Breastfeeding Research Articles

Assessment of prevalence and epidemiological determinants of undernutrition in children of 6-60 months of the age in an urban slum of Mumbai, India

Background: In urban slums, several socio-demographic factors contribute for the occurrence of undernutrition in children of 6-60 months of the age, this study aims at Assessment of prevalence of undernutrition in children of 6-60 months of the age in an urban slum of Mumbai and to study associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Urban Slum which is a field practice area of institution. Children of 6-60 months of the age were included in the study and information was gathered by interviewing parents/caretakers and anthropometric measurement of all children confirming to the inclusion criteria were recorded. Data was analysed with SPSS v.22.0 with suitable tests. Results: Prevalence of undernutrition was found 50.6%, more per cent of undernutrition was found in 25-60 months age 100 (54.1%), 90 (53.3%) girls, 132 (51%) nuclear family dwellers, in 43 (64.2%) children whose mothers got married <18 years age. 88 (71.5%) children with undernutrition belonged to Class IV, (B.G Prasad classification), statistically significant association of undernutrition was found with the factors age of child, mother’s education, birth order, birth weight, immunisation status, mother’s age at marriage, exclusive breast feeding, history of acute respiratory infection (ARI) and diarrhoea, and socio-economic status. Conclusions: Study found certain socio-demographic factors like age, gender and birth order of child, type of family, age of mother during marriage and her literacy level, exclusive breast feeding, immunisation and frequency of ARI and diarrhoea associated with undernutrition.

The influence of breastfeeding factors on the prevalence of back and neck pain: data from an online survey

BackgroundSometimes during breastfeeding women adopt positions that may cause problems with musculoskeletal system, resulting in back pain. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of lower back, upper back and neck pain in breastfeeding women and how this may be related to the act of breastfeeding.MethodsAn online survey within Poland was conducted among 395 breastfeeding women who were 1 to 48 months postpartum and were divided into two groups; “no back pain” and “back pain present”. The measurement tools used included an original questionnaire, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), a Numerical Pain Rating Scale (0–10), and the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire. Pearson’s chi-squared tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, Student’s t-tests, and Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA tests were used to compare the groups.ResultsIt was found that 84% of breastfeeding mothers suffered from back pain at least once a month. Pain was experienced at least once a week in the cervical, thoracic and lumbosacral regions in 48%, 36%, and 66% of the women, respectively. A dysfunctional state was present in 27.6% of breastfeeding mothers who suffered from back pain. Mothers experiencing back pain spent significantly more time on single breastfeeding episodes (p < 0.05) and had an increased total time breastfeeding per day (p < 0.01) compared to mothers with no back pain. Neck pain was significantly less intense in mothers preferring to breastfeed in a lying position as compared to mothers preferring a sitting position in a chair or an armchair (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThis survey of Polish breastfeeding mothers revealed a very high prevalence of lower back, upper back and neck pain. The amount of time spent on breastfeeding and the choice of body position for breastfeeding were important factors differentiating the prevalence and intensity of the pain. It is recommended that breastfeeding mothers do not extend the single-feeding time in the adopted position beyond the required time. It is of utmost importance to choose a breastfeeding position in which all parts of the mother’s body are supported. To prevent neck pain, lying and semi-lying positions with head support are recommended.

Pharmacotherapy of motor symptoms in early and mid-stage Parkinson's disease: guideline "Parkinson's disease" of the German Society of Neurology.

There are multiple pharmacological treatment options for motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). These comprise multiple drug classes which are approved for the condition, including levodopa, dopamine agonists, COMT inhibitors, MAO-B inhibitors, NMDA-receptor antagonists, anticholinergics, and others. Some of the drugs are approved for monotherapy and combination therapy while others are only approved as adjunctive therapy to levodopa. Furthermore, treatment for special treatment situations, e.g., rescue medication for off-phases, for tremor, treatment during pregnancy and breast feeding is discussed and recommendations are given with further details. The recommendations were based on systematic literature reviews, drafted by expert teams, consented in online polls followed by online consensus meetings of the whole German Parkinson's Guideline Group, and publicly released in November 2023. In the new S2k (i.e., consensus-based) guidelines, the pharmacotherapy of the motor symptoms of PD is discussed in five chapters. These comprise "Parkinson medication", "Initial monotherapy", "Early combination therapy", "Fluctuations and dyskinesia", and "Parkinsonian tremor". Furthermore, there is a chapter for special treatment situations, including perioperative management, freezing of gait, and pregnancy and breastfeeding. The recommendations for the pharmacotherapy of motor symptoms of PD have been updated. Newly available drugs have been added, while other drugs (e.g., ergoline dopamine agonists, anticholinergics, budipine) have been removed from the recommendations.

PEMBERIAN SAYUR PEPAYA MUDA TERHADAP KELANCARAN ASI PADA IBU NIFAS

Midwifery care is a complete series of care by midwives covering the entire maternity period, from antenatal to intranatal to neonatal and postnatal including family planning contraceptive counseling. The administration of lactagogue, a substance known to help increase breast milk secretion and production, which is naturally found in papaya, is a widely adopted strategy to overcome the problem of low, or even worse, lack of breast milk production (BMP) in breastfeeding mothers. This study aims to provide comprehensive information on, from antenatal to intranatal to neonatal and postnatal by including family planning. The methods used are interviews, observations and implementation. The subject was Mrs. S who was given boiled young papaya to increase BMP during postpartum care at Hj. Hospital. Bunda Halimah Batam in 2024. The results of the examination given to Mrs. S did not show any significant problems during the antenatal and intranatal periods (which were spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD)), the weight of the newborn was within the normal range, postpartum care to increase BMP was also reported to be no problem, and the subject decided to become a contraceptive acceptor. In conclusion, which can be done independently, during antenatal, intranatal, neonatal, postnatal, and family planning counseling, no significant problems were found. As a suggestion, midwives are encouraged to implement standardized ones starting from antenatal care to contraceptive follow-up that can help monitor and anticipate possible problems or complications early on

Effect of probiotic administration to breastfeeding mothers with very low birthweight neonates on some neonatal and maternal outcomes: study protocol for a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

IntroductionPremature birth and very low birth weight (VLBW) are leading causes of neonatal mortality. Almost all premature infants experience hyperbilirubinaemia. Administering probiotics to breastfeeding mothers may positively affect infant outcomes....

Safety of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Among Breastfeeding Infants of Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B: A Systematic Review.

An integral component to achieving worldwide chronic hepatitis B (CHB) elimination is addressing vertical transmission. Guidelines differ in their recommendations for breastfeeding while on tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). To conduct a systematic review of published studies analysing the concentration of tenofovir (TFV) in the breast milk of mothers receiving TDF and determining infant exposure from breastfeeding. We conducted a systematic literature search of studies evaluating infant safety from the breast milk of breastfeeding mothers receiving TDF for any indication that reported a TFV breast milk concentration. Daily infant exposure was used to calculate the relative dose of TFV in infants. Other pertinent information collected was the concentration of TFV in maternal and infant plasma, the duration of therapy of TDF and the indication for TDF. We identified 10 studies including 443 patients-266 of whom were mothers, and the remaining were infants-that reported the TFV concentration of breast milk in breastfeeding mothers receiving TDF. A total of 654 breast milk samples were included. The mean TFV concentration from all the studies that reported a median concentration of TFV was 4.8 ng/mL (95% CI [3.8, 5.8]). The mean infant exposure of TFV from breast milk was 0.56 μg/kg/day (95% CI [0.44, 0.68]). The mean relative dose was determined to be 0.01% of the weight-based recommended infant dose. Infant plasma levels of TFV were also collected. This was undetectable in a majority of the studies that reported it. Based on the negligible infant exposure of TFV while breastfeeding, from a pharmacologic and toxicity standpoint, maternal dosing of TDF appears safe for breastfeeding infants.

PIJAT LAKTASI UNTUK MELANCARKAN ASI PADA IBU POST PARTUM

The care provided by midwives throughout the life cycle, including pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum, and family planning, is known as comprehensive midwifery. Midwives provide this care to their patients to carry out their duties as midwives. Lactation massage targets several areas, including the breasts, back, shoulders, and neck. The basic idea behind lactation massage is to induce a state of relaxation in the mother, which in turn increases breast milk production by the hormone oxytocin. Since most women do not produce enough breast milk after giving birth, lactation massage aims to stimulate breast milk production. This is due to the fact that a woman's energy levels will be very different after giving birth compared to when she was pregnant, when her milk supply was more stable and the breastfeeding mother felt calmer. This research uses case study methodology, which is a type of descriptive research. By utilizing trackers. There will be a decrease in calcium levels in breast milk when a postpartum mother uses lactation massage to stimulate breast milk production for thirty minutes, twice a day. After giving new mothers a 30-minute lactation massage, researchers found that their breast milk production increased. In short: Women who have recently given birth can benefit from lactation massage by increasing the amount of breast milk they produce.

The Relationship Between Breastfeeding Mother's Knowledge and Feeding Exclusive Breastfeeding at PMB A Bogor City

Breast milk (breast milk) is the main and best food at the beginning of a baby's life naturally, without other food additives in babies aged 0-6 months. The Indonesia Health Profile (2018) shows that the proportion of breastfeeding patterns in Indonesia is 37.3%, this figure is still below the target of 80%. The percentage of exclusive breastfeeding in Bogor City in 2019 was 54.7%. In 2020 before, it was 53.15%. In the PMB A work area of Bogor City, the coverage of exclusive breastfeeding is low. Various factors affect the provision of exclusive breastfeeding, including the lack of information and knowledge of mothers about the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding. Research Objective: To find out the relationship between breastfeeding mothers' knowledge and exclusive breastfeeding in PMB A Bogor City. This study uses an analytical descriptive method with a cross-sectional design. The total population is 39 people, with a sample of 36 people. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling. Data were collected using questionnaires. The analysis methods used were univariate test and bivariate test using Chi-square ? = 0.05. Univariate analysis showed that breastfeeding mothers aged 21-30 years (61.1%), high school education (33.3%), and IRT employment (58.3%). Knowledge is lacking (41.7%), and mothers do not breastfeed exclusively (55.6%). The results of the bivocal analysis showed that there was a relationship between maternal knowledge and exclusive breastfeeding (p-value a = 0.004). There is a relationship between maternal knowledge and exclusive breastfeeding in PMB A Bogor City.

The Influence of Health Education Using Brainstorming Method About Exclusive Breastfeeding on Breastfeeding Mother's Knowledge in PMB D Bogor District in 2023

Health education is expected to increase the knowledge of breastfeeding mothers in exclusive breastfeeding. West Java Health Profile in 2017 the coverage of exclusive breastfeeding in Bogor Regency was 22.84%. Mother's knowledge can influence exclusive breastfeeding. To determine the effect of health education using the brainstorming method about exclusive breastfeeding on the knowledge of breastfeeding mothers at PMB D Bogor Regency in 2023. This study used a one group pre-test post-test pre-experimental research design. Analytical research method with cross sectional design. Total population of 35 people with a sample of 32 people. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling, and bivariate data analysis used the assisted t-test. The results of the univariate analysis showed that the respondents were aged 20-35 years (84.4%), high school (78.1%), housewife (90.6%), the knowledge of breastfeeding mothers before being given health education using the brainstorming method was mostly lacking (43.8%), the knowledge of breastfeeding mothers after being given health education using the brainstorming method was mostly good (65.6%). The results of the bivariate analysis showed that there was an effect of health education using the brainstorming method about exclusive breastfeeding on increasing the knowledge of breastfeeding mothers with a p-value of 0.000 &lt;0.05. There is an effect of health education using the brainstorming method about exclusive breastfeeding on increasing the knowledge of breastfeeding mothers.

Integration of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) services for pregnant and breastfeeding women in eight primary care clinics: results of an implementation science study

BackgroundAlthough HIV vertical transmission has declined significantly in sub-Saharan Africa, incident HIV infection in pregnant and postpartum women is estimated to account for over one-third of HIV vertical transmission. Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for pregnant and breastfeeding women (PBFW) is included in South African PrEP guidelines since 2021; however, integration of PrEP services within ante- and postnatal care remains limited.MethodsBetween March 2022 and September 2023, we evaluated the integration of PrEP for PBFW in eight antenatal clinics in Cape Town, South Africa, following training and mentorship of providers. We applied an adapted Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework to evaluate the integration of PrEP services for pregnant and breastfeeding women. Before the study, PrEP was not routinely offered. We implemented a staff didactic/practice-based training and mentorship on PrEP provision targeting PBFW. We evaluated the following: (1) Reach as the proportion of women initiating PrEP among women counselled and tested for HIV, (2) effectiveness as PrEP continuation up to 3 months by pregnant vs. breastfeeding women, (3) adoption of PrEP integration via pre- and post-training assessments and ongoing mentorship assessments, (4) implementation through clinic trends of PrEP offer over time, and (5) maintenance: continued PrEP offer 3 months following the intervention.ResultsIn 8 facilities providing ante- and postnatal care, we trained 224 healthcare providers (127 nurses and 37 counsellors). Of those, we mentored 60 nurses, midwives, and HIV counsellors working with pregnant and breastfeeding women, with 80% of nurse/midwives and 65% of counsellors scoring ≥ 80% on the final mentoring assessment. Overall, 12% of HIV-negative pregnant women started PrEP, and 41% of those continued PrEP up to 3 months. Among HIV-negative breastfeeding women, 14% initiated PrEP, and 25% continued PrEP up to 3 months. All eight facilities continued providing PrEP 3 months post intervention.ConclusionsIn these high HIV prevalence clinics, the proportion of pregnant and breastfeeding women initiating and continuing PrEP rapidly increased but was limited among breastfeeding women. Staff training, mentorship, and PrEP integration were well-adopted by nurses and counsellors, and services continued following the intervention. Barriers included limited HIV testing of breastfeeding mothers and need for additional PrEP-trained nurses.

Edukasi Gizi Seimbang Sebagai upaya Pencegahan Stunting oleh KKN Universitas Palangka Raya di Desa Batuah Kecamatan Basarang Kabupaten Kapuas

Stunting is a condition of impaired growth in children under five years of age due to chronic malnutrition, resulting in slower growth compared to their peers. Based on the Special Index Report on Stunting Management in Central Kalimantan Province for 2021-2022, it shows that almost every city and district has reached the index threshold but is indicated to be low or the index numbers are close to the lower limit. The IKPS (Special Stunting Management Index) for Kapuas Regency in 2021 reached 51.7 with a lower limit index of 47.0, categorized as poor, and in 2022 it only reached 49.2 with a lower limit index of 43.9, also categorized as poor. The KKN group designed several educational and nutritional intervention programs to increase community awareness and understanding of the importance of adequate and balanced nutritional intake. These programs include socialization about healthy eating patterns, counseling on the importance of nutrition for pregnant and breastfeeding mothers, and the provision of healthy corn pudding. The output of this activity is demonstrated by the increased knowledge of participants about the importance of adequate nutrition.

Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus species: considerations for female reproduction and offspring health.

Lactobacillus rhamnosus is a type of bacteria known as a probiotic and is often used to support the health of the digestive system and vaginal flora. This type of bacteria has an important role, showing positive effects on female reproductive biology, particularly by maintaining the balance of microorganisms in the vagina, reducing the risk of infection, and strengthening the immune system to support maternal health during pregnancy. There are also studies showing that these probiotics prevent maternal obesity and gestational diabetes. Consuming probiotics containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains may support the intestinal health of breastfeeding mothers, but they may also contribute to the health of offspring. Therefore, this review focuses on the current available data for examining the effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains on female reproductive biology and offspring health. A systematic search was conducted in the PubMed and Web of Science databases from inception to May 2024. The search strategy was performed using keywords and MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms. Inconsistent ratings were resolved through discussion. This review is strengthened by multiple aspects of the methodological approach. The systematic search strategy, conducted by two independent reviewers, enabled the identification and evaluation of all relevant literature. Although there is a limited number of studies with high heterogeneity, current literature highlights the important contribution of Lactobacillus rhamnosus probiotics in enhancing female reproductive health and fertility. Furthermore, the probiotic bacteria in breast milk may also support the intestinal health of newborn, strengthen the immune system, and protect them against diseases at later ages.

Reliability and validity of the German version of the Iowa infant feeding attitude scale (IIFAS-G) and relations to breastfeeding duration and feeding method

BackgroundPublic health initiatives (e.g., the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative) have led to an increase in breastfeeding rates worldwide. However, as (exclusive) breastfeeding duration is still below WHO recommendations, it is crucial to understand the factors that influence decisions on breastfeeding practice. Modifiable psychological factors such as intention to breastfeed have therefore become targets of recent interventions. As the intention to breastfeed is among the strongest predictors of breastfeeding duration, reliable tools for measuring the intention to breastfeed are needed. The Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS) measures attitudes towards infant feeding and is used in various languages and across different cultural contexts. However, there has been no German version of the IIFAS (IIFAS-G) so far. The aim of this study was to investigate reliability, validity, and associations of the IIFAS-G with feeding method and breastfeeding duration.MethodsBetween August and November 2022, a total of 353 mothers (Mage = 35 years, SDage = 4.2 years) of singleton infants (47.3% female (1 undetermined), Mage = 10.8 months, SDage = 4.7 months, age range: 3-547 days; 90.4% living in Switzerland) participated in an online survey. The IIFAS-G was administered as a part of a larger study on early child development and infant feeding method.ResultsThe translated IIFAS-G showed unsatisfactory model fit for the two factor 17-item solution. Four items showed low factor loadings. After item reduction, a 13-item two factor solution showed satisfactory model fit (CFI = 0.92, TLI = 0.90, RMSEA = 0.07) and high internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.85). The IIFAS-G score was higher for mothers who exclusively breastfed their infants compared to mothers who additionally or exclusively fed infant formula. Moreover, mothers with higher IIFAS-G scores were less likely to stop breastfeeding their child over the course of 1.5years (HR = 0.87).ConclusionA shorter two-factor IIFAS-G is proposed to investigate attitudes towards breastfeeding and formula feeding in German-speaking mothers.

A review of digital maternal health promotion to optimise access and utilization of care services in sub-Saharan Africa

In sub-Saharan Africa, maternal mortality rates remains high among women as the vulnerable demographics of reproductive age and breastfeeding mothers compared to other parts of the world. The situation is exacerbated by the region’s underperforming healthcare systems. Although digital health interventions have increased since the emergence of COVID-19 pandemic to enhance health promotion in terms of maternal health vulnerability, the access to and utilization of care services, the record of positive impacts remains limited. The objective of this paper was to analyse the status of digital maternal health promotion in supporting female of reproductive age, first-time and nursing mothers to access and utilise maternal healthcare services during their perinatal and postpartum periods in underserved settings of sub-Saharan Africa. A literature review of peer-reviewed publications between 2020 and 2023 was conducted by searching online databases using keywords and filtering the results using a set of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Findings indicate that digital maternal health promotion is increasingly enabling access to hard-to-reach populations, but the utilization of associated care services remains relatively low. Particularly, mHealth and asynchronous audio-visual digital media are critical for delivering maternal health educational content to the targeted populations, including their partners, and are most likely to increase utilization of maternal care services. Digital promotion of maternal health requires multi-stakeholder collaboration to address the limiting socio-economic, cultural and technical factors that determine access to and utilization of care services during the perinatal and postpartum period, if mortality rates are to be reduced towards the sustainable development goal for good health and well-being.

Theophylline impact on weaning in oxygen-dependent infants followed in an outpatient Kangaroo Program.

Theophylline was an orally administered xanthine used for treatment of apnea of prematurity and Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in ambulatory follow-up of Low-Birth-Weight infants (LBWI) with oxygen-dependency in the outpatient Kangaroo Mother Care Program (KMCP). Theophylline's main metabolic product is caffeine; therefore, it was an alternative due to the frequent lack of ambulatory oral caffeine in low and middle-income countries. To assess the effectiveness of oral theophylline in decreasing days with oxygen and to describe frequency of adverse related events. Quasi-experiment before and after withdrawal of theophylline given systematically to LBWI with ambulatory oxygen in two KMCPs. 729 patients were recruited; period 1: 319 infants when theophylline was given routinely and period 2: 410 infants when theophylline was no longer used. The theophylline cohort had less gestational age, less weight at birth, more days in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, more days of oxygen-dependency at KMCP admission, and more frequencies of Intrauterine Growth Restriction and apneas. After adjusting with propensity score matching, multiple linear regression showed that nutrition was associated with days of oxygen-dependency, but theophylline treatment not. No differences were found in frequencies of readmissions up to 40 weeks, intraventricular hemorrhage or neurodevelopmental problems. Participants in period 2 had more tachycardia episodes. We did not find association between oral theophylline treatment and the reduction of days with ambulatory oxygen. For the current management of oxygen-dependency in LBW infants, the importance of nutrition based on exclusive breast feeding whenever possible, is the challenge.

Prevalence and factors associated with anemia among HIV-infected women in sub-saharan Africa: a multilevel analysis of 18 countries

BackgroundDespite the intended 50% reduction in anemia in women of reproductive age, this tendency has only worsened. Even though iron deficiency is the most prevalent cause of anemia, anemia and chronic illnesses like HIV are closely associated; in fact, 48.6% of people living with HIV who were 15 years of age or older had anemia. However, the burden of anemia among HIV-positive women in sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries is not well documented. Therefore, the goal of our research was to investigate anemia and the factors that are linked to it in SSA women who had HIV infections.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted using demographic and health survey datasets from 18 SSA countries. A total of 7823 weighted samples were included. STATA version 16 software was used for analysis. A multilevel logistic regression model was fitted. An adjusted odds ratio with a 95% CI and a p-value < 0.05 was used to declare significantly associated factors.ResultThe overall prevalence of anemia was found to be 45.1% [95% CI: 43.97–46.18%]. Of those 5.05%, 37.97%, and 56.97% were severely, moderately, and mildly anemic, respectively. Education level of primary [AOR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.62, 0.89], secondary [AOR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.68, 0.98], and higher [AOR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.55, 0.99], as well as current contraceptive use [AOR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.63, 0.87] were negatively associated with anemia. While pregnancy [AOR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.17, 1.94], breast feeding [AOR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.17, 1.64], health insurance [AOR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.25, 1.80], and menstruation within six weeks prior to data collection [AOR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.20, 1.54] had a significant positive relation with anemia among HIV-infected women in SSA countries.ConclusionAnemia is a serious public health problem among HIV-infected women in SSA countries. Pregnancy, breast feeding, health insurance, and menstruation within six weeks prior to data collection were significant risk factors. On the other education and current contraceptive use were significant protective factors for anemia among HIV-infected women in SSA countries. Therefore, strategies aimed at early identification of anemia may lead to an improvement in the health of HIV-infected women.

The Effect of the Implementation of Specific Nutrition Intervention Policies on the Effectiveness of Stunting Prevention in Cirebon Regency

This study aims to identify the impact of the implementation of special nutrition intervention policies on the effectiveness of efforts to prevent stunting in Cirebon Regency. The method used is quantitative research with survey design and deliberately selected sampling. Data was collected through filling out questionnaires by 99 respondents consisting of pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers in two villages in Cirebon Regency. Data analysis includes validity tests, reliability tests, classical assumption tests, and simple linear regression analysis. The findings of the study show that the implementation of special nutrition intervention policies has a significant influence on the effectiveness of stunting prevention in Cirebon Regency. In the regression model used, every 1% increase in the implementation of special nutrition intervention policies (X) correlates with an increase of 0.560 in stunting prevention effectiveness (Y). This impact moved in a positive direction, with a coefficient of determination (R Square) value of 36.8%, indicating that the variable of implementation of special nutrition intervention policies significantly explained the variation in stunting prevention effectiveness in Cirebon Regency.

A study of the teenage population in the Portibi subdistrict of the North Padang Lawas Regency

The percentage of teenage pregnancies in Indonesia is 0.02% at the age of &lt;15 years and 1.97% at the age of 15-19 years in Portibi sub-district, North Padang Lawas District. Adolescent mothers are known to have low exclusive breastfeeding coverage rates. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that influence exclusive breastfeeding in adolescent mothers in Portibi sub-district, North Padang Lawas Regency. This study used a survey method with a cross-sectional design. The study population was teenage mothers who had babies aged 6-24 months in Portibi sub-district, North Padang Lawas Regency. Data collection using questionnaires. Bivariate analysis used chi square and fisher's exact test while multivariate analysis used logistic regression. The results showed 46.7% of teenage mothers provided exclusive breastfeeding. Bivariate analysis showed that pregnancy status (p=0.029), perceived birth experience (p=0.045), perceived breastfeeding (p=0.005), husband support (p=0.009), family support (p=0.000) were associated with exclusive breastfeeding, education level (p=0.143) and employment status (p=0.352) were not associated with exclusive breastfeeding. Multivariate analysis showed that family support (p=0.014; RP=7.637) and breastfeeding perception (p=0.015; RP=9.746) were associated with exclusive breastfeeding. Family support was the most dominant factor in exclusive breastfeeding among adolescent mothers. Adolescent mothers who received support from their family and had a positive perception of breastfeeding had a 72.7% probability of exclusive breastfeeding.

Passively administered fluoxetine reaches the juvenile brain of FSL rats and reduces antioxidant defences, without altering serotonin turnover

BackgroundFluoxetine is present in breast milk, yet it is unclear to what extent it, or its active metabolite, norfluoxetine, reaches the brain of the infant and what the effects of such exposure on neurobiological processes are. We therefore aimed to quantify the concentration of passively administered fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in the whole brains of exposed Flinders sensitive line (FSL) offspring and establish their influence on serotonergic function and redox status.MethodsAdult FSL dams received fluoxetine (10 mg/kg/day), or placebo for fourteen days, beginning on postpartum day 04. Offspring were passively exposed to fluoxetine until postnatal day 18 and euthanized on postnatal day 22. Whole brain fluoxetine, norfluoxetine, serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) concentrations were measured via liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis.ResultsWhole-brain serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations, and serotonin turnover (5-HIAA/5-HT) were comparable between strains. Treatment-naïve FSL rats had lower GSH and higher GSSG whole-brain concentrations, relative to FRL controls, and an overall decreased GSH/GSSG ratio. Passively administered fluoxetine resulted in undetectable whole-brain concentrations, while norfluoxetine averaged 41.28 ± 6.47 ng/g. Serotonin turnover of FSL rats was unaffected by passively administered fluoxetine, while redox status (GSH/GSSG) was decreased.ConclusionOur findings confirm that passively administered fluoxetine reaches the infant brain in the form of norfluoxetine and may manipulate processes of oxidative stress regulation. Further studies into the long-term bio-behavioural effects are however needed to effectively inform breast feeding mothers on the safety of antidepressant-use.

The Significance of Food Fortification for Prevention of Major Health Challenges due to Micronutrient Deficiencies (MND) for Under 5 Years Children in Bangladesh

Vitamins and minerals, known as micronutrients, are needed in trace levels for healthy growth and development as well as heightened immunity against illness. They need to come from outside sources because the body isn&amp;apos;t able to produce them. Inadequate and inappropriate physical and intellectual development results from malnutrition in vulnerable people, including early childhood, expectant and nursing mothers, and the aged people. Meals fortification is a safe and practical way to boost consumption of macronutrients by providing essential nutrients in meals. Long-term developmental goals are impacted by vitamin deficiencies. In order to raise public awareness of the advantages of food fortification, an educational program is required. An extensive summary of Bangladesh&amp;apos;s current women&amp;apos;s and children&amp;apos;s micronutrient deficient status is provided in this article. This study also covers the effectiveness of current intervention programs as well as their current issues. Almost half of all expectant and nursing mothers suffer from anemia. High levels of deficiencies are associated with several critical factors, including sickness, malabsorption, infestation, inadequate nutrition, and poor cleanliness. There have been several attempts at interventions, and some success has been achieved. Issues with coverage, quality, and compliance still exist. Even though severe deficiencies have been somewhat addressed by current intervention initiatives, micronutrient deficiencies in Bangladesh continue to be a major concern. A more comprehensive strategy is required to enhance the current intervention initiatives. Additionally, fresh approaches of intervention are proposed in order to prevent and treat specific micronutrient deficiencies.