Breast Self-examination Training Research Articles

ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNE VERİLEN MEME KANSERİ VE KENDİ KENDİNE MEME MUAYENESİNE YÖNELİK EĞİTİMİN ÖĞRENCİLERİN KAYGI DÜZEYİNE VE SAĞLIK İNANÇLARINA ETKİSİ

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of training for breast cancer and self-breast examination on university students’ anxiety level and health belief model. Methods: This study is a quasi-experimental study with one group pretest-posttest design. The sample of the study was selected by convenience sampling method. The target population of this study was the female students attending at a public university from eastern Anatolia region of Turkey and the sample was composed of those who accepted to participate in the study. 126 students in total participated in the study on a voluntary basis. “Personal Information Form”, and “Champion's Health Belief Model Scale” and “Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale” were used as data collection tools. Results: It was determined that 84.1% of the students evaluated their health as good and 93.7% of them did not have a breast cancer history in their family. After training, it was determined that students’ health beliefs were improved, and their anxiety levels was decreased. When the subscale total scores of the health belief model scale were examined, it was observed that the perceived susceptibility and perceived confidence sub-dimension scores increased significantly after the training, and the perceived barrier score decreased significantly (p<0.05). Conclusion: As a result of the study, it was determined that breast cancer and breast self-examination training had an effect on students’ anxiety level and health beliefs. After the training, while students’ anxiety level decreased, their health beliefs was improved.

Implementation of SADARI in the Early Detection of Breast Cancer in Young Women High School of West Aceh Regency

Breast cancer (carcinoma mammae) is a condition where cells have lost control and normal mechanisms, resulting in abnormal growth, rapid and uncontrolled which occurs in breast tissue.. Early detection of breast cancer aims to find cancer in the early stage so that the treatment is better. The detection is done by doing SADARI, SADARI is an easy examination to find a lump or agility others. The case of cancer of West Aceh Regency in 2015 S/d 2017 recorded the number of cases of breast cancer at most 24.43% compared with other cancers. Women aged 50 years more who have breast cancer reaches 52%, 35% at the age of less than 40 years, 22% of women aged 30 years and the younger age exposed to breast cancer is the age of 15 and 18 years. The study aims to determine the influence of breast cancer counseling and breast-check training (SADARI) in an effort to improve the knowledge and skills of young women in the Act of SADARI for prevention and decrease in cases of breast cancer. This research uses Quasi-Experimental design. The research plan is one group before and after intervention design, or one group pre and posttest design. The population in this study is young women SMAN District ACEH Barat with samples amounting to 30 young women. The results of the study concluded that there was an effect of BSE Implementation (counseling about breast cancer and breast self-examination training) in an effort to increase the knowledge of young women about breast cancer and the skills of young women in breast self-examination.

Influence of a Teaching Session on Breast Self-Examination and Adherence Among Pregnant and Lactating Women in Ibadan, Nigeria

PURPOSE Educating women on how to examine their breasts can raise breast cancer awareness and early detection rates, especially in low- and middle-income countries. In this study, the influence of a teaching session on breast self-examination (BSE) during pregnancy was evaluated. METHODS A quasi-experimental study design was used. A total of 1,248 pregnant women whose pregnancies had a gestational age of 26 weeks or less were recruited from three antenatal clinics representing three tiers of the health care system in Nigeria. They were interviewed using a structured questionnaire, including BSE practice, and taught how to perform BSE using the MammaCare technique at recruitment. At 6 months postpartum, 729 participants were available for phone interview on BSE practice. Adherence to BSE was measured as a binary outcome comparing BSE performances at recruitment with follow-up. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to determine the differences in BSE practices pre- and postintervention. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify predictors for adherence to BSE training at α = 0.05. RESULTS Participants’ mean age was 30.4 ± 4.9 years, 401 (55.0%) attended a secondary health facility for antenatal care, and 78 (10.7%) had breast disorders at recruitment. Two hundred fifty-three (34.7%) said they practiced BSE before recruitment, and 380 (52.1%) did so at follow-up (odds ratio, 1.91; CI, 1.51 to 2.42). Women less likely to adhere were those with breast disorders detected at recruitment (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.55; CI, 0.32 to 0.95) and women recruited from primary and secondary health facilities compared with those from a tertiary health facility (aOR, 0.41; CI, 0.17 to 0.98; aOR, 0.18; CI, 0.11 to 0.29, respectively). CONCLUSION Educational interventions can significantly improve screening practices, even if only one session, and should serve as an integral control for breast cancer.

Impact of regular Breast Self-Examination on breast cancer size, stage, and mortality in Thailand.

Impact of regular Breast Self-Examination on breast cancer size, stage, and mortality in Thailand.

The Impact of Female Students' Breast Self-Examination training on their Mothers' Awareness

Background & aim: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, which its early diagnosis is of paramount importance for the prevention of its associated mortality and morbidity. Breast self-examination (BSE) is one of the methods for the early detection of breast cancer. Education plays an important role in increasing BSE practice. Regarding this, the present study was conducted to measure the impact of BSE training to female students on their mothers’ awareness. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 100 university students and their mothers in Sari, Iran, in 2015. After educating the students about BSE, they were asked to train their mothers in this regard. The data were collected before and one month after training, using demographic, BSE attitude assessment, and BSE questionnaires. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software (version 17) using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, t-test, and Fisher's exact test. Results: The results of the independent t-test revealed a significant difference between the two groups in terms of knowledge at the post-training stage (P=0.000). Furthermore, the two groups had significant mean differences in the knowledge scores obtained before and after the training (p <0.001). Also, the intervention group showed a significant difference in their knowledge scores at the post-training stage, compared to that at the pre-training phase (P=0.000). However, regarding the control group, this variable was not significantly different between the two stages (P=0.29). Conclusion: As the findings indicated, BSE education could positively affect mother’s knowledge in this regard. Therefore, it is suggested to use this training method for promoting mothers’ knowledge about BSE.

Effect of Reproductive, Menstrual and Familial Factors on The risk of Breast Cancer pre and post Menopause

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in developed and developing countries. Reproductive factors are associated with higher risk for breast cancer. Aim of the study: To clarify the effect of reproductive, menstrual and familial factors on the risk of breast cancer, pre and post menopause. Subjects and Methods: A case-control study design was used in this study and convenient sample for the women selection, the sample comprised 300 women that divided into two main groups, 150 for each group, Study group and control groups. Completing questionnaire from all women. Results: The study revealed statistically significant associations between breast cancer and age, family history, late age at menopause (p<0.001), early age at menarche, (p<0.009), longer cycle duration (p<0.001), contraceptive pills (p<0.017), also the result revealed that there was no statistically significant between these factors and breast cancer regarding menopausal status. Conclusion: the findings of the present study support that there is a statistically significant relation between some of reproductive, menstrual, familial factors, and breast cancer. Recommendation: Health education programs regarding breast cancer, risk factors and early detection. Nurses should provide practical training in breast self-examination, especially for those women who are at higher risk of breast cancer.

Behavior of College Students in Health Related Departments Towards Early Diagnosis of Breast Cancer.

The study was performed in order to determine the behavior of college students studying in health related departments for the early diagnosis of breast cancer. This study is a cross sectional study. 336 female students studying in School of Nursing and School of Health Sciences at a foundation university in Istanbul were included. A questionnaire directed to collect data regarding the participants' socio-demographic characteristics and their behavior on the early diagnosis of breast cancer was used. Data were evaluated by descriptive statistics and chi-square test. The mean age of students was 21.26±1.94, and 30.7% of the participants majored in nutrition, 29.2% in nursing, 22.9% in midwifery, 17.3% in physical therapy and rehabilitation departments. It was determined that 53.3% of the students made regular breast self-examination (BSE), and 88.1% did not get a clinical breast examination (CBE) within the last year. It was noticed that students who had BSE training, made more BSE and CBE as compared to those who did not get any education. Students with family history of breast cancer was performing more BSE that those without a family history. It was identified that students with BSE training and family history of breast cancer used BSE at a higher rate. It was identified that students with BSE training and family history of breast cancer usage of techniques to perform a BSE at a higher rate.

Breast Cancer Risks and Effectiveness of BSE Training among Women Living in a District of İstanbul.

The purpose of this study to determine the risks associated with breast cancer in women who live in a neighborhood in Istanbul, and to evaluate the effectiveness of breast self-examination (BSE) training. This study was designed by using a half-experimental model, with women over the age of 18 who visited the community health center in a district of Istanbul, during March/April 2012. Sample selection was not implemented, and 169 women who voluntarily participated in the study were included. Data was collected by face-to-face interview technique with "Demographic Survey Form", "Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Form" and "BSE Training Assessment Scale". After risk assessment, women who wanted to learn BSE (n=109) were given a practical training program lasting approximately 20 minutes that was prepared together with expert consults. 32.1% of the participants regularly performed BSE. Out of those who do not use regular self-examination, 15.4% thought BSE was unnecessary, 44% was afraid to examine herself, and 40.7% did not know how to apply BSE. The mean breast cancer risk score was 135.64±61.33. There were statistically significant differences between breast cancer risk score and the educational status, marital status, and menstrual status. A statistically significant difference was found in pre- and post-training BSE Training Assessment Scale scores. The breast cancer risk score was low among women included in this study. However, the vast majority of women did not perform BSE, and those who did were using either irregular or improper practice. It was detected that implementation of planned and in-person training programs were quite effective.

Evaluation of Breast Self-Examination (BSE) Application in First and Second Degree Relatives of Patients with Breast Cancer

The aim of this study was to determine beliefs concerning breast self-examination in first- and second-degree relatives of patients with breast cancer and evaluate their breast self-examination (BSE) application. A survey study was conducted in an oncology polyclinic and general surgery clinic of a hospital in Ankara, the capital of Turkey with a sample of 140 women. It was determined that 60.7% of the participants had conducted BSE and 48.1% had undergone a clinical breast examination. Perceived self- efficacy of the women who performed BSE were significantly higher compared with women who did not practice BSE (p<0.001) Furthermore, perceived barriers were lower among those who had performed BSE (p<0.001). Logistic regression analysis indicated that women who perceived higher self-efficacy (OR: 1.119, 95% CI: 1.056- 1.185, p<0.001) and had regular CBE (OR: 8.250, 95% CI: 3.140-21.884, p<0.001) and educational status (OR: 5.287, 95% CI: 1.480-18.880, p<0.01) were more likely to perform BSE. Findings from this study indicated that perceived barriers, perceived self-efficacy, and educational status could be predictors of BSE behavior among the first- and second-degree relatives of patients with breast cancer. Therefore, BSE training programs that emphasize self-efficacy and address perceived barriers are recommended.

Early diagnosis program for cervical cancer in Tanzania: The “Vanda Project”.

5594 Background: In Sub-Saharan Africa cervical cancer represents 24% of all cancers and accounts for 23% of all cancer deaths in women. An early diagnosis program for breast and cervical cancer (Vanda Project) is ongoing in Mwanza and the surrounding lake area (12 districts with a population of 14,000,000). The aim of this project was to screen women aged 15-64 years living in the 12 districts. Methods: Women were invited to participate through local media and a mobile unit operating within the districts. A multidisciplinary team including medical oncologists was involved. Interventions consisted in Pap smear, clinical breast examination, breast self-examination training and training of district physicians to perform Pap smear and breast examination. Results: From May to December 2012, 2155 women from the districts of Shinyanga, Bukumbi, Kibara, Serengema and Musoma took part in the program: of these 91 (4%) had clinically evident cervical cancer. Age distribution classes were: &lt; 18 years, 12% ; 18-35, 38%; 36-50, 41%; &gt; 50, 9%. As expected a high stage distribution at diagnosis was observed: 30% stage III and 20% stage IV. Among the women with no clinical evidence of cancer, 408 samples were analyzed by cytology and 4% consisted of inadequate material. Of the remaining 392 samples, 85 (22%) were normal, 216 (55%) were infections (chiefly mycotic), 72 (18%) were precancerous lesions (50% H-SIL according to Bethesda classification) and 19 (5%) were positive for cancer (mainly stages III-IV). Precancerous lesions turned out to be cancer at histology in 44% of cases. 22% of precancerous lesions and 8% of clinically evident cancer were HIV-positive. Conclusions: This experience shows the high feasibility, good compliance and usefulness of a screening program for the early detection of cervical cancer in this high-risk population. [Table: see text]

The Development of a Cultural-Based Educational Program to Enhance Breast Self-Examination (BSE) Self-Efficacy

Purpose: To develop the educational program which is appropriate with Islamic culture in order to enhance BSE self-efficacy of nursing students and thus promote BSE practice. Method: This study is a development research study which is consisting of three phases including: 1) reviewing several existing BSE educational programs; 2) program design based on SCT and Islamic culture; and 3) program validation by three experts. Result: Based on previous studies, the most appropriate theory to enhance self-efficacy was Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) because this theory provides several strategies to increase the self-efficacy. Further, the program that used Islamic culture was more appropriate to increase BSE practice among Muslim women. As a result, the newly developed program was developed used SCT and Islamic culture. This program was comprised of four sessions including: 1) exploring Islamic mandate on prevention and individual responsibility in health promotion, and culture-related beliefs toward BSE, 2) health education by conducting lecturing session and watching a video about BSE procedures, 3) BSE training activities including BSE demonstration and return demonstration, 4) follow-up by conducting a meeting. Conclusion: The cultural-based educational program for enhancing BSE self-efficacy and promoting BSE is a program using multifaceted methods. It designed based on a review of the literature from previous studies and were supported by research findings on experimental studies in other population.

Motivations and reasons for women attending a Breast Self-Examination training program: A qualitative study

BackgroundBreast cancer is a major threat to Taiwanese women's health. Despite the controversy surrounding the effectiveness of breast self-examination (BSE) in reducing mortality, BSE is still advocated by some health departments. The aim of the study is to provide information about how women decide to practice BSE and their experiences through the training process. Sixty-six women aged 27-50 were recruited.MethodsA descriptive study was conducted using small group and individual in-depth interviews to collect data, and using thematic analysis and constant comparison techniques for data analysis.ResultsIt was found that a sense of self-security became an important motivator for entering BSE training. The satisfaction in obtaining a sense of self-security emerged as the central theme. Furthermore, a ladder motivation model was developed to explain the participants' motivations for entering BSE training. The patterns of motivation include opportunity taking, clarifying confusion, maintaining health, and illness monitoring, which were connected with the risk perception for breast cancer.ConclusionsWe recognize that the way women decide to attend BSE training is influenced by personal and social factors. Understanding the different risk assessments women rely on in making their health decisions is essential. This study will assist researchers and health professionals to gain a better understanding of alternative ways to deal with breast health, and not to be limited by the recommendations of the health authorities.

Prediction of breast self-examination in a sample of Iranian women: an application of the Health Belief Model.

BackgroundIranian women, many of whom live in small cities, have limited access to mammography and clinical breast examinations. Thus, breast self examination (BSE) becomes an important and necessary approach to detecting this disease in its early stages in order to limit its resultant morbidity and mortality. This study examined constructs arising from the Health Belief Model as predictors of breast self examination behavior in a sample of women living in Bandar Abbas, Iran.MethodsThis study was conducted in eight health centers located in Bandar Abbas, Iran. The sample consisted of 240 eligible women who were selected from referrals to the centers. The inclusion criteria were as follows: aged 30 years and over; and able to read and write Farsi. Women with breast cancer, who were pregnant, or breast feeding, were excluded from the study. Data were collected by using a self administered questionnaire which included demographic characteristics and Champion's Health Belief Model Scale. This instrument measures the concepts of disease susceptibility (3 items), seriousness (6 items), benefits (4 items), barriers (8 items) and self-efficacy (10 items).ResultsThe subjects' mean age was 37.2 (SD = 6.1) years. Just under a third of the subjects (31.7%) had performed BSE in the past and 7.1% of them performed it at least monthly. Perceived benefits and perceived self-efficacy of the women who performed BSE were significantly higher compared with women who did not practice BSE (p < 0.03). Furthermore, perceived barriers were lower among those who had performed BSE (p < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis indicated that women who perceived fewer barriers (OR: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.63-0.77, p < 0.001) and had higher self-efficacy (OR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.02-1.13, p = 0.003) were more likely to perform BSE (R2 = 0.52).ConclusionFindings from this study indicated that perceived barriers and perceived self-efficacy could be predictors of BSE behavior among the sample of women. Therefore, BSE training programs that emphasize self-efficacy and address perceived barriers are recommended.

A Brief Intervention Designed to Increase Breast Cancer Self-Screening

To assess the efficacy of an intervention designed to increase appropriate use of breast self-examination (BSE). Two-armed randomized clinical trial of cancer-control interventions in women that compared a BSE intervention program to a dietary intervention, which served as the control group. The study was conducted at a large health maintenance organization in Portland, Oregon. Participants were 616 female members of the health maintenance organization who were aged 40 to 70 years. The intervention consisted of a 30- to 45-minute individual counseling session that featured BSE instruction, training and practice with silicone models, identification of barriers to BSE, and problem-solving. This intervention was followed by two brief follow-up telephone calls. The study outcome measure was self-reported BSE practice, which included duration, frequency, and specific elements of exam. The study had a 90% response rate. At the 1-year follow-up, chi2 analyses showed that significantly more individuals in the BSE intervention (59%) reported adequate BSE performance compared with those in the control group (12.2%; p < .001). This brief intervention was successful in encouraging women to perform adequate BSEs. Although the role of the BSE in patient care remains controversial, these results show that even brief intervention programs can be effective at encouraging self-screening for cancer. This intervention could easily be modified to target other screening practices (e.g., skin or testicular cancer screening) that are associated with reduced cancer morbidity and mortality.

A Different Approach to Breast Self-Examination Education

Breast cancer is a common cancer among women, and early detection is important for breast cancer mortality and morbidity. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of daughters teaching their mothers about breast self-examination (BSE) and its health beliefs. In the study's first stage, 168 university students were trained by the School of Health students about BSE through group training methods. Then, these trained university students were asked to train their mothers about BSE. Data were collected before the training and then again after the training (1 month later). The study instruments included questionnaire forms and the Champion Health Belief Model Scale. The results were analyzed using paired- and unpaired-sample t test, analysis of variance, bivariate correlation analysis, and stepwise multiple regression analysis. The results show that women's knowledge level increased 2-fold after training, and the knowledge level difference between pretraining and post-training was significant (P = .000). The mothers' background information (hear-read) and BSE practice (P = .006 and .006, respectively) before the training process were found to be significant predictors of sociodemographic and other variables influencing the mothers' knowledge levels. The training increased the perceived benefit (P = .032) and confidence (P = .000) significantly. It was found that there was a negative but significant correlation between perceived barriers and BSE knowledge after the education (P = .019). It was found that mothers' knowledge level about BSE was higher after the education. Furthermore, perceived barriers decreased while other subscales increased. Education from daughter to mother can be used as a BSE training approach to increase women's knowledge about BSE.

Prospective analysis of the long-term effect of teaching breast self-examination and breast awareness

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the industrialized world and a leading cause of death. Breast self-examination (BSE) is one of the methods for an early detection of breast cancer. In the present study the effectiveness of a campaign promoting BSE and breast awareness was analysed. Seminars were conducted in 2003 in Lower Saxony, Germany by a female gynaecologist and a social pedagogue and included a lecture, an individual training in BSE in a separate room and a talk about the importance of regular BSEs. Questionnaires were handed out immediately after the seminar and were sent by post 1 year later. Attendance of the seminar resulted in a significantly higher percentage of monthly BSEs (21.4% before vs. 61.9% after the teaching). Furthermore, 92.1% of the women who did not perform a monthly BSE stated that at least they examined their breasts more frequently after attending the seminar. The data demonstrate that the seminars in BSE had profound effects on the compliance of women in carrying out BSE regularly and correctly, without influence of age or education.

The problems encountered by midwives during breast self-examination training

The second leading cause of cancer death in Turkey, breast cancer accounts for 24% of female cancers, with a crude incidence rate of 7.2 per 100,000 women in 1999. It was determined that breast self-examination (BSE) is carried out effectively if it is taught by a physician or a midwife/nurse. This descriptive study was performed in 16 health centers found in the city center of Samsun between 01.09.2006 and 30.12.2006. A total of 124 midwives work in the health centers found in the city center of Samsun. It tried to cover the total population rather than sampling part of it. However, 11 midwives, where there was error detected in their data coding paper, and who did not accept to join the study, were excluded from the study. A total of 103 midwives (response rate=83.06%) were included in the study group. The data were collected using a questionnaire form and a problem definition list prepared according to the literature. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used to evaluate the data. While 90.3% of the midwives stated that they performed BSE, it was seen that 82.6% of the midwives performed BSE irregularly. While 97.1% of the midwives considered BSE as important, 78.6% of them stated that they had had on-the-job training about BSE. About 82.5% of the midwives stated that they educated women about BSE and 75.7% of them said that they did not feel as sufficient themselves for BSE training. The midwives stated that the most frequent problems encountered were that the women were not willing to apply BSE (43.7%), the women were not able to distinguish the masses from normal breast tissue (48.5%), the women did not feel confident in detecting the masses (49.5%) and the women were not willing to think about cancer (41.7%). This study shows that multiple reasons are affecting women's BSE practices, which midwives should address when delivering their training sessions.

The Effects of Breast Self-Exam Education on The Performance of Nursing and Midwifery Students: A 6-Month Follow-Up Study*

Background. Late detection of breast cancer is still a leading cause of morbidity among patients. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of preplanned breast self-examination (BSE) training on nursing and midwifery students. Methods. A total of 74 first-year nursing and midwifery students were trained on BSE. Data were collected before and after BSE education by a modified questionnaire. Results. The BSE accuracy of the students was increased after education. Furthermore, positive attitude and behavior of the students toward BSE were improved. The students started to practice BSE with the right techniques and positions at the right time. The main reasons not to perform BSE were the lack of knowledge and motivation prior the education. Conclusions. BSE training is effective in nursing and midwifery students but should be repeated periodically for better efficacy. J Cancer Educ . 2007; 22:77–79.

The effectiveness of training for breast cancer and breast self-examination in women aged 40 and over

Training on breast health is required to increase awareness of early detection of breast cancer, especially in countries with limited resources. Of the 784 invited women, 462 participated in the study (58.9%). The training included both theoretical and breast self-examination (BSE) training between preeducation and posteducation tests. Following the theoretical presentation, breast examination training was performed using a breast simulator. The competency of the participants on breast examination was assessed by an evaluation guide. All breast cancer symptoms were stated at significantly higher rates compared to those before education (P < .05). The most commonly stated risk factor in both preeducation and posteducation tests was "no breast-feeding," with ratios of 15.2% and 56.3%, respectively. Early detection modalities for breast cancer were also stated more often in the posteducation test compared to the preeducation (P < .05). In the preeducation test, only 4.3% to 18.7% of the participant women could state most of the BSE steps. After BSE training, 85% to 92% of the participants were competent in BSE steps. Theoretical education on breast cancer and BSE training in low-educated women, even illiterate, is highly effective.

The effects of breast self-exam education on the performance of nursing and midwifery students: A 6-month follow-up study

Late detection of breast cancer is still a leading cause of morbidity among patients. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of preplanned breast self-examination (BSE) training on nursing and midwifery students. A total of 74 first-year nursing and midwifery students were trained on BSE. Data were collected before and after BSE education by a modified questionnaire. The BSE accuracy of the students was increased after education. Furthermore, positive attitude and behavior of the students toward BSE were improved. The students started to practice BSE with the right techniques and positions at the right time. The main reasons not to perform BSE were the lack of knowledge and motivation prior the education. BSE training is effective in nursing and midwifery students but should be repeated periodically for better efficacy.