concept where a woman is familiar with her breasts so that she detects any change that might emerge and brings this to the attention of her healthcare practitioner right away, whereas BSE is monthly palpation of the breasts in a specific manner in which women are professionally taught. Early detection of breast cancer relies heavily on breast awareness, which is why it should be covered in general breast health education.

The Relation between Breast Cancer Fear and Breast Cancer Prevention Behaviors of Female Healthcare Professionals

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between breast cancer fear and breast cancer prevention behaviors of female healthcare professionals (HCPs). Materials and Methods: This descriptive correlational study involved a convenience sample of 338 nurses, midwives and physicians working at a state hospital in Turkey. Data were collected in face-to-face interviews with the participants using Personal Information Form, Breast Cancer Fear Scale (BCFS), and Scale of Factors Affecting Women’s Breast Cancer Prevention Behaviors (ASSISTS).The data were analyzed by using Independent Samples t Test, One-way ANOVA, Tukey and Pearson’s correlation tests. Results: The mean scores on BCFS and ASSISTS were 26.71±7.65 and 123.36±15.49 respectively, indicating breast cancer fear were high and breast cancer prevention behaviors were moderately. The higher breast cancer prevention behavior scores among the HCPs who were working longer years, working longer years in night shift, those having breast problems, and undergone breast biopsy, those performing breast self-examination, undergone clinical breast examination and mammography (p0.05). Conclusion: Professional education in breast cancer prevention behaviors and addressing fear on breast cancer are likely to result in reduced barriers to develop prevention behaviors.

TEMPORARY REMOVAL: Mortalité maternelle de causes indirectes (hors AVC, maladies cardiovasculaires et infections) en France 2016–2018

Maternal deaths from indirect obstetric cause result from a preexisting condition or a condition that occurred during pregnancy without obstetric causes but was aggravated by the physiological effects of pregnancy. Twenty-nine deaths with an indirect cause related to a preexisting condition, excluding circulatory diseases or infections, were analysed by the expert committee. Pre-pregnancy pathology was documented in 16 women (epilepsy, n=7; amyloid angiopathy, n=1; Dandy-Walker syndrome, n=1; autoimmune diseases, n=3; diffuse infiltrative pneumonitis, n=1; thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, n=1; ovarian cancer in fragile X, n=1; major sickle cell disease, n=1). In 13 women, the pathology was unknown before pregnancy (breast cancer, n=9, epilepsy diagnosed during pregnancy, n=1, brain tumours, n=2 meningioma type, macrophagic activation syndrome, n=1). Death was associated with neoplastic or tumour pathology in 13 women (45%). At the same time, epilepsy was responsible for the death of 8 women (27%), making it the most common cause of death. For both neoplasia and epilepsy, about 50% of deaths were preventable, mainly due to undiagnosed and/or delayed treatment in the case of cancer and failure to monitor or adjust treatment in the case of epilepsy. Pre-conception counselling is therefore strongly recommended if a woman has a known chronic medical condition prior to pregnancy. Finally, if there is a family history of breast cancer, a breast examination is strongly recommended from the first visit during pregnancy, and any breast lumps should be investigated as soon as possible to avoid delaying appropriate treatment.

Determinants of breast cancer screening utilization among female healthcare workers in selected hospitals in Ogbomoso, Oyo state

Objective: The study aimed at identifying the determinants of breast cancer screening among FHW in the three levels of care. FHW have greater influence on women's positive perception of breast cancer.
 Method: Descriptive cross- sectional design was employed. Purposive sampling technique was used. Data collected with the aid of validated structured questionnaire. Data analyzed using SPSS version 22 and presented in tables and graphs. The hypotheses were tested using chi square at 0.05 level of significance.
 Results: Findings revealed that 40 (18.6%) were doctors, 104 (48.4%) nurses and 71 (32.4%) others. Majority of the respondents (81.4%) had good knowledge of BSE, 73.4% had good knowledge of CBE, however, more than half of the respondents (52.6%) had poor knowledge of mammography. Age, lack of time, financial constraints, fear of positive diagnosis among others were some of the factors identified.
 Conclusion: Majority of the respondents had good knowledge. However, only the practice of BSE was good while the others were poor. Therefore, there is an urgent need for sensitization of FHW on the need to undergo the screening especially clinical breast examination and mammography

Breast Self-Examination Practice and Associated Factors among Rural Women in Hai Duong Province, Viet Nam: A Cross-Sectional Study

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the practice level of breast self-examination among rural women, and some factors related to this level of research participants.
 Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 309 women living in some rural areas of Hai Duong province, Vietnam from January to June 2022. Data were analyzed by SPSS 20.0 software, and a Chi-square test was used to determine factors related to some demographic characteristics and breast self-examination practices of rural women.
 Findings: The study results show that 70.6% of rural women have never performed breast self-examination, in addition, 15.9% practiced every once a month. For evaluation of breast self-examination practice through direct observation shows that only 17.5% of women practice at level with passed. Family history of breast cancer and monthly income of rural women were related to the level of breast self-examination practice (p<0.05).
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy, and Practice: The percentage of rural women practicing breast self-examination following steps by steps correctly was low. Therefore, conducting an educational program to guide breast self-examination practice is necessary for rural women to help them proactively screen and early detect breast-related diseases, especially breast cancer.

An Educational Intervention Based on Health Belief Model for Improving Breast Self – Examination behavior Among Rural Women in Hai Duong, Vietnam: A random Control Trial

Purpose: The goal of this study was to assess the effect of an educational intervention on breast self-examination (BES) behavior based on a Health Belief Model among Vietnamese women living in some rural areas of Hai Duong province.
 Methodology: A random control trial study was conducted in two rural communes in Hai Duong province, Vietnam. Among 204 women participating in the study, they were allocated randomly into an experimental group (n=99) and a control group (n=105). An educational intervention was developed based on the Health Belief Model. An improving breast self-examination behavior of participants was assessed through doing BSE or not, frequency of BSE, and how to perform BSE.
 Findings: At baseline, there were no differences between the two groups about general characteristics and breast self-examination percentage. After 3 months of the intervention, breast self-examination behavior including the rate of patients doing BSE, frequency of BSE, and performing BSE with good results in the intervention group were higher than those of the control group. (p<0.05).
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: Research results indicated that an educational program based on the Health Belief Model can improve breast self-examination behavior among rural women. Therefore, the educational intervention program based on the Health Belief Model should be expanded to women living in other rural areas of Vietnam.

Effect of monthly reminders by telephone message on women's beliefs and practice behaviours regarding breast self-examination: A randomized controlled study.

This study was conducted to examine the effect of monthly telephone message reminders after training on women's beliefs and practice behaviours regarding breast self-examination. This randomized controlled study was conducted with 83 women aged 20-69 years living in Turkey between September 2021 and July 2022. Women were randomly assigned (1:1) to the intervention (n = 41) or control group (n = 42), both groups received online breast self-examination training, and the intervention group received monthly reminders on their mobile phones for 3 months. Participants completed the Champion's Health Belief Model Scale and breast self-examination practice evaluation form at baseline and 3 months after intervention. After the intervention, the mean scores of the benefits and self-efficacy subscales of Champion's Health Belief Model Scales were significantly higher in the intervention group compared to the control group, and the mean score of barriers was lower. The rate of performing breast self-exam regularly and at the appropriate time was higher in the intervention group. The rate of forgetting to perform breast self-examination was higher in control group. A monthly reminder message may be recommended to increase women's belief in breast self-examination and increase regular practice.

The Effect of Health Education Using Audiovisuals on The Knowledge of Adolescent Girls about Breast Self-Examination (BSE)

Cancer is a non-communicable disease with the second-largest death rate in the world. Breast cancer is one of the main diseases treated by palliative care services. Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in the world. Early detection is a very important first step to find out early the presence of tumors or lumps in the breast to reduce the death rate due to cancer. The advantage of early detection of breast cancer is beneficial to increase the chances of life expectancy in women with breast cancer. Almost 85% of disorders or lumps are found by the patient through proper examination. In addition, BSE is the easiest, fastest, cheapest, and simplest method that can detect breast cancer early. Knowing the Effect of Health Education Using Audio Visual Media on Adolescent Girls' Knowledge about BSE at SMAN 10 Tangerang Regency Banten 2023. The research design used was quasi-experimental research with a one-group pretest-posttest design approach. The population used in this study was class X adolescent girls at SMAN 10 Tangerang Regency totaling 155 people. The number of samples taken was 30 samples obtained through the Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling technique. Data were collected using a questionnaire. Data analysis was done by Paired T Test. The results of univariate analysis before conducting health education using audio-visual video exposure were 10.67, while the average knowledge of adolescent girls increased after health education to 15.60. The results of bivariate analysis with paired sample t-test P value = 0.001 means that there is an effect of counseling with audiovisual media on increasing the knowledge of adolescent girls about breast self-examination. Using audiovisual media to increase knowledge about breast self-examination (BSE) for early detection of cervical cancer.

Mode of Detection of Second Breast Cancers in Patients Undergoing Surveillance After Treatment of Ductal Carcinoma in Situ.

For patients undergoing posttreatment surveillance after ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), the NCCN Guidelines for Breast Cancer recommend annual breast imaging and physical examination every 6 to 12 months for 5 years, and then annually. The aim of our study was to evaluate the modes of detection (imaging, patient reported, or physical examination) of second cancers in a cohort of patients undergoing surveillance after primary DCIS treatment to better inform surveillance recommendations. We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients with DCIS treated between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2011, within a large integrated health care system. Information on patient demographics, index DCIS treatment, tumor characteristics, and mode of detection of second breast cancer was obtained from the electronic health record or chart review. Our study cohort consisted of 1,550 women, with a median age of 59 years at diagnosis. Surgical treatment of DCIS included lumpectomy (75.0%; n=1,162), unilateral mastectomy (21.1%; n=327), or bilateral mastectomy (3.9%; n=61), with or without sentinel lymph node biopsy. Additionally, 44.4% (n=688) and 28.3% (n=438) received radiation and endocrine therapies, respectively. Median follow-up was 10 years, during which 179 (11.5%) women were diagnosed with a second breast cancer. Of the second cancers, 43.0% (n=77) were ipsilateral and 54.8% (n=98) contralateral, and 2.2% (n=4) presented with distant metastases; 61.5% (n=110) were invasive, 36.3% (n=65) were DCIS, and 2.2% (n=4) were Paget's disease. Second breast cancers were imaging-detected in 74.3% (n=133) of cases, patient-detected in 20.1% (n=36), physician-detected in 2.2% (n=4), and detected incidentally on imaging or pathology from procedures unrelated to oncologic care in 3.4% (n=6). In our cohort of patients undergoing surveillance following diagnosis and treatment of DCIS, 2% of second breast cancers were detected by a clinical breast examination. This suggests that survivorship care should prioritize mammography and patient education regarding breast self-examination and symptoms that warrant evaluation to detect second breast cancers.

Knowledge, attitude, and practices about breast cancer among women in a high-altitude sub-Himalayan region: Are we reaching the unreached?

Breast cancer awareness and early detection are critical for reducing the global burden of the disease. This study assessed breast cancer awareness among women in a high-altitude sub-Himalayan region of North India. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among women attending the gynecology outpatient clinic in a district hospital. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on breast cancer knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Participants received posttest health education and counseling on breast cancer prevention strategies. The study included 188 participants with a mean age of 31.0 ± 8.8 years. The findings revealed inadequate knowledge about breast cancer among a significant portion of the cohort. Misconceptions about risk factors, such as breastfeeding, oral contraceptive use, and past wrongdoings, were observed. Only half of the participants believed early-stage breast cancer could be effectively treated. Limited awareness of screening methods, including self-breast examination and mammography, was noted. Barriers to breast self-examination (BSE) included considering it unnecessary and lacking knowledge about its execution. This study highlights insufficient breast cancer awareness in the high-altitude sub-Himalayan region. Targeted interventions, including health campaigns and electronic media, should be prioritized to improve knowledge and promote early detection practices.

Employing a Risk Assessment Tool for Shared Decision-Making in Breast Cancer Screening.

Background: The existing guidelines for breast cancer screening incorporate assessing individual risk but contain no universally recommended risk assessment tool in the primary care setting. Local Problem: A family planning program utilizing nurses and nurse practitioners for assessment, education, and referral lacked a risk assessment tool for assessing breast cancer risk. Methods: A breast cancer risk assessment tool was implemented in practice. Interventions: The interventions involved assessing the patient's risks, providing education on risk reduction strategies, and determining the need for clinical breast exams and referrals for mammography. Results: The study demonstrated a clear correlation between the number of breast cancer risks identified and the extent of education provided to patients based on their specific risk profiles (0 vs. 1.5 risks; 2 vs. 4.6 educational components). Among patients under age 35, 80% opted for a clinical breast exam, while 100% of patients age 40 and above agreed to both clinical breast exams and referrals for mammography after discussing individual risks. Conclusions: The use of a breast cancer risk assessment tool provided an evidence-based foundation for the shared decision-making conversation between patient and nurse/provider on risk reduction. The discussion included current evidence on the risk versus benefit of age-based screening options for breast cancer, allowing for an informed decision made jointly between the patient and provider.

Classification of benign and malignant solid breast lesions on the ultrasound images based on the textural features: the importance of the perifocal lesion area

The amount of ultrasound (US) breast exams continues to grow because of the wider endorsement of breast cancer screening programs. When a solid lesion is found during the US the primary task is to decide if it requires a biopsy. Therefore, our goal was to develop a noninvasive US grayscale image analysis for benign and malignant solid breast lesion differentiation. We used a dataset consisting of 105 ultrasound images with 50 benign and 55 malignant non-cystic lesions. Features were extracted from the source image, the image of the gradient module after applying the Sobel filter, and the image after the Laplace filter. Subsequently, eight gray-level co-occurrence matrices (GLCM) were constructed for each lesion, and 13 Haralick textural features were calculated for each GLCM. Additionally, we computed the differences in feature values at different spatial shifts and the differences in feature values between the inner and outer areas of the lesion. The LASSO method was employed to determine the most significant features for classification. Finally, the lesion classification was carried out by various methods. The use of LASSO regression for feature selection enabled us to identify the most significant features for classification. Out of the 13 features selected by the LASSO method, four described the perilesional tissue, two represented the inner area of the lesion and five described the image of the gradient module. The final model achieved a sensitivity of 98%, specificity of 96%, and accuracy of 97%. Considering the perilesional area, Haralick feature differences, and the image of the gradient module can provide crucial parameters for accurate classification of US images. Features with a low AUC index (less than 0.6 in our case) can also be important for improving the quality of classification.

Prevent Breast Cancer with Breast Self Examination (BSE)

Prevent Breast Cancer with Breast Self Examination (BSE)

Perception of breast cancer and self-breast examination practices among women in Lucknow, north India

Background: Breast cancer is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity among women worldwide. It is one of the prime health issues in developed and developing countries because of the high prevalence of known risk factors. In the present study, we assess the knowledge of breast cancer and breast self-examination (BSE) screening practices among women in the capital city, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, North India. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in urban and rural areas of Lucknow. The period of study was one year, starting from December 2020 to November 2021. Data were obtained from 400 adult women (212 rural and 193 urban) using a pretested, self-administered questionnaire. Participants aged >20 years were randomly selected from two rural and two urban community health centres (CHCs). The questionnaire assessed respondents’ socio-demographic characteristics, risk factors, signs and symptoms, early detection methods, and knowledge and practices related to self-breast examination among women in Lucknow. Results: Out of 400 respondents, only 33.5% (rural) and 55.96% (urban) women had heard of breast cancer. 17.55% (rural) and 13.47% (urban) women had heard about BSE. 4.72% (rural) and 8.81% (urban) women practice BSE occasionally. Knowledge about breast cancer, its symptoms, risk factors, and screening methods was similarly poor in women of Lucknow. Conclusions: This finding correlated significantly with older age, higher levels of education, and occupation. There is a low level of awareness of breast cancer in Lucknow's urban and rural areas. BSE is hardly practiced, though the willingness to learn it is high.

Body image and its relationship to marital adjustment for a sample of married women after mastectomy

Women’s suffering after mastectomy presents physical and psychological challenges that require strength and resilience. Women who undergo breast removal, whether for breast cancer or other reasons, experience painful physical effects and changes in self-image. They face physical healing challenges, such as pain and swelling, but the psychological aspect is even more challenging. The study aimed to identify the relationship between body image and marital adjustment for a sample of married women with breast mastectomy. The study sample consisted of 130 married women with breast mastectomy and ranged between 28 and 60 years old. The researcher used two scales, one for body image and the other for marital adjustment. After assuring their psychometric properties, they were applied to the study sample. The results showed a statistically significant positive correlation between body image and marital adjustment. Furthermore, the results showed that there were statistically significant differences between the arithmetic means of body image and martial adjustment in favor of married women with breast mastectomy two years ago. In light of the results reached, the study recommended several recommendations, perhaps the most prominent of which are to work on breast self-examination since early detection of breast cancer doubles the chances of recovery. Supporting the psychological needs of mastectomies, such as the need for security, love, and self-esteem, and establishing psychological counseling centers in various parts of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan to provide all psychological counseling and guidance services for mastectomies.

Knowledge and practice of breast self-examination among breast cancer patients in Damascus, Syria

BackgroundBreast cancer (BC) represents an important cause of cancer death, its incidence rate has been rising gradually in the Arab world, and in Syria, BC is the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer death; its prognosis gets better as we detect it early in its first stages. So, it is very important to implement one or more early detection methods such as Breast Self-Examination (BSE), Clinical Breast Examination (CBE), and mammography. BSE represents an effective method to find out changes in breast structure when they happen. This study investigates the knowledge of BSE and its practice in BC patients.MethodsA quantitative cross-sectional study in Al-Bairouni hospital in Damascus-Syria was carried out using face-to-face interviews based on a structured questionnaire, which consisted of 4 sections. The data were subjected to statistical analysis using various analytical tests, including the independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Chi-square test.ResultsFive hundred patients were interviewed. Only 27.4% of patients had a good knowledge of BSE, 17.4% had average knowledge, and 55.2% had low knowledge of BSE. The factors that have an impact on the knowledge of BSE were: family breast cancer history (first and second-degree relatives), education, and the region of living (between governorates). The effect of knowledge of BSE on its practice was positive. However, only 24.8% of patients have been practicing BSE; the reasons for not practicing BSE were: no one has told the patient about it (64.8% of cases), and the patient does not have any symptoms relating to the breast (21.4%).Breast cancer was identified through breast self-examination (BSE) in 15.6% of cases.ConclusionThere is a low degree of knowledge and little practice of BSE among Syrian breast cancer patients. Family breast cancer history, governate, occupation, and level of education had a statistically significant effect on knowledge scores of BSE, unlike age and social status. So, some steps should be taken to increase awareness about BSE among Syrian females.

Edukasi Kesehatan dengan Triple Breast Self-Examination (BSE) Method pada Kader Kesehatan dalam Melakukan Skrining Kanker Payudara di Puskesmas Tamalanrea Jaya Kota Makassar

Breast cancer is the most common cancer found in women. Cancer is a non-communicable disease in which there is very rapid, uncontrolled growth and development of cells and tissues. Breast self-examination (BSE) is an effective method for screening and early detection of breast cancer. BSE can be done by everyone, making it easier to detect cancer. The purpose of this community service activity is to increase knowledge and skills to health cadres related to early detection of breast cancer using the Triple Breast Self-Examination (BSE) method. The educational methods used were counseling, demonstration and discussion. A total of 40 health cadres at Tamalanrea Jaya Health Center participated voluntarily. It is hoped that from this activity health cadres will be able to better recognize and understand the breast cancer early detection method, namely Triple Breast Self-Examination (BSE).