Breastfeeding Experience Research Articles

Factors Supporting Breastfeeding among Working Women in the Workplace: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies

Breast milk is the best food for babies, containing all the energy, nutrients, and antibodies needed to protect the body from disease. Although the WHO recommends breastfeeding for only 6 months, working women have less potential to breastfeed exclusively than non-working. This is because most working women stop breastfeeding when returning to work after maternity leave. Therefore, this study aimed to identify factors that support breastfeeding in the workplace. This study applied systematic review using the PRISMA method and the data were obtained from PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus searches. The literature review used full-text published from 2014 to 2024 and qualitative original articles that were not from review. A qualitative study checklist was carried out using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool obtained 14 articles. The results showed that both internal and external factors played a significant role in exclusive breastfeeding. These included maternal determination, previous breastfeeding experience, proper knowledge about exclusive breastfeeding, as well as family, and partner support. External factors included workplace policies, such as maternity leave, availability, accessibility of safe, comfortable lactation facilities, on-site daycare, breastfeeding education, and lactation counseling. Additional external support from colleagues, employers, healthcare staff, and caregivers also played a significant role in exclusive breastfeeding. The success of breastfeeding among working women was significantly influenced by internal factors and immediate support system, as well as external workplace factors, policies, and support from colleagues and superior.

Milk levels of transforming growth factor beta 1 identify mothers with low milk supply.

Human milk is optimal for infant nutrition. However, many mothers cease breastfeeding because of low milk supply (LMS). It is difficult to identify mothers at risk for LMS because its biologic underpinnings are not fully understood. Previously, we demonstrated that milk micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) may be related to LMS. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) also plays an important role in mammary involution and may contribute to LMS. We performed a longitudinal cohort study of 139 breastfeeding mothers to test the hypothesis that milk levels of TGFβ would identify mothers with LMS. We explored whether TGFβ impacts the expression of LMS-related miRNAs in cultured human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs). LMS was defined by maternal report of inadequate milk production, and confirmed by age of formula introduction and infant weight trajectory. Levels of TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 were measured one month after delivery. There was a significant relationship between levels of TGF-β1 and LMS (X2 = 8.92, p = 0.003) on logistic regression analysis, while controlling for lactation stage (X2 = 1.28, p = 0.25), maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (X2 = 0.038, p = 0.84), and previous breastfeeding experience (X2 = 7.43, p = 0.006). The model accounted for 16.8% of variance in the data (p = 0.005) and correctly predicted LMS for 84.6% of mothers (22/26; AUC = 0.72). Interactions between TGF-β1 and miR-22-3p displayed significant effect on LMS status (Z = 2.67, p = 0.008). Further, incubation of HMECs with TGF-β1 significantly reduced mammary cell number (t = -4.23, p = 0.003) and increased levels of miR-22-3p (t = 3.861, p = 0.008). Interactions between TGF-β1 and miR-22-3p may impact mammary function and milk levels of TGF-β1 could have clinical utility for identifying mothers with LMS. Such information could be used to provide early, targeted lactation support.

Breastfeeding Experiences of Midwife Mothers and Barriers to Their Breastfeeding

Introduction: Midwives are at the forefront of the breastfeeding success of mothers, but the breastfeeding experiences of midwives who are mothers are unknown. Aim: This study was planned to determine the breastfeeding experiences of midwife mothers and the barriers to their breastfeeding. Materials and Methods: The study used a cross-sectional and descriptive design. A total of 177 midwives who had breastfeeding experience were included in the study. Results: The mean age of the midwife mothers was 39.71 ± 7.17 years and 53.1% had 2 children. The first breastfeeding time was 152.76 ± 471.97 minutes, the duration of breastfeeding was 14.88 ± 9.87 months, the duration of exclusive breastfeeding was 4.43 ± 1.65 months, and the duration of maternity leave was 6.16 ± 6.30 months. It was determined that 38.4% gave pre-lacteal feeding. It was found that some of the participants could not breastfeed because 34.5% of them did not have enough milk, 28.2% took short maternity leave, 26.6% had a busy work schedule, 24.9% had long working hours, 22.6% did not have a suitable place to express milk, 18.6% did not have enough time, and 10.7% were concerned about COVID-19 transmission. A statistically significant correlation was found between exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months and breastfeeding up to the age of 2 and pre-lacteal feeding, time of going back to work after maternity leave, psychological status, and sleep status (p

BREASTFEEDING PROBLEMS AND AFFECTIVE FACTORS DURING POSTPARTUM PERIOD

This study aims to examine breastfeeding problems experienced by mothers with 0-1 month old babies and the factors affecting them. The research population consists of breastfeeding mothers with 0-1 month old babies who applied to a State Hospital Clinics of Gynecology and Pediatrics. In data collection, the study used “Demographic Question Form” and “Breastfeeding Experience Scale”. Data was collected face to face via questionnaire. Mothers who gave birth on the 33-37th weeks, those who do not have breastfeeding experience, those who did not breastfeed their baby within the first half hour, those who breastfed their babies as soon as they cried, those who use pacifiers or bottles and formula and supplementary, those who experience breastfeeding problems and those whose babies stayed in intensive care unit were found to experience bigger problems with breastfeeding (p

Breastfeeding experiences from the perspective of the breastfeeding woman: qualitative study

To understand the breastfeeding experience from the perspective of a group of women who breastfeed for the first time. Qualitative study from an ethnographic perspective, focusing on a group of women from the eastern region of the Department of Antioquia (Colombia). Intentional sampling until data saturation was used. The group included 16 first-time breastfeeding mothers aged 18 or older, with children under 24 months of age and who were breastfeeding or had breastfed exclusively for at least three months. Semi-structured interviews and participant observations were carried out. Data were analyzed by triangulation and open and axial coding. The results are presented in the form of category descriptions. Four categories were identified in relation to the breastfeeding experience: exhaustion and pain dispelled by love, breastfeeding and the new order of things, emotions of a woman embodied in a mother, and breastfeeding as a social act. Protection of breastfeeding requires special attention to the woman as a subject beyond the act of breastfeeding, giving priority to her physical and emotional health as essential elements that must be kept in mind by healthcare professionals. Studies to assess the effects of creating support groups that foster the exchange of insights to help the breastfeeding woman are required.

Intervensi Rolling Massage Dalam Meningkatkan Produksi Asi Pada Ibu Post Partum Di Wilayah Kecamatan Tabungnanen

Postpartum marks the initiation of lactation, and ideally, newborns should be able to breastfeed from their mothers. Postpartum encompasses the period from 2 hours after the delivery of the placenta up to six weeks thereafter. During this duration, mothers undergo numerous changes, both physically and mentally. A common issue that arises during the postpartum period is the irregularity of breast milk supply. The objective of this community service initiative is to provide Back Massage Rolling to postpartum mothers. The method employed involves demonstrating the rolling massage technique to mothers with infants, aiming to facilitate smoother milk production, especially in the rural communities on the outskirts of the Tabunganen sub-district. The approach includes hands-on demonstrations for mothers with infants, teaching them the rolling massage technique to enhance daily breastfeeding experiences. The conclusion drawn is that a significant portion of the community, particularly mothers with infants, can accurately and effectively demonstrate the application of rolling massage in their daily routines.

Edukasi Tentang Perawatan Payudara Ibu Hamil Untuk Meningkatkan Produksi Asi Ibu Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Bantimurung

Breastfeeding is one of the best investments for survival and improving health, socio-economic development of individuals and nations. This coverage cannot be separated from problems that occur during the breastfeeding process, including the false belief that little milk comes out or that breast milk is not sufficient for the baby's needs. This situation is caused by several factors, including the mother's psychological condition, abnormal breast shape, baby sucking, which can affect breast milk production. Various studies have been carried out to facilitate breast milk production, including the Oxytocin Massage method, Marmet Technique, Rolling Massage (back), Endorphin massage, Breast Care, but due to limited information in health services regarding implementation procedures, these methods are only known but rarely given by health workers as care givers to patients. The service is carried out with the aim of providing knowledge to mothers and the community about Endorphine Massage in Increasing Breast Milk Production. The method used in community service begins with giving a pre-test, delivering material, evaluating with a post-test and practice. The target audience is pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers at the Bantimurung Community Health Center. The result of this community service was that 71.4% of participants' knowledge increased about Endorphine Massage in Increasing Breast Milk Production. This was proven by the enthusiasm of the participants who actively asked questions, discussed and shared breastfeeding experiences. After this activity takes place, there needs to be follow-up from the participants to apply the counseling that has been given.

A Qualitative Study of Breastfeeding Experiences Among Mothers Who Used Galactagogues to Increase Their Milk Supply

ObjectiveTo qualitatively describe breastfeeding experiences among mothers who used galactagogues to increase their milk supply. DesignOne-time, semistructured phone interviews. SettingUS. ParticipantsBreastfeeding mothers (n = 19) who reported ever consuming foods, beverages, or herbal supplements to increase their milk supply in a cross-sectional online survey were purposefully sampled to participate in this qualitative study. Participants were diverse in terms of race and ethnicity, education, income, infant age (0–18 months), and prior breastfeeding experience (32% first-time breastfeeding). Phenomenon of InterestReasons for trying to increase milk supply, sources of information about increasing milk supply, and strategies tried to increase milk supply. AnalysisInterviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. ResultsParticipants expressed determination and commitment to breastfeeding but unexpectedly struggled to breastfeed and increase their milk supply. They sought information from multiple sources and used individualized approaches to address milk supply concerns on the basis of recommendations from others, as well as the perceived convenience, cost, palatability, and safety of potential strategies. Conclusions and ImplicationsResults suggest a need to expand breastfeeding education and support so that lactating parents anticipate common breastfeeding challenges and are aware of evidence-based strategies for increasing their milk supply.

Breastfeeding and transpersonal values

This inquiry explored the impact of breastfeeding on mothers’ transpersonal values. It acknowledged societal obstacles mothers’ experience when attempting to breastfeed and included 12 participants who had a breastfeeding experience that reflects the current recommendations by the World Health Organization (WHO), meaning six months of exclusive breastfeeding followed by a combination of breastfeeding and solid foods for at least two years. The study followed an Organic Inquiry design which allowed for the incorporation of elements of feminism and environmental responsibility. Participant stories were collected through semi-structured online interviews, and the data was analysed using thematic analysis. Participants felt that breastfeeding enhanced transpersonal qualities at a personal level and noticed that these gave rise to transformative action at a community level. Six themes were identified: Transpersonal self-concept, spiritual insights, interconnectedness, discernment, alignment with nature and transformative changes. All participants regarded breastfeeding as a transformative experience which contributed to a sense of alignment with the natural world. Participants insights suggest a congruence of transpersonal psychology’s current focus on social engagement and environmental protection and global breastfeeding support efforts carried out by the WHO.

Factors associated with intention to breastfeed in Vietnamese mothers: A cross-sectional study

Introduction Breastfeeding has many benefits for mothers, children, and the environment over both the short and longr-term. Prenatal intention to breastfeed is a powerful predictor of short-term breastfeeding outcomes. Objective This study aims to analyze breastfeeding intentions, including the intention to feed infants with breastmilk only and to continue exclusive breastfeeding to 6 months among pregnant mothers in Hanoi, Vietnam. Methods The analysis included 1230 singleton mothers, between 24- and 36-weeks’ gestation, who attended antenatal clinics in two hospitals in Hanoi in 2020. Results The proportion of mothers with an “breastfeeding intention” (i.e., intention to feed an infant with breastmilk only) and “exclusive breastfeeding intention” to 6 months was 59.9% and 41.7%, respectively. Mothers who were 25 years or older (aOR = 1.35, 95%CI:1.00–1.81), had an undergraduate educational degree or higher (aOR = 1.38, 95%CI: 1.08–1.76), had observed another woman breastfeeding (aOR = 1.43, 95%CI: 1.03–2.00), were not living with parents-in-law (aOR = 1.34, CI: 1.05–1.70), and were multiparous (aOR = 1.60, 95%CI: 1.16–2.19) had higher odds of “exclusive breastfeeding intention” to 6 months. Among primiparous women, those who thought their husbands support breastfeeding were more likely to intend to feed an infant with breastmilk only. Among multiparous women, feeding the previous child with breastmilk exclusively before the introduction of complementary foods and not giving solid foods together with water until 6 months, were significant predictors for both breastfeeding intentions. Conclusion Mothers without exclusive breastfeeding experience should be provided with greater support to promote exclusive breastfeeding intention and outcomes.

Non-Puerperal Adoptive Breastfeeding as Lactational Rescue in the Rohingya Refugee Camp: 2 Case Studies.

Non-puerperal adoptive lactation sometimes requires long preparation and substantial expense for pharmacological intervention to be successful, which are not feasible in refugee camps. Here we report two case studies of non-puerperal adoptive breastfeeding of two infants in the Rohingya Refugee Camp of Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. Two non-pregnant, non-breastfeeding caregivers with previous experience of breastfeeding brought two adopted infants-one a 12-day-old female with severe acute malnutrition, and the other a 2-day-old male with normal anthropometric measurements-to a nutritional stabilization center for feeding. After counseling, both families opted for adoptive lactation. Both infants were treated with a modified Action Against Hunger protocol of in-patient management of severe acute malnutrition using the supplementary suckling technique, a procedure to feed the baby with supplementary feed. Diluted F100 was used as the supplementary feed; the energy and protein gained from it were just enough to maintain body physiology and were not responsible for any weight gain. When the infants gained weight, indicating that the caregivers were producing milk, we reduced the supplementary feed as per protocol guidelines. The caregivers were prescribed domperidone and counseled on their ability to breastfeed the infants. The cases required 35 days and 20 days, respectively, for the full establishment of breastfeeding. This is the first report of successful adoptive breastfeeding in a refugee camp. With proper counseling and motivation of the caregiver, induced lactation can be started without a preparatory period and with very low-cost intervention.

A Mobile App to Promote Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy in Preterm Infants' Mothers: Development and Validation.

Improving breastfeeding rates is a global goal. To achieve it, actions targeting modifiable factors that influence the breastfeeding experience, such as maternal self-efficacy, could be a promising path, especially with preterm infants' mothers. Considering the current ubiquitous technology, we developed a mobile application for mothers of preterm infants to constitute a breastfeeding information and support platform. The study was developed in three phases: a survey to determine characteristics and preferences of preterm infants' mothers; the app development by an interdisciplinary team, following the principles of Disciplined Agile Delivery; and the face and content validation by 10 professionals. The app contains 80 screens and 11 strategies to address prematurity, lactation, breastfeeding, peer support, maternal emotions, resilience, and motivation. Nurses can apply their expertise by designing mHealth-based interventions, employing scientific evidence, and considering the interests and preferences of the target population. Future studies will assess the user experience, the effect on breastfeeding self-efficacy, and breastfeeding rates, and develop a culturally adapted English version of the app for women in Canada.

New Validated Tool to Diagnose Breastfeeding Dysfunction.

Breastfeeding behaviors and experiences exist on a continuum. What differentiates normal from dysfunctional is defined by frequency and severity. No current validated tool addresses the subjective experience of dyads with a predictive score that can be followed over time. To create and validate a self-report tool to assess breastfeeding and evaluate its ability to predict risk of breastfeeding dysfunction. This study used a cross-sectional design to determine the validity of a novel instrument to assess breastfeeding dysfunction. We gave the initial questionnaire to 2085 breastfeeding dyads. We assessed content validity by comparison with other tools. We used exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation for concept identification and Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency. We employed logistic regression to assess the tool's ability to differentiate between normal breastfeeding and breastfeeding dysfunction. Factor analysis mapped 17 questions to four concepts to create a score (FLIP; flow, latch, injury [to the nipple], and post-feed behavior). Internal consistency and reliability of the scores in these concepts were acceptable (Cronbach's alpha ≥ 0.087 for all measures). A logistic regression model that controlled for infant age, with a breastfeeding dysfunction risk classification threshold of 60%, yielded a correct classification of 88.7%, with 93.1% sensitivity, 64.6% specificity, and a 6.5% false positive rate. The FLIP score was determined to be a valid and reliable instrument for quantifying the severity of breastfeeding dysfunction in children under 1 year old. Further studies will assess its usefulness in the management of breastfeeding dysfunction.

Experiences of Lactating Mothers on Breastfeeding and Additional Food Practices

The rate of exclusive breastfeeding and additional food practices rate remained low in Nepal. It's quite surprising, given the active promotion of breastfeeding and additional food practices by individuals, family members, communities, health institutions, hospital NGOs, INGOs, and the government. Nevertheless, we should continue to spread awareness about the importance of exclusive breastfeeding and healthy food practices for infants. The main objective of this study was to explore the experience of lactating mothers, who often struggle to manage additional food practices for their babies. The study was based on narrative theory and included a small sample group of two mothers, who shared their experiences of breastfeeding. Despite the challenges, the mothers in the study remained committed to providing their babies with the best possible nutrition and care. By sharing their stories, they hope to help other mothers who may be facing similar difficulties. During the research, a qualitative-descriptive research design was adopted, and purposive sampling was used to select participants. The data was gathered using verbatim audio recordings of in-depth interviews, and interview transcriptions were analyzed using the qualitative content analysis approach. It was found that all participants were still breastfeeding at the time of the interview. The analysis of the interview transcriptions generated 46 nodes, 8 sub-themes, and 2 key themes. The two key themes that emerged were "Challenge and support for breastfeeding" and "Nutrition and additional food practices." The research provided valuable insights into the experiences of breastfeeding mothers and the factors that impact their feeding practices. Our findings show that these mothers adopt positive practices such as feeding colostrum, exclusively breastfeeding, timely introduction of additional foods, and continuing to breastfeed. To ensure that more mothers have successful breastfeeding journeys, it is crucial to increase public awareness and support for breastfeeding through education, social support, and laws that promote it. Additionally, involving family members in the process can significantly contribute to the success of breastfeeding.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KETIDAKBERHASILAN PEMBERIAN ASI EKSKLUSIF DI KECAMATAN BAITUSSALAM KABUPATEN ACEH BESAR TAHUN 2023

Based on WHO (World Health Organization) data in 2021, it is reported that the global exclusive breastfeeding coverage is around 44% of infants aged 0-6 months worldwide who are exclusively breastfed during the 2015-2021 period. This has not yet reached the target for exclusive breastfeeding coverage in the world, which is 50%. Low exclusive breastfeeding will have an impact on the quality and livability of the next generation. The purpose of the study was to determine the factors associated with the failure of exclusive breastfeeding in Baitussalam District, Aceh Besar Regency in 2023. Research Methods This type of research is an analytical survey research using a Cross Sectional approach, Cluster random sampling technique with a sample size of 66 people. The research instrument was a questionnaire. Data analysis using univariate and bivariate analysis with the SPSS statistical program. The results of statistical tests with the Chi-square test showed a p-value of 0.020 <0.05, so there was a mother's age on the failure of exclusive breastfeeding in Baitussalam District, Aceh Besar Regency in 2023. The statistical test results with the Chi-square test showed a p-value of 0.052 <0.05, so there was a relationship between maternal knowledge of breastfeeding techniques on the failure of exclusive breastfeeding in Baitussalam District, Aceh Besar Regency in 2023. The statistical test results with the Chi-square test showed a p-value of 0.032 <0.05, so there was a relationship between maternal employment and the failure of exclusive breastfeeding in Baitussalam District, Aceh Besar Regency in 2023. The statistical test results with the Chi-square test showed a p-value of 0.031 <0.05, so there was a relationship between breastfeeding experience and the failure of exclusive breastfeeding in Baitussalam District, Aceh Besar Regency in 2023. The statistical test results with the Chi-square test showed a p-value of 0.069 <0.05, so there was no relationship between the support of health workers on the failure of exclusive breastfeeding in Baitussalam District, Aceh Besar Regency in 2023. The statistical test results with the Chi-square test showed a p-value of 0.050 <0.05, so there was a relationship between family support for the failure of exclusive breastfeeding in Baitussalam District, Aceh Besar Regency in 2023. Conclusion There is a relationship between maternal age, maternal knowledge of breastfeeding techniques, maternal employment, breastfeeding experience, family support on the failure of exclusive breastfeeding. There is no relationship between the support of health workers and the failure of exclusive breastfeeding.

"It felt like I had an old fashioned telephone ringing in my breasts": An online survey of UK Autistic birthing parents' experiences of infant feeding.

Around 3% of people are Autistic. Autistic people communicate differently from non-Autistic people and experience the sensory world differently. There is limited evidence that Autistic people can face additional barriers to breastfeeding. We are an Autistic-led research team that developed an online survey following consultation with the Autistic community. Autistic people from the UK who had been pregnant were eligible to take part in the survey, which focused on the entire maternity journey. A total of 193 people participated, of whom 152 had experiences of infant feeding (137 breastfeeding, 82 formula feeding). Participants were highly motivated to breastfeed, and almost half of those who breastfed found it positive always or most of the time. However, breastfeeding-and in particular the milk let-down reflex-could result in pain and sensory difficulties, including 'feeling odd'. Expressing breastmilk always or most of the time was reported by 10% of breastfeeding participants. The intensity and unpredictability of both breastand formula feeding were challenging to manage. Parents reported that it was easy to understand how to prepare infant formula, but that it could also be a negative and anxiety-inducing experience. Support for breast and formula feeding was often considered inadequate. When parents did access breastfeeding support, this significantly improved a range of breastfeeding experiences. However, participants recommended more tailored support and continuity of carer. To meet the needs of Autistic birthing parents, those providing infant feeding support should receive training on Autism through a neurodiversity-affirming lens, which should be delivered by Autistic people.

Mothers with tandem breastfeeding experience: a qualitative study

ABSTRACT This study aims to explore the experiences of breastfeeding mothers during pregnancy in tandem breastfeeding. This research is a qualitative study conducted using the phenomenological research design. Data saturation was achieved after 11 participants were interviewed. The content analysis approach was used to analyze the data. Interview transcriptions were systematically examined, and the study findings were gathered under 4 main themes within the framework of tandem breastfeeding from the perspective of breastfeeding women. These main themes consist of decision to continue tandem breastfeeding, tandem information support/search, maternal experience in tandem breastfeeding, and recommendations for mothers. The participants mostly shared their experiences in the effects of tandem breastfeeding on child health, pregnancy, and breast milk. Both mothers’ own beliefs and feelings and community beliefs affected their decision to continue tandem breastfeeding. Mothers who tandem breastfed in this study need information and support.

Breast feeding practices after normal vaginal and caesarean delivery in Gujarat, India.

Breast feeding is the mainspring of child survival, nutrition, development and maternal health. Early initiation of breastfeeding is an extremely important factor associated with the maintenance of long-term breastfeeding practice. Breastfeeding practices can be influenced by a variety of variables such as parity, mode of delivery; body mass index (BMI), breast or nipple abnormalities and behavioural factors are equally as important. The present study was conducted to analyze Breast Feeding Practices after Normal Delivery and Caesarean Delivery at a Tertiary Care Hospital. This cross sectional study was conducted at tertiary care hospital, by Convenient non-random sampling method, which included two groups; Group A: 100 mothers who delivered vaginally Group B: 100 mothers who gave birth through caesarean section (n=100 each). Participants were asked to complete standardized questionnaire consists of information on socio demographic and breast feeding practice. All anthropometric measurements were taken. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data on maternal socio demographic characteristics, breastfeeding knowledge, practices along with source of information regarding breastfeeding and maternal experience. The study results shows that initiation of breastfeeding is most common in normal vaginal delivery (70%) among total 100 subjects of vaginal delivery category and also common in subjects with planned C-section (49%) of 100 subject"s caesarean delivery category. Association between the modes of delivery and initiation of breastfeeding within an hour was statistically significant (p<0.01). The present study indicates that C-sections are linked to higher breastfeeding challenges, greater resource usage, and shorter nursing duration.

Comparison of Breastfeeding and Pumping Experiences of Milk Bank Donors in the United States and United Kingdom.

Background/Objective: As human milk banking services expand, information about lifestyle characteristics and infant feeding experiences of milk bank donors is relatively limited. Our goal was to describe and compare milk bank donors' demographic, clinical, and lifestyle characteristics, and breastfeeding experiences in a variety of geographic settings. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted from August 2022 to December 2022 with approved donors from three milk banks in the United States (n = 369), and one milk bank in United Kingdom (n = 187). Results: Donors in all settings were predominantly in their early 30s, White, married, educated, and identified as female. U.K. donors reported more frequently being on maternity leave (33% versus 5%, p < 0.001), predominantly feeding directly at the breast in the first 3 months postpartum (51% versus 28%, p < 0.001), and breastfeeding a single child longer (21.2 versus 13.3 months, p < 0.001) than U.S. donors. Significantly more U.S. donors reported pumping due to work (34% versus 11%, p < 0.001) and pumping multiple times per day (57% versus 36%, p < 0.001). Most donors reported receiving information about breastfeeding from a health care provider (94% United States and 88% United Kingdom, p = 0.022), while the internet was the most popular source of information about pumping (65% United States and 64% United Kingdom, p = 0.751). Conclusion: Factors not directly related to milk banking (e.g., maternity leave, sources of breastfeeding/pumping assistance) may have an impact on how donors feed their children and ultimately on their milk donation pattern. The impact of donor characteristics and feeding practices on donation patterns warrants further investigation.

Difference Between Breastfeeding and Complementary food with Nutritional Status in Infants Aged 6-24 Months in the Working Area of the Pare Health Center

Background: The problem of malnutrition in toddlers is the impact of low exclusive breastfeeding for up to 6 months and improper breastfeeding because it is given too early or too late, the amount is not enough to meet the needs of growth and development of babies at each age stage. Objective: to determine the difference between breastfeeding and MP-ASI with nutritional status in infants aged 6-24 months. Method: This study used a cross-sectional design. The study sample was mothers who had babies aged 6-24 months as many as 30 respondents with 2 groups of breastfeeding and MP-ASI (15 respondents per group) using quota sampling. The research was placed in the working area of the Pare Health Center for 2 weeks with questionnaire instruments according to the experience of breastfeeding and MP-ASI, as well as Z score measurement. Analysis of paired sample t-test. Results: The results of this study showed that most of the 15 respondents breastfeeding had less nutritional status as many as 9 respondents (60%), while of the 15 respondents of MP-ASI most had good nutritional status as many as 10 respondents (66.7%). Conclusion: Families must be more careful in understanding the nutritional needs of infants with a combination of nutritional content needed by the body in accordance with the stage of development and nutritional needs in infants aged 6-24 months.