Duration Of Breastfeeding Research Articles

Impact of Breastfeeding Barriers on Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Breastfeeding Outcomes in North Dakota.

Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first 6months of life, but there are racial/ethnic disparities in meeting this recommendation. 2017-2020 North Dakota Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (weighted N = 11,754) data were used to examine racial/ethnic differences in the association between self-reported breastfeeding barriers and breastfeeding duration. Breastfeeding duration was self-reported breastfeeding at 2 and 4months, and number of weeks until breastfeeding cessation. Self-reported breastfeeding barriers were yes/no responses to 13 barriers (e.g., "difficulty latching," "household duties"). Logistic regression estimated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals to determine if barriers accounted for breastfeeding disparities by race/ethnicity. Cox proportional hazard models estimated hazard ratios for stopping breastfeeding for American Indian and other race/ethnicity individuals, compared to White individuals. Models were adjusted for birthing parents' demographic and medical factors. Logistic regression results suggest American Indian birthing parents had similar odds for breastfeeding duration (2-month duration: OR 0.94 (95%CI 0.50, 1.77); 4-month duration: OR 1.24 (95%CI 0.43, 3.62)) compared to White birthing parents, after accounting for breastfeeding barriers. Cox proportional hazard models suggest American Indian birthing parents had a lower hazard of stopping breastfeeding (HR 0.76 (95%CI 0.57, 0.99)) than White parents, after accounting for breastfeeding barriers. Accounting for breastfeeding barriers eliminated observed disparities in breastfeeding outcomes between American Indian and White birthing parents. Targeted and culturally safe efforts to reduce barriers to breastfeeding are warranted to reduce racial/ethnic disparities in breastfeeding.

Growth patterns of children under 5 years old in rural area northern of Abha, Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia.

Measuring and monitoring physical growth is a key element in assessing children's health. The physical and mental development of a growing child are indicators of good health and nutrition. This study aimed to explore the patterns of growth parameters among children under 5 years old attending primary health care centres (PHCCs) in rural northern Abha. Feeding habits during the first 2 years of life were also assessed. This study was conducted on 1-5 April 2022 in all (PHCCs) in Billasamr and Ballahmar, two neighbourhoods of northern Abha. The investigator designed a form for collecting each child's age (months), weight (kilograms), gender, birth order, number of family members, type of feeding (exclusive breastfeeding, exclusive bottle feeding, or mixed feeding), and duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Gender affected the body weight of Saudi infants, as boys weighed significantly more than age-matched girls. Birth order also affected body weight. During the first and third years of life, Saudi children's body weight was not significantly affected by feeding type. During the second and fifth years of life, formula-fed children weighed more than breastfed or combination-fed children. However, during the fourth year of life, body weight was highest in combination-fed children. Growth patterns over time, established from multiple data points, must be used in conjunction with other medical and family history to evaluate appropriate growth. Recording and tracking body size, especially recumbent length and weight, as part of well-baby care is critical for any assessment of child wellbeing and health status.

Skin To Skin Contact pada BBLR terhadap Waktu, Durasi dan Dampaknya

This research aims to examine the implementation of skin-to-skin contact for LBW, which includes an analysis of when it is fastest to start, how long it lasts, and what the impact is. The research method used was a systematic review through searches in electronic databases, namely Proquest, Scopus, EBSCOhost, Clinical Key, and Clinical Key for Nursing from 2013 to 2023. The study results showed that early skin-to-skin contact for LBW was safe from eight research articles. Starting in the first 24 hours of life, including mild to moderate unstable conditions, still using a breathing apparatus and IV line (umbilical or central). The initial duration starts from 40 minutes to 16 hours per day. The impact is in the form of a higher rate of weight gain, reduced need for parenteral nutrition, longer duration of breastfeeding, better immunological function and lung function, better sleep patterns, lower prolonged crying patterns, lower markers of stress in babies and mothers, and mortality rates. In the first month, it was quieter. In conclusion, skin-to-skin contact for LBW is safe to do from an early age, including for unstable LBW in the mild to moderate category; the duration starts from 40 minutes and is increased gradually according to the baby's tolerance and has been proven to have many positive impacts on both the baby and the mother. Keywords: LBW, Premature Babies, Kangaroo Method Treatment, Skin To Skin Contact

The Relationship Between Breast Cancer Risk Factors and Mammographic Density

Background: Mammography is the most important evaluation technique for breast cancer screening. The importance of understanding mammographic density becomes evident when considering its relationship with breast cancer risk. There exists a positive correlation between high mammographic density and an increased susceptibility to breast cancer. Therefore, knowing the prevalence of breast density and its associated factors helps consider possible interventions and medical management to alter the density and properly follow up with the patients. Methods: A total of 350 women in Azerbaijan enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Patient’s questionnaires included demographic data such as age, weight, height, education, menarche age, menopause status and age, oophorectomy history, marital status, number of successful deliveries, age of first delivery, number of breast-feeding times, duration of breastfeeding, oral contraceptives/ hormone replacement therapy (HRT) usage, menstrual status, familial history of cancer, history of benign breast lesion biopsy, and alcohol/smoking status. The evaluation of breast density was done according to the American College of Radiology grading A to D. Results: The average age of the studied patients was 45.68±6.96 years with a median of 44.5 years. The population of women with breast density above 50% was higher compared to those with low breast density (51.4% versus 48.6%). In women without a history of breastfeeding, the frequency of breast density above 50% was observed in 76.4% of women. Significantly, lower densities were observed during menopause, and higher densities were observed during nonmenopause (P=0.001). Furthermore, no relationship was observed between breast composition and nulliparity, history of oophorectomy, duration of breastfeeding, marital status, menstrual status, and oral contraceptive pill (OCP) consumption. Conclusion: The main risk factors of high breast density include young age, menstrual status (non-menopausal patients), lack of breastfeeding after childbirth, older age of first delivery, and lower body mass index

‘Breastfeeding exclusivity, difficulties, and support in the first days after hospital discharge: A correlational study’

ObjectiveGlobal breastfeeding rates are not optimal, and the early postpartum period represents a critical time for breastfeeding initiation. The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative endeavours to provide mothers with evidence-based breastfeeding support in birth hospitals. This study examined factors associated with breastfeeding exclusivity and breastfeeding difficulties in the first days after being discharged from Baby-Friendly designated hospital. The adequacy of breastfeeding support and maternal preferences for optimal support were also reported. Study designA non-experimental correlational study was conducted between May 2021 and October 2022. A total of n = 80 breastfeeding mothers completed a semi-structured questionnaire within two weeks of discharge from Baby-Friendly hospital in Finland. The questionnaire included demographic and obstetric background information and six questions on breastfeeding exclusivity, breastfeeding difficulties, and breastfeeding support. Descriptive statistical analysis and multivariate binary logistic regression analysis were performed. ResultsThe mean age of the mothers was 30.6 years (SD 5.4), and half of the mothers were primiparas (49 %). Most mothers gave birth vaginally (85 %) to a full-term infant (84 %). Most (85 %) had made some prenatal plans for breastfeeding, and the median planned duration of breastfeeding was 12 months. Half of the infants (53 %) received supplemental milk while in the hospital. Most mothers (81 %) were exclusively breastfeeding after hospital discharge. Mothers whose infants received supplemental milk in the hospital had an increased odds of non-exclusive breastfeeding (aOR 16.5 [CI 95 % 1.7–156.7], p 0.015). Approximately one-third of the mothers (39 %) experienced breastfeeding difficulties. Primiparous mothers had increased odds of experiencing breastfeeding difficulties (aOR 3.41 [CI 95 % 1.2–9.8], p 0.023). Mothers who received adequate postnatal breastfeeding support in birth hospital had decreased odds of experiencing breastfeeding difficulties (aOR 0.16 [CI 95 % 0.03–0.8], p 0.026). Mothers were mainly satisfied with breastfeeding support, although timelier access to support was preferred after hospital discharge. ConclusionAdequate in-hospital postnatal breastfeeding support, including avoidance of non-medical supplementation, contributes to successful breastfeeding after hospital discharge in terms of more exclusive breastfeeding and fewer breastfeeding difficulties. Primiparous mothers need emphasized support to mitigate breastfeeding difficulties. Timelier access to breastfeeding support after discharge is needed.

Machine learning analysis for the association between breast feeding and metabolic syndrome in women

This cross-sectional study aimed to develop and validate population-based machine learning models for examining the association between breastfeeding and metabolic syndrome in women. The artificial neural network, the decision tree, logistic regression, the Naïve Bayes, the random forest and the support vector machine were developed and validated to predict metabolic syndrome in women. Data came from 30,204 women, who aged 20 years or more and participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2010–2019. The dependent variable was metabolic syndrome. The 86 independent variables included demographic/socioeconomic determinants, cardiovascular disease, breastfeeding duration and other medical/obstetric information. The random forest had the best performance in terms of the area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve, e.g., 90.7%. According to random forest variable importance, the top predictors of metabolic syndrome included body mass index (0.1032), medication for hypertension (0.0552), hypertension (0.0499), cardiovascular disease (0.0453), age (0.0437) and breastfeeding duration (0.0191). Breastfeeding duration is a major predictor of metabolic syndrome for women together with body mass index, diagnosis and medication for hypertension, cardiovascular disease and age.

Lifetime Duration of Breastfeeding and Cardiovascular Risk in Women With Type 2 Diabetes or a History of Gestational Diabetes: Findings From Two Large Prospective Cohorts.

Breastfeeding duration is inversely associated with risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes in parous women. However, the association among women at high risk, including women with type 2 diabetes or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is unclear. We included 15,146 parous women with type 2 diabetes from the Nurses' Health Study I and II (NHS, NHS II) and 4,537 women with a history of GDM from NHS II. Participants reported history of breastfeeding via follow-up questionnaires. Incident CVD by 2017 comprised stroke or coronary heart disease (CHD) (myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization). Adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% CIs were estimated using Cox models. We documented 1,159 incident CVD cases among women with type 2 diabetes in both cohorts during 188,874 person-years of follow-up and 132 incident CVD cases among women with a GDM history during 100,218 person-years of follow-up. Longer lifetime duration of breastfeeding was significantly associated with lower CVD risk among women with type 2 diabetes, with pooled aHR of 0.68 (95% CI 0.54-0.85) for >18 months versus 0 months and 0.94 (0.91-0.98) per 6-month increment in breastfeeding. Similar associations were observed with CHD (pooled aHR 0.93 [0.88-0.97]) but not with stroke (0.96 [0.91-1.02]) per 6-month increment in breastfeeding. Among women with GDM history, >18 months versus 0 months of breastfeeding was associated with an aHR of 0.49 (0.28-0.86) for total CVD. Longer duration of breastfeeding was associated with lower risk of CVD in women with type 2 diabetes or GDM.

Structural Sexism and Breastfeeding in the United States, 2016-2021.

Recent studies demonstrate that structural sexism erodes women's health and impedes access to healthcare. This study extends this research to examine the relationship between structural sexism and breastfeeding initiation and duration in the United States. A multifaceted state-level structural sexism index was constructed and merged with responses from the 2016-2021 National Survey of Children's Health by state and child's birth year. For children ages six months to 5years, the prevalence of being ever breastfed and breastfed for at least six months was measured across levels of structural sexism. Multivariable logistic regression analyzed the association of structural sexism with breastfeeding outcomes, net of individual and family characteristics. Higher levels of structural sexism were associated with lower odds of breastfeeding initiation and lower odds of breastfeeding for at least six months net of family and child characteristics. In addition, sensitivity analyses show that variations in state breastfeeding laws did not explain these differences. This study highlights structural sexism's role in limiting breastfeeding initiation and duration. Breastfeeding promotions and guidelines should consider the broader context of structural sexism.

Associations between breastfeeding duration and adherence to complementary feeding recommendations in Scotland.

We aimed to describe how breastfeeding relates to adherence to complementary feeding (CF) recommendations, diet diversification and feeding skills development and whether sociodemographic factors explain any differences observed. The Scottish Maternal Infant and Nutrition Survey for infants aged 8-12 months collected breastfeeding history, CF practices, diet and sociodemographic data using a self-completion questionnaire. Non-healthful CF practices were starting CF < 6 months, any consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), sweet or salty snacks (treats) or unmodified cow's milk and regular consumption of commercial baby foods. Diet diversification and feeding skills were assessed by amount of self-feeding and number of food groups, meals and snacks eaten daily. Of the 2730 mothers, 20% were solely infant formula fed (IFF) and 48% continued breastfeeding ≥6 months. Compared to IFF babies, mothers who gave any breast milk ≥6 months were more likely to start CF ≥ 6 months compared to those IFF (66% vs. 37%) and less likely to give treats (15% vs. 45%), SSBs (11% vs. 20%) and commercial baby foods (31% vs. 53%). These associations remained highly significant (p < 0.001) even after sociodemographic factor adjustment. Despite starting CF later, infants breastfed ≥6 months ate the same number of food groups and meals as those IFF, were just as likely to self-feed purees and more likely to self-feed finger foods daily (87% vs. 81% p < 0.001). Mothers who breastfeed beyond 6 months adhere more to CF recommendations and start CF later compared to IFF, but their babies eat a similarly diverse diet and have similar feeding skills.

A cross-sectional study of the association between breastfeeding history and overweight/obesity in postmenopausal women.

This study endeavors to augment comprehension of the association between breastfeeding and maternal weight within Asian populations. Data were obtained from the comprehensive 2011 research titled "Risk Evaluation of Cancers in Chinese Diabetic Individuals (REACTION): a longitudinal analysis," focusing specifically on postmenopausal women residing in the metropolitan precincts of Guiyang. It presents a cross-sectional study involving 5,987 parous postmenopausal women, aged 60.1 ± 6.9 years, who underwent assessments of body mass index and waist-to-height ratio. The probability of excessive weight or obesity was evaluated in relation to the aggregate duration of breastfeeding, using single-factor and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Following multiple adjustments for different confounders, the odds ratios (ORs) demonstrated that women who had borne a single child and breastfed for more than 12 months exhibited an increased prevalence of excessive weight (body mass index ≥24 kg/m 2 ) in contrast to those who abstained from breastfeeding (model I: OR, 1.481; 95% confidence interval, 1.124-1.952; P = 0.005; model II: OR, 1.471; 95% confidence interval, 1.113-1.944; P = 0.007). Conversely, among the subset of women who had given birth to two or more children, no noteworthy associations emerged between breastfeeding duration and the propensity for excessive weight or obesity (all models). In the Asian population, the duration of breastfeeding does not appear to be necessarily linked to the prevalence of overweight or obesity in postmenopausal women.

Survey On Father’s : Knowledge About Breastfeeding

Exclusive breastfeeding means the baby receives only breast milk and no other liquids, solids, or even water, except oral rehydration solutions or drops/syrups of vitamins, minerals, or medicines. The success of exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months cannot be separated from the support and role of family, such as parents, in-laws, and especially the support of the husband as the closest person. Good knowledge is needed to succeed in breastfeeding, but fathers' knowledge of the importance of breastfeeding is still shallow, many fathers / prospective fathers do not understand the importance of breastfeeding and its benefits for babies and mothers. Father/partner is one of the most significant factors for breastfeeding success. Fathers/partners influence the decision to breastfeed children and their support influences the experience and duration of breastfeeding. The purpose of this study was to find out how fathers know about breastfeeding. The type of research used is qualitative. The population in this study was prospective fathers of III trimester pregnant women (32-40 weeks) as many as 84 people with non-probability sampling techniques with purposive sampling methods. The instrument used is a questionnaire in the form of a checklist sheet that has been tested for validity. The results obtained by most respondents or 51 (60.7%) respondents are less knowledgeable about breastfeeding, both about the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding for the growth and development of babies, how to provide breast milk, food to increase milk production, and complicating the breastfeeding process. Lack of knowledge of husbands challenging breastfeeding because adequate emphasis has not been given to the promotion of breastfeeding. They need a platform managed by health professionals who can help them and allow them to absorb information and apply it and feel confident and competent as an engaged parent.

Machine learning algorithms to uncover risk factors of breast cancer: insights from a large case-control study.

This large case-control study explored the application of machine learning models to identify risk factors for primary invasive incident breast cancer (BC) in the Iranian population. This study serves as a bridge toward improved BC prevention, early detection, and management through the identification of modifiable and unmodifiable risk factors. The dataset includes 1,009 cases and 1,009 controls, with comprehensive data on lifestyle, health-behavior, reproductive and sociodemographic factors. Different machine learning models, namely Random Forest (RF), Neural Networks (NN), Bootstrap Aggregating Classification and Regression Trees (Bagged CART), and Extreme Gradient Boosting Tree (XGBoost), were employed to analyze the data. The findings highlight the significance of a chest X-ray history, deliberate weight loss, abortion history, and post-menopausal status as predictors. Factors such as second-hand smoking, lower education, menarche age (>14), occupation (employed), first delivery age (18-23), and breastfeeding duration (>42 months) were also identified as important predictors in multiple models. The RF model exhibited the highest Area Under the Curve (AUC) value of 0.9, as indicated by the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. Following closely was the Bagged CART model with an AUC of 0.89, while the XGBoost model achieved a slightly lower AUC of 0.78. In contrast, the NN model demonstrated the lowest AUC of 0.74. On the other hand, the RF model achieved an accuracy of 83.9% and a Kappa coefficient of 67.8% and the XGBoost, achieved a lower accuracy of 82.5% and a lower Kappa coefficient of 0.6. This study could be beneficial for targeted preventive measures according to the main risk factors for BC among high-risk women.

Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Breastfeeding Initiation and Duration: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Several studies support the health benefits of breastfeeding for both the mother and the newborn. However, a significant number of mothers discontinue breastfeeding within the first six months of childbirth, with several factors influencing breastfeeding adherence.The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the prevention of mother-to-newborn infection transmission, breastfeeding patterns and duration, and the incidence of other infections during the first year of life. Data from a sample of 39 mothers who gave birth at the Hospital Pedro Hispano in Porto, Portugual, between March 2020 and November 2021 were collected and a telephone questionnaire was administered. Statistical analysis was conducted using R software, v. 4.2.1 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). In terms of the impact of the COVID-19 norm 18/2020, which went into effect on March 30th, our research found that the type of feeding during hospitalization was significantly influenced by this norm (X2=10.30, p=0.006). We also confirmed that mothers who received home assistance breastfed for an extra 4.5 months (95% CI: 1-7.5) compared with mothers who did not receive such assistance. Regarding the effect of COVID-19 and breastfeeding on newborn health, our study found that if the total duration of breastfeeding is less than six months, an infection is approximately five times more likely (95% CI = 1.06- 29.56). Overall, the findings of this study indicate that the efforts implemented at Hospital Pedro Hispano to limit the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic had some effect on immediate breastfeeding patterns, but not on the total duration of breastfeeding or newborn health. Nonetheless, more continuous assistance at home would have been beneficial.

The investigation of serum phenylalanine levels based on infant feeding method: a cross-sectional study of children less than two years old with phenylketonuria (PKU)

BackgroundClinical advice may suggest discontinuing breastfeeding after the diagnosis of phenylketonuria in infants as the only effective way to monitor the newborn's intake and accurate measurement of phenylalanine (Phe). This study aims to investigate the prevalence and duration of breastfeeding, as well as its effect on serum Phe levels in infants with phenylketonuria at Education and Therapy Medical Center, Be'sat Hospital, Iran.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study of 34 children under two years old diagnosed with phenylketonuria between September 2018 and December 2022. Infants were categorized as breastfed and non-breastfed (bottle-fed) based on their feeding method after diagnosis. Data on age at diagnosis, medical records, demographic information, and anthropometric indices were collected, and infants with incomplete data or mixed feeding (formula + breast milk) were excluded from the study.ResultsOf 94 infants managed in our hospital, 34 had complete medical records. Among the all patients 13 (38%) continued to be breastfed combined with phenylalanine-free amino acid-based protein substitute, while 21 (62%) were did not receive breast milk. The mean duration of breastfeeding was 2.57 ± 0.59 (1–3) months. The mean age at diagnosis was 22.6 ± 18.4 days. Phenylalanine concentrations at diagnosis were mean 10, SD 5.44; range 4–24 mg/dL [0.22–1.33 μmol/L] in the breastfed group and mean 14.3, SD 10.2; range 5–37 mg/dL [0.27–2.05 μmol/L] in the non-breastfed group.Non-breastfed infants had lower serum Phe levels than breastfed infants: mean 3.76, SD 2.10; range 1–7 mg/dL [0.05–0.38 μmol/L] and mean 4.89, SD 3.68; range 2–19 mg/dL [0.11–1.05 μmol/L], respectively, although not statistically significant [(t (34) = 118.0, P = 0.51]. Also we found no significant associations in body measurements for weight, height, and head circumference at birth and final assessment.ConclusionsIn conclusion, during treatment, there were no statistically significant associations between breastfeeding and serum Phe levels with growth in children with phenylketonuria.

Evaluation of possible associated factors for early childhood caries: are preterm birth and birth weight related?

BackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate the oral and dental health of preschool children aged 12–71 months living in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey, and to examine the effects of low birth weight (LBW) and preterm, early term and term birth on dental caries.Methods475 participants were included in the study. Intraoral examinations were performed and evaluated for the presence of early childhood caries (ECC). These values ​​are; Relationships such as age, gender, birth weight, week of birth, tooth brushing frequency, cariogenic nutrition, and parental education levels were examined. The obtained data were analyzed statistically (chi-square, t-test, artificial neural network (ANN)).ResultsOf the 475 participants, whose parents agreed to fill out the questionnaire, 250 were female and 225 were male. While the mean age was 49.78 ± 14.78 months for those with ECC, it was 38.93 ± 17.96 months for those without. Higher duration of breastfeeding (p = 0.04), education level of parents (p = 0.001), lower socioeconomic level (p = 0.001), and lower brushing frequency (p = 0.001) were also found to be significantly associated with ECC. ECC was seen in 90% of 77 children with a history of preterm birth. In LBW, this rate was 83%. According to the ANN result, in preterm birth; 12.9% affected ECC by LBW.ConclusionAccording to the results of our study, both LBW and preterm delivery were found to be associated with ECC and S-ECC (severe early childhood caries). An additional study on parents of preterm/LBW infants would be beneficial. In the early period, regular dental examination, implementation of preventive and preventive treatments, and nutrition education to parents can make a significant difference in the prevention of ECC.

Infant feeding practices and risk of preschool obesity in AlAin, UAE: A cross-sectional study

Early childhood obesity is serious public health problem, and poses a risk of obesity in later life. The study aimed to investigate whether infant feeding affects risk of overweight and obesity in preschool children in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). A cross-sectional study was carried out. Data was collected in a kindergarten in Al Ain, UAE. One hundred and fifty parents and preschool children aged 2 to 6 years participated in the study. Univariate and multivariate linear regression were used to investigate associations. A longer duration of breastfeeding and later introduction of complementary foods were associated with a lower BMI z-score in preschool children. Each month of any breastfeeding was associated with a lower BMI z-score in the unadjusted model (β = -0.03; 95% CI -0.05, -0.01; p = 0.01), and each month increase in the age of introducing complementary foods was associated with a lower BMI z-score in the unadjusted model (β = -0.43; 95% CI: -0.60 to—0.027; p&lt;0.001). These associations remained after adjustment for potential confounding factors (age, sex, maternal BMI, maternal education level, mother’s age, social class, father’s BMI) for duration of breastfeedinig (β = -0.02; 95% CI: -0.05 to 0.00; p&lt;0.001) and age of complementary feeding (β = -0.39; 95% CI: -0.57 to—0.21; p&lt;0.001). Poor infant feeding practices (shorter duration of breastfeedinig and early introduction of complementary foods) were found to be associated with higher BMI in preschool children. Promoting appropriate proper infant feeding practices in line with recommendations could be one strategy to help prevent childhood obesity in the UAE.

Associations of Appetitive Traits and Parental Feeding Style With Diet Quality During Early Childhood

BackgroundAppetitive traits and parent feeding styles are associated with body mass index in children, yet their associations with child diet quality are unclear. ObjectiveThe objective was to examine relations of appetitive traits and parental feeding style with diet quality in 3.5-year-old children. DesignThe study was a secondary, cross-sectional analysis of data from Sprouts, a follow-up study of the Pregnancy Eating Attributes Study (PEAS). Birthing parents completed the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire, Caregiver’s Feeding Styles Questionnaire, and proxy 24-hour dietary recalls for their children from February 2019 to December 2020. Participants/settingParticipants were 162 birthing parents (early pregnancy BMI ≥ 18.5 and absence of preexisting diabetes, any medical condition contraindicating study participation, self-reported eating disorder, or medications that could affect diet or weight) and their children living in North Carolina. Main outcome measuresHealthy Eating Index—2015 (HEI-2015) total scores were calculated. Statistical analyses performedPath modeling was conducted using PROC CALIS with full information maximum likelihood (FIML) to account for missing data (< 2% of all data in dataset). Associations of child appetitive traits and parental feeding style with child HEI-2015 scores, adjusting for exclusive breastfeeding duration and household income–poverty ratio, were examined. Tests of simple effects were conducted in subsamples split by parental feeding style. Hypotheses were formulated during data collection. ResultsA 1-standard deviation (SD) greater food fussiness was associated with a 2.4-point lower HEI-2015 total score (P = .02; 95% confidence interval [CI] [–4.32, –0.48]) in children. When parental feeding style was authoritarian, a 1-SD greater food responsiveness was associated with a 4.1-point higher HEI-2015 total score (P = .007; 95% CI [1.12, 7.01]) in children. When parental feeding style was authoritative, a 1-SD greater slowness in eating was associated with a 5.8-point lower HEI-2015 total score (P = .01; 95% CI [–10.26, –1.33]) in children. ConclusionsParental feeding style may modify the association of appetitive traits with diet quality in young children. Future research could determine whether matching parent feeding styles to child appetitive trait profiles improves child diet quality.

Prenatal Breastfeeding Counseling Intervention in Women with Pre-Gestational Diabetes Mellitus—A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Data on breastfeeding rates and targeted interventions in women with pre-gestational diabetes mellitus are inconclusive. The aim of the study was to evaluate breastfeeding rates up to one year postpartum and whether targeted counseling towards the end of pregnancy can impact breastfeeding rates and duration. An additional goal was to evaluate whether counseling affected women’s perceptions regarding breastfeeding. Methods: Women with pre-gestational diabetes mellitus were cluster-randomized between 32 and 36 weeks of gestation, either to face-to-face instruction with a certified lactation consultant or to receive written information on breastfeeding. Thirty-eight women without diabetes served as controls and were given written information on breastfeeding. All women filled out a questionnaire regarding intended breastfeeding duration, exclusivity, and perceptions, before intervention and at three, six, and twelve months post-partum. Results: Fifty-two women with pre-gestational diabetes mellitus consented to participate. All completed the questionnaires, 26 in each group. At three, six, and twelve months postpartum, rates of any breastfeeding were around 60%, 50%, and 30%, respectively. Approximately one-third breastfed exclusively in each group at three and six months. No significant difference in breastfeeding rates was noted between face-to-face instruction, written information, and controls. End-of-pregnancy counseling improved confidence in breastfeeding knowledge and confidence in being able to manage blood glucose. Conclusions: Breastfeeding rates in pre-gestational diabetes mellitus were comparable to those of women without diabetes and were unchanged by mode of instruction at the end of pregnancy. However, targeted diabetes-oriented breastfeeding instruction at the end of pregnancy improved knowledge and confidence among women with pre-gestational diabetes mellitus.

Scoping Review: Inhibiting and Supporting Factors of Exclusive Breastfeeding in Teenage Moms

Breast milk has a very important role and is the best nutrition in preventing the onset of disease, and it can save lives and provide healthy growth and development during the first 1000 days of life. Findings in several studies show that adolescent mothers have a shorter duration of breastfeeding and have a lower proportion of breastfeeding initiation when compared to adult mothers, so this scoping review aims to review the inhibiting and supporting factors in adolescent mothers in breastfeeding. This scoping review method uses the Arksey &amp;; O'Malley framework, which was developed using the PEOs framework; in searching and selecting articles through relevant databases, namely Pubmed, Ebsco, and Wiley, and using Grey Literature through Google Scholar; The literature search process used PRISMA Flowchart, and found that from 73 articles there were 7 articles selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The findings based on inhibiting factors show that adolescent mothers lack knowledge about exclusive breastfeeding, practical knowledge in breastfeeding, difficult childbirth or other maternal complications, while supporting factors include maternal education, husband desires and support and support. It can be concluded that previous studies show that breastfeeding among adolescent mothers still requires special attention, which is related to inhibiting factors and very diverse supporting factors that occur among adolescent mothers

Protective Characteristics of Human Breast Milk on Early Childhood Otitis Media: A Narrative Review.

Introduction: Human breast milk (HBM) contains a complex and dynamically changing variety of factors that contribute to the infant's developing immune system's ability to fight upper respiratory tract infections, including otitis media (OM). We sought to summarize the current evidence on the protective characteristics of HBM, through direct or donated feeding, toward early childhood OM. Methods: For this narrative review, we performed a literature search on OM in the context of HBM feeding in the PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar databases, between January 1, 2008, and July 1, 2023. Results: Immunoglobulin A (IgA) provides a short-term immunity of 2-3 days against otopathogens causing OM. IgA-mediated immunity is effective against OM up to 7 months of age if breastfeeding continues. The role of transferred IgM and IgG in HBM is unclear. Although there is a potential protective value of microRNA, hormones, oligosaccharides, stem cells, and interleukins present in HBM, their role is unclear. Any duration of breastfeeding is superior to no breastfeeding in OM risk reduction, with a big variability among studies (odds ratio 0.23-0.81, depending on the duration). Duration of breastfeeding ≥6 months was found to be the most effective in OM risk reduction, but there was no evidence of continued benefits after 2 years of age. Expressed breastfeeding was not shown to be more beneficial. The protective values of donor HBM against OM are still undetermined. Conclusion: HBM has numerous components that contribute to protection against early childhood OM.