Breast Composition Research Articles

A comparison of the imaging appearance of breast cancer in African American women with non-Latina white women

PurposeTo assess differences in the mammographic and sonographic appearance of breast cancer in African American (AA) and Non-Latina White (NLW) women. MethodsWe identified AA and NLW women with biopsy proven ductal carcinoma in situ or invasive breast cancer between June 1, 2015 and May 31, 2018. Racial differences in Breast Imaging and Reporting Data System (BI-RADS) imaging features were analyzed by imaging cohorts, i.e. screen detected vs. clinical presentation, using logistic regression adjusted for histology and molecular subtypes. ResultsWe analyzed 270 AA women with 278 cancers (166 screen detected, 112 clinical) and 586 NLW women with 599 cancers (397 screen detected, 202 clinical). Compared with NLW women, AA women had higher rates of non-dense breast composition (almost entirely fatty 12.0% vs. 4.6%, scattered fibroglandular 50.9% vs. 45.2%; overall P < 0001) in both cohorts and were less likely to have screen detected architectural distortion, (odds ratio (OR) = 0.38, 95% CI 0.18–0.80). AA women were less likely than NLW women to have screen detected irregular than oval/round masses (mammography: OR = 0.36, 95% CI 0.19–0.68; sonography: OR = 0.48, 95% CI 0.24–0.94), and more likely to present clinically with high density masses (OR = 3.03, 95% CI 1.12–8.20) demonstrating posterior enhancement (OR = 3.02, 95% CI 1.11–8.27). ConclusionThere are racial differences in the mammographic and sonographic appearance of breast cancer even after accounting for higher rates of triple negative breast cancer in AA women. Understanding these differences may provide breast imagers with a framework to approach breast cancer diagnosis in the AA population in clinical practice.

Immediate clip migration after breast biopsy: a meta-analysis for potential risk factors.

Immediate clip migration following breast biopsy is not a rare condition but its impact on future cancer management can be profound. However, there is limited knowledge on what causes the phenomenon and how to prevent it. A systematic search was performed to identify articles discussing factors associated with clip migration, and a meta-analysis for each risk factor was conducted to determine the risk ratio. The most significant risk factor for immediate clip migration is globally fatty breast (RR = 2.00 [1.43-2.80], P<0.00001), while local heterogeneity has a moderate but insignificant protective effect (RR=0.68 [0.45-1.04], P=0.07). Clips with bioabsorbable carriers and biopsy along the superior/inferior breast axis do not change the rate of clip migration. Intrinsic breast composition is the most important determinant for accurate clip placement. Further research to identify potentially modifiable factors, such as clip design and biopsy techniques, is needed. Fatty breast composition has the highest risk of clip migration. Research on potentially modifiable factors such as clip design and biopsy techniques is needed.

Breast milk microbiota of mothers with different glucose tolerance at 42 days postpartum

To compare the differences in microbial community between lactating mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM) and normal glucose tolerance lactating mothers(control) at 42 days postpartum, and to explore the effect of GDM on the microbial composition and structure of breast milk. A total of 21 mothers with GDM and 25 healthy mothers in Fuqing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital at 42 days postpartum from May 2019 to September 2020 were enrolled. A questionnaire was used to collect the basic information and dietary intakes of mothers. The mother&apos;s milk was collected by using a sterile electric breast pump. Breast milk microbiota profiles were assessed by 16 S rDNA gene amplicon based sequencing of the V3-V4 region and the sequencing platform was Illumina Miseq PE3000, bioinformatics analysis was performed on the sequencing result. Compared with the control group, the mothers in the GDM group consumed more vegetables(222.7(190.6, 333.1)g/d vs.176.4(49.5, 247.0)g/d, P=0.042). There was no significant difference in Alpha diversity between the two groups(P&gt;0.05). Beta diversity analysis showed that there were significant differences in the microbial composition between the two groups(P&lt;0.01). Breast milk microbiota species difference analysis showed that there were differences in several species between GDM group and NGT group at the levels from phylum to genus. Compared with control group, the relative abundance of Bacteroidota and Cyanobacteria in GDM group decreased significantly [(3.41±2.59)% vs. (1.23±0.82)%, (1.08±3.02)% vs. (0.10±0.11)%, P&lt;0.05]. In the GDM group, Ralstonia, Rhodococcus, Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia, Acinetobacter and Fluviicola were decreased((38.93±28.85)% vs. (26.70±28.37)%, (9.23±6.87)% vs. (4.88±6.03)%, (7.66±4.80)% vs. (2.77±1.33)%, (6.18±11.90)% vs. (2.76±6.10)%, (1.21±1.31)% vs. (0.33±0.62)%, P&lt;0.05). The unclassified＿f＿＿xanthobacteraceae was increased, and the difference was statistically significant((0.85±3.15)% vs. (23.64±23.63)%, P&lt;0.05). There are differences in breast milk microbial community structure in women with different glucose tolerance at 42 days postpartum, Ralstonia, Rhodococcus, Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia, Acinetobacter and Fluviicola were significantly lower comparing to the normal glucose tolerance mothers.

Variability in urinary phthalates, phenols, and parabens across childhood and relation to adolescent breast composition in Chilean girls

BackgroundEpidemiologic evidence suggests that environmental factors acting as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are associated with mammographic breast density and the risk of breast cancer. Exposure to EDCs during puberty, a period of rapid breast development, may affect susceptibility to breast carcinogenesis. MethodsIn a cohort of 366 Chilean adolescents from the Growth and Obesity Cohort Study, we evaluated the relation between urinary concentrations of 15 suspected EDC biomarkers across three pubertal time points (Tanner breast stage 1 (B1), 4 (B4), and 1-year post-menarche) and breast fibroglandular volume (FGV; percent FGV [%FGV] and absolute FGV [aFGV]) and total breast volume (tBV) at 2-years post-menarche. We used linear mixed models to test differences in creatinine-corrected EDC biomarker concentrations at B4 and 1-year post-menarche compared to B1 and calculated intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) of EDC concentrations across time points to appraise the consistency of measurements. We fit multivariable generalized estimating equations (GEEs) to evaluate windows of susceptibility for the association between log10-transformed EDCs and log10-transformed breast outcomes. GEEs were adjusted for age, body fat percentage, total caloric intake, and maternal education. ResultsUrinary EDC biomarker concentrations highly varied across pubertal time points (ICC range 0.01–0.30). For 12 EDCs, biomarker concentrations decreased over time. Triclosan measured at 1-year post-menarche was inversely associated with %FGV at 2-years post-menarche (β = −0.025, 95 % confidence interval = −0.041, −0.008). Mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate and the sum of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolite concentrations at B4 were positively associated with aFGV and tBV at 2-years post-menarche. No measured phenols were associated with aFGV and tBV, while no measured parabens were associated with %FGV and aFGV. ConclusionsOur study suggests relatively high variability in EDC biomarker concentrations across the peripubertal time period. We also found evidence to suggest that there may be pubertal windows of susceptibility to select EDCs for the association with adolescent breast density.

Effects of replacing soybean meal with linseed meal in broiler diet on selected broilers’ blood parameters, meat chemical composition, fatty acid profiles, and sensory characteristics

The study was conducted with the objective of determining the effects of the dietary replacement of soybean meal with graded levels of linseed meal on selected blood parameters, meat composition, fatty acid profiles, and meat quality of broiler chickens. Cobb500 broilers were fed diets containing linseed meal at 0% (T1), 6.5% (T2), 13% (T3), 19.5 (T4), and 26% (T5), replacing 0% to 100% soybean meal in compound rations for 45 days. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with five treatments, each replicated three times with 12 birds. Blood hematological indices were not affected (P&amp;gt;0.05) by treatment diets while among the blood biochemistry triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations in T1 were higher (P&amp;lt;0.05) than in T3, T4, and T5. Glucose was higher in T3, T4, and T5 than in T1 and T2 (P&amp;lt;0.01). The breast and thigh proximate composition for crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, carbohydrate, and gross energy were similar (P&amp;gt;0.05) among treatments. The sensory scores for breast and thigh meat samples were not different (P&amp;gt;0.05) among treatments. The palmitic acid content of breast and thigh meat was higher (P&amp;lt;0.05) in T1 and T2 than in the other treatments. Eliadic and stearic acid concentrations in thigh meat were greater (P&amp;lt;0.05) in T1, T2, and T3 than in T4 and T5. The oleic and linoleic acid contents of thigh meat were higher (P&amp;lt;0.05) in T2 and T3 than in the rest of the treatments. Breast linolenic acid was high (P&amp;lt;0.05) in T5 but similar in thigh meat. Total saturated fatty acid (SFA) showed a decreasing trend with an increasing level of linseed meal (LSM) in the ration. The ratio of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) to SFA for breast and thigh was higher in T4 and T5 than in T1 and T2. Breast meat ratio of omega-6 (n-6) to omega-3 (n-3) showed a decreasing trend as the level of LSM replacement for soybean meal (SBM) in the ration increased. Generally, linseed meal replacement levels up to 26% in the broilers’ diet improves the essential fatty acid content of chicken meat without affecting the proximate composition and the chickens’ normal blood indices and does not alter meat sensory attributes.

Can we predict the neutral breast position using the gravity-loaded breast position, age, anthropometrics and breast composition data?

BackgroundThis study aimed to identify the predictor variables which account for neutral breast position variance using a full independent variable dataset (the gravity-loaded breast position, age and anthropometrics, and magnetic resonance imaging breast composition data), and a simplified independent variable dataset (magnetic resonance imaging breast composition data excluded). MethodsBreast position (three-dimensional neutral and static gravity-loaded), age, anthropometrics and magnetic resonance imaging breast composition data were collected for 80 females (bra size 32A to 38D). Correlations between the neutral breast position and the gravity-loaded breast position, age, anthropometrics, and magnetic resonance imaging breast composition data were assessed. Multiple linear and multivariate multiple regression models were utilised to predict neutral breast positions, with mean absolute differences and root mean square error comparing observed and predicted neutral breast positions. FindingsBreast volume was the only breast composition variable to contribute as a predictor of the neutral breast position. While ≥69% of the variance in the anteroposterior and mediolateral neutral breast positions were accounted for utilising the gravity-loaded breast position, multivariate multiple regression modelling resulted in mean absolute differences >5 mm. InterpretationDue to the marginal contribution of breast composition data, a full independent variable dataset may be unnecessary for this application. Additionally, the gravity-loaded breast position, age, anthropometrics, and breast composition data do not successfully predict the neutral breast position. Incorporation of the neutral breast position into breast support garments may enhance bra development. However, further identification of variables which predict the neutral breast position is required.

Carcase characteristics, meat quality, nutrient composition, serum biochemistry and oxidant/antioxidant status in white striping-affected broiler chickens fed diets based on maize-soybean meal

ABSTRACT 1. Effects of the incidence of white striping (WS) in relation to carcase weights and yields, breast meat quality and composition, serum biochemistry and oxidant/antioxidant status of breast meat in broiler chickens were investigated. 2. The study consisted of 180, one-d-old male broiler chickens fed maize-soybean meal-based starter, grower, finisher and withdrawal diets identical to commercial chicken diets. On d 49, all the birds were slaughtered and breast fillets were visually scored for the incidence of WS. Breast meat and blood samples were collected and categorised based on the presence or absence of WS. 3. The study revealed greater slaughter weight, carcase and breast fillet weights and yields, lower pHu and higher cooking loss of breast meat with WS lesions (P < 0.05). WS-affected breast fillets had greater fat and lower crude protein contents in comparison with normal meat (P < 0.001). Serum creatine kinase levels were greater in broilers with WS (P = 0.011), whereas oxidant/antioxidant status of breast meat remained unaffected. 4. Taken together, the presence of WS on breast muscle altered the quality and nutrient composition of breast fillets and serum creatine kinase levels in broiler chickens fed diets based on maize-soybean meal. Nevertheless, WS was more common in heavier broilers having higher breast weight and yield.

Mapping hormone-regulated cell-cell interaction networks in the human breast at single-cell resolution.

The rise and fall of estrogen and progesterone across menstrual cycles and during pregnancy regulates breast development and modifies cancer risk. How these hormones impact each cell type in the breast remains poorly understood because they act indirectly through paracrine networks. Using single-cell analysis of premenopausal breast tissue, we reveal a network of coordinated transcriptional programs representing the tissue-level response to changing hormone levels. Our computational approach, DECIPHER-seq, leverages person-to-person variability in breast composition and cell state to uncover programs that co-vary across individuals. We use differences in cell-type proportions to infer a subset of programs that arise from direct cell-cell interactions regulated by hormones. Further, we demonstrate that prior pregnancy and obesity modify hormone responsiveness through distinct mechanisms: obesity reduces the proportion of hormone-responsive cells, whereas pregnancy dampens the direct response of these cells to hormones. Together, these results provide a comprehensive map of the cycling human breast.

Successful Stereotactic-Guided Vacuum-Assisted Biopsy in the Evaluation of Breast Microcalcifications: A Study in a Single Tertiary Referral Center in the Middle East

Background: Breast microcalcifications are a category of lesions that can lead to malignancies. They remain a major concern in imaging of suspected cases. Vacuum-assisted biopsy (VAB) has been proposed as a safe and effective measure to evaluate microcalcifications. Objectives: The present study aimed to assess the results of VAB for breast microcalcifications. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with microcalcifications detected on mammograms. Patients were recruited through simple random sampling during 2019 - 2020, based on the inclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were microcalcifications on mammography, classified as the breast imaging-reporting and data system (BI-RADS) categories 3, 4B, 4C, and 5, and undergoing mammography-guided VAB for the microcalcifications. Patients with missing data and those who could not be followed-up for at least six months were excluded from the study. They were assessed regarding different imaging characteristics of lesions, including the breast density, BI-RADS classification, microcalcification distribution and morphology, and other demographic and clinical features before biopsy. Additionally, the results of stereotactic-guided VAB were assessed for various benign and malignant pathologies of microcalcifications. The results of descriptive and analytical tests for various radiological and pathological features of lesions were reported. Results: A total of 257 patients, with a mean age of 50.3 ± 8.3 yars, were included in this study. Almost half of the patients (n = 125, 48.6%) had a C-grade breast composition. Regarding the BI-RADS classification, 206 (80.2%) patients were diagnosed with 4B lesions, followed by 44 (17.1%) patients with 4C lesions. The assessment of the pattern of microcalcification distribution in imaging showed that more than half of the patients (n = 148, 57.6%) had lesions in multiple groups. The most prevalent morphology of microcalcifications was punctate amorphous (n = 109, 42.4%). The majority of patients (n = 180, 70%) had benign findings in the pathological assessment, and only 69 (26.8%) had malignant features in pathology. The distribution of malignancies differed among various BI-RADS categories. In the 4B category of lesions, there were 166 benign lesions versus 32 malignant lesions, while in the 4C category, there were 10 benign lesions versus 34 malignant lesions (P &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: This study described the findings of successful stereotactic-guided VAB for breast microcalcifications. VAB can be implemented as a promising assessment tool to evaluate suspected breast microcalcifications effectively.

Association between mammographic breast composition and breast cancer risk among Japanese women: a retrospective cohort study.

Mammographic breast composition is associated with breast cancer risk. However, evidence in a Japanese cohort investigating this association is scarce. Thus, we aimed to compare breast cancer risk between women with and without dense breasts. All Japanese women who underwent breast cancer screening at a tertiary care academic hospital-affiliated preventive center at least twice with known baseline mammographic breast composition were included in this study. A single-center retrospective cohort study was conducted among 24,863 women who had 125,566 screening opportunities between April 1, 2005, and March 31, 2015. All women were categorized into two groups based on their baseline breast composition: women with dense breasts (13,815) and women with non-dense breasts (11,048). We compared the demographic characteristics between the two groups. After calculating person-years, Cox proportional hazards analyses were performed to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) of developing breast cancer according to breast composition status. During the study period, 358 breast cancer cases were identified. The dense and non-dense groups differed significantly by age, body mass index, family history of breast cancer, physical activity, history of smoking and alcohol consumption, number of pregnancies, and number of deliveries. After adjusting for these factors, Cox proportional hazards analyses showed that women with dense breasts had a significantly higher HR for developing breast cancer than women without dense breasts. The association was even stronger in younger women (≤ 50years old), but it did not achieve statistical significance in older women. Dense breasts at baseline are a risk factor for developing breast cancer in Japanese women. However, this association was only observed in women aged 50years or younger at the time of entry into the screening program.

A modified contrast source inversion method for microwave tomographic imaging of Debye dispersive media

AbstractThe Debye empirical formulas are often used for the description of the dispersion characteristics of common media, such as biological tissues, water, and soil. In order to reconstruct their frequency‐related electrical properties, a multi‐frequency contrast source inversion (CSI) method is modified from the direct estimation of the contrast between Debye scatterers and background medium, into the reconstruction of three kinds of Debye model parameters, namely, the optical relative permittivity, relative permittivity difference, and static conductivity. Through three two‐dimensional (2D) benchmark numerical experiments, detailed comparisons between the results by the improved CSI method, and those by the frequency hopping (FH) technique, single frequency subspace‐based optimization method (SOM) with deep learning (DL), multi frequency (MF) dispersive SOM, and time‐domain inverse scattering (TDIS) approach, show preliminarily that the modified CSI (M‐CSI) method is feasible and robust, and that it exhibits acceptable compromise performance by the comprehensive consideration of convergence characteristics, positioning accuracy, reconstruction errors, and computational efficiency. Also, the M‐CSI method has been successfully applied to quantitatively reconstruct the internal breast composition in a 2D cancerous phantom extracted from a realistic numerical breast, dielectrically and anatomically.

Radiation doses in mammography exams: Effects of oncological treatments

IntroductionBreast cancer treatments cause breast changes that are detectable in subsequent mammography exams. This work investigates if these changes are perceived as differences in breast composition by automatic exposure systems, and if such differences are high enough to have impact in exam doses. MethodsData was obtained for 226 patients treated with unilateral conservative surgery followed by radiotherapy (S&RT) of the left (114) or right (112) breast, who had mammographic exams in direct digital GE units, Senographe DS (SenoDS) or Senographe Essential (Essential). The relevant data was extracted from Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) images, and the Mean Glandular Dose (MGD) was calculated using the model of Dance. ResultsCompression force and area were 15–30% lower for treated breasts (S&RT) relative to untreated, while compressed breast thickness (CBT), incident air kerma (Ki) and MGD were 14–17%, 22–28% and 10–18% higher, respectively. The variation of MGD and Ki with CBT is similar for treated and untreated breasts. High values of Ki, MGD and CBT occur for some treated breasts with relatively small areas, probably as a result of less compressible breast tissue. Equipment-determined composition was found to be similar for treated and untreated breasts. ConclusionTreated breasts are imaged with slightly higher doses as a result of higher CBT, but the dependence of Ki and MGD on CBT remains unchanged. There is no need to separate data for treated and untreated breasts in large-scale analysis of exam doses.

Physiological background parenchymal uptake of 18F-FDG in normal breast tissues using dedicated breast PET: correlation with mammographic breast composition, menopausal status, and menstrual cycle

This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the effects of age, mammographic density, menopausal status, and menstrual cycle on background parenchymal uptake (BPU) using ring-shaped dedicated breast positron emission tomography (dbPET). This study included 186 adult women who underwent mammography and dbPET on the same day and had no abnormalities classified as Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) category 1 on both examinations. The volume of interest (VOI) was placed in the glandular tissue of both breasts, and the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), mean standardized uptake value (SUVmean), and metabolic breast volume (MBV) were measured as indicators of BPU. We analyzed the correlation between BPU and age, mammographic density, menopausal status, and menstrual cycle. The SUVmax and SUVmean for normal breast tissue were inversely correlated with age (both p < 0.001). The SUVmax, SUVmean, and MBV of mammographically dense breast tissues were significantly higher than those of non-dense breast tissues (all p < 0.001). The SUVmax, SUVmean, and MBV of normal breast tissue in premenopausal women were significantly higher than those in postmenopausal women (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.002, respectively). In the study, 59 premenopausal women, the SUVmax of normal breast tissue in the menstrual-follicular phase was significantly lower than that in the periovulatory-luteal phase (p = 0.02). When we sorted the premenopausal women by mammographic breast composition, the SUVmax and SUVmean of normal breast tissues in the menstrual-follicular phase were significantly lower than those in the periovulatory-luteal phase in the 44 premenopausal women with dense breasts (p = 0.007, and p = 0.038, respectively), whereas no statistically significant difference was found between the menstrual-follicular phase and the periovulatory-luteal phase in the 15 premenopausal women with non-dense breasts. BPU in normal breast tissues assessed using ring-shaped dbPET was associated with mammographic density, menopausal status, and women's menstrual cycle. The menstrual cycle was significantly associated with BPU in premenopausal women with dense breasts but not in women with non-dense breasts.

The association between breast density and breast cancer pathological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy

PurposeMammographic Density (MD) refers to the amount of fibroglandular breast tissue present in the breast and is an established risk factor for developing breast cancer. The ability to evaluate treatment response dynamically renders neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) the preferred treatment option in many clinical scenarios. Previous studies have suggested that MD can predict patients likely to achieve a pathological complete response (pCR) to NACT. We aimed to determine whether there is a causal relationship between BI-RADS breast composition categories for breast density at diagnosis and the pCR rate and residual cancer burden score (RCB) by performing a retrospective review on consecutive breast cancer patients who received NACT in a tertiary referral centre from 2015 to 2021.MethodsThe Mann–Whitney U Test was used to test for differences between two independent groups (i.e. those who achieved pCR and those who did not). A binary logistic regression model was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) for an association between the independent variables of molecular subtype, MD, histological grade and FNA positivity and the dependant variable of pCR. Statistical analysis was conducted with SPSS (IBM SPSS for Mac, Version 26.0; IBM Corp).Results292 patients were included in the current study. There were 124, 155 and 13 patients in the BI-RADS MD category b, c and d, respectively. There were no patients in the BI-RADS MD category a. The patients with less dense breast composition (MD category b) were significantly older than patients with denser breast composition (MD category c, d) (p = 0.001) and patients who had a denser breast composition (MD category d) were more likely to have ER+ tumours. There was no significant difference in PgR status, HER2 status, pathological complete response (pCR), FNA positivity, or RCB class dependent upon the three MD categories. A binary logistic regression revealed that patients with HER2-enriched breast cancer and triple-negative breast cancer are more likely to achieve pCR with an OR of 3.630 (95% CI 1.360–9.691, p = 0.010) and 2.445 (95% CI 1.131–5.288, p = 0.023), respectively.ConclusionWhilst dense MD was associated with ER positivity and these women were less likely to achieve a pCR, MD did not appear to independently predict pCR post-NACT.

An improved contrast source inversion approach for the reconstruction of single-pole Cole–Cole model parameters

Single-pole Cole–Cole empirical models are often used for the high-precision description of the dispersion characteristics of common media, such as biological tissues, and water. The existing contrast source inversion (CSI) methods are not appropriate to reconstruct their frequency-dependent electrical properties. Therefore, one of them, a multi-frequency (MF) CSI method with a multiplicative regularization (MR), is modified from the direct estimation of the contrast between dispersive scatterers and their background medium, into the alternative reconstruction of three kinds of one-pole Cole–Cole model parameters, namely, the optical relative permittivity, relative permittivity difference, and static conductivity. Through two two-dimensional (2D) numerical experiments, the modified CSI method has been applied to detect breast tumors. The reconstructed results demonstrate preliminarily that the improved approach is feasible for the quantitative inversion of the internal breast compositions, and thus promising for breast cancer screening.

Habitual Phytoestrogen Intake Is Associated with Breast Composition in Girls at 2 Years after Menarche Onset.

High phytoestrogen intake during adolescence is associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer. Breast density (BD) is a strong predictor of breast cancer and can be considered an early marker. We aim to assess the association between the mean habitual intake of isoflavones, lignans, and total phytoestrogens intake during puberty until 2 years after menarche onset and absolute fibroglandular volume (AFGV) and percentage of fibroglandular volume (%FGV) in Hispanic girls at the end of puberty. Longitudinal study set up in the Growth and Obesity Chilean Cohort Study (GOCS). We included 329 girls with dietary data (multiple 24-hours recalls) from puberty until 2 years after menarche onset (81% had 2-4 recalls). Two international datasets were used to estimate isoflavones, lignans, and total phytoestrogens in the diet. Breast composition was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry at 2 years after menarche. Multiple linear regression models were used to assess the association between isoflavones, lignans, and total phytoestrogens intake and AFGV and %FGV. The average total phytoestrogen intake was 1 mg/day and %FGV was 50.7% (SD = 15.2) and AFGV 218.8 cm3 (SD = 79.3). An inverse association was found between consumption of isoflavones and AFGV, as well as, with total phytoestrogens [Q4 vs. Q1 adjusted model ß = -49.2 cm3; 95% CI (-85.5 to -13.0)]. Girls with a higher intake of total phytoestrogens and isoflavones during puberty until 2 years after menarche onset had significantly lower AFGV. Although the intake of phytoestrogens is low in Western populations, higher consumption of them during a critical period of life like puberty could be beneficial to reduce breast cancer during adulthood.

Relationship Between Breast Density, Breast Cancer Subtypes, and Prognosis

BackgroundIn the United States, Europe, and Asia, a consensus has been reached that there is a higher risk of breast cancer in high density breasts. However, there are some contrary reports that suggest the absence of an association between breast composition and breast cancer subtype; thus, there is conflicting evidence. The purpose of this study was to investigate trends in the incidence of breast cancer subtypes according to breast composition and analyze the survival rates in Japanese women. Patients and MethodsBetween 2007 and 2008, 1258 Japanese patients with invasive breast cancer who underwent mammography and obtained a pathological diagnosis in our institution were included in the study. We compared cancer subtypes with breast composition types (dense and non-dense breast), and classified them based on initial mammography findings. Information on 5- and 10-year survival rates was collected by chart review for patients with dense and nondense breasts. Statistical analysis was performed using the Pearson's chi-square test for breast composition and cancer subtype. The effect of breast composition on mortality was examined using a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, and adjusted hazard ratios were calculated. ResultsNo significant difference was found between breast cancer subtype and breast composition (P = .08). Five-year (log-rank test, P = .09) and 10-year (log-rank test, P = .31) survival rates were not significantly different between breast composition types. ConclusionThere was no significant association between breast composition and cancer subtypes. There was also no significant difference in the prognosis between patients with and without dense breasts.

Effect of genotype and sex on carcase composition, physicochemical properties, texture and microstructure of meat from geese after four reproductive seasons

ABSTRACT 1. The objective of this study was to compare carcase weight and composition and meat quality traits of Landes, Slovak White and Kuban geese after four reproductive seasons. A total of 42 goose carcases (seven males and seven females from each breed) were assessed. 2. After four reproductive seasons, the breeds differed in eviscerated carcase weight. Slovak White geese showed more breast muscle with a cooking loss, whereas Kuban geese had a higher percentage of neck and carcase discards compared to the other breeds. The breeds differed in the chemical composition of breast and leg muscles, except for collagen in breast muscles and protein in leg muscles. 3. Regardless of breed, males had heavier carcase weight and higher breast muscle, leg muscle, neck and wings and lower percentages of skin with subcutaneous fat and abdominal fat relative to body weight compared to females. Sex had a significant effect on the fat and salt content, meat lightness, most textural characteristics and endomysium thickness of breast muscle. The same differences in leg muscles for chemical composition (except for protein percentage) and lightness were recorded. 4. Breed x sex interactions were significant for the proportion of leg muscle, chemical composition of breast and leg muscles (except for leg protein content), muscle fibre cross-sectional area and fibre perimeter of pectoralis major muscle. 5. The results showed that the carcases and meat of the goose breeds after four reproductive seasons were suitable for consumers and meat processors, due to favourable composition, high nutritive value and good technological properties.

Abstract P1-10-01: Results from the breast cancer - anti progestin prevention study 1 (BC-APPS1) trial - a novel approach in breast cancer prevention

Abstract Background The luminal progenitor (LP) population in the normal breast is under the control of paracrine progesterone signalling and likely represents the cell of origin of estrogen receptor negative (ER-) BC. Exogenous progestins, as contraception or menopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT), increase the risk of ER- and ER+ BC. We sought to examine the effect antagonism of progesterone signalling on the tissue composition and cellular hierarchy of normal human breast and thus the potential for progesterone receptor antagonism in breast cancer prevention. Methods BC-APPS1 is a single arm phase 2 pilot study in which premenopausal women at increased familial BC risk underwent vacuum assisted biopsy (VAB) in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle prior to commencing a 12 week course of the selective progesterone receptor modulator (SPRM) ulipristal acetate (UA; 5mg daily). VAB was repeated in the final week of therapy. The primary endpoint of BC-APPS1 was change in epithelial Ki67 assessed by immunohistochemistry. Secondary endpoints included toxicity and additional tissue endpoints including immunofluorescence (IF) staining of LP markers, 2D mixed luminal/basal and 3D (mammosphere) colony formation assays, LP fraction by FACS (CD49f+/EPCAM+ cells), single cell and bulk RNAseq, epithelium/stromal laser capture microdissection-based proteomics and tissue stiffness analyses. Baseline samples were compared to a historic cohort of normal risk (n=25) and high risk (n=41) samples for IF analyses. Results Between 03/2016 and 03/2019 26 women were recruited to BC-APPS1 and 24 underwent paired biopsies. The trial met its primary endpoint with a significant reduction in median Ki67 between baseline (4.89%; IQR 4.36-10.42) and 12 weeks (2.41%; IQR 1.57-3.24; p&amp;lt;0.0001). Study procedures were well tolerated with minimal drug toxicity (all G1/2). 2 women discontinued UA due to anxiety: 1 drug induced and 1 induced following development of a small haematoma following VAB1. FACS analysis (n=17) demonstrated significant reduction in the LP proportion with UA treatment (median baseline 44.7% IQR 28.1-55.2 and 12 weeks 25.4% IQR 17.2-37.8; p&amp;lt;0.01). Breast tissue from high-risk women had increased expression of PR+ (10.8% vs 4.5%; p&amp;lt;0.01) and dual Sox9+Ki67+ cells (4.8% vs 0.8%, p&amp;lt;0.01). The Sox9+Ki67+ population reduced significantly with UA therapy in BC-APPS1 (4.4% vs 1.3%, p&amp;lt;0.05). In functional analyses both mammosphere and mixed luminal/basal colony formation reduced with UA treatment and single cell RNAseq (n=8 pairs) and epithelium/stromal laser capture microdissection-based proteomics (n=5 pairs) identified stromal components and remodelling as key pathways perturbed by UA treatment. Tissue stiffness, assessed by atomic force microscopy and previously shown to be positively associated with %mammographic density, was significantly reduced with UA treatment. Conclusions: High risk women have increased surrogate markers of BC risk including proliferating luminal progenitor cells which can be reduced by short term SPRM treatment with UA. Treatment is generally well tolerated and SPRM therapy is an attractive candidate for BC prevention. Longer term studies are warranted and stromal remodelling and breast tissue stiffness data suggest that mammographic density should be investigated as a potential surrogate biomarker of activity. Citation Format: Sacha Howell, Alice Greenhalgh, Robert Pedley, Suad Alghamdi, Amanda Caruso, Mujtaba Ansari, Tiago Moreira, Sue Astlet, Anthony Maxwell, Yit Lim, Hayley Brookes, Faiza Idries, Anthony Howell, D Gareth Evans, Michael Sherratt, Andrew Gilmore, Elaine Harkness, Walid Khaled, Alecia-Jane Twigger, Matt Roberts, Robert Clarke, Bruno Simoes. Results from the breast cancer - anti progestin prevention study 1 (BC-APPS1) trial - a novel approach in breast cancer prevention [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-10-01.

Energy and nutrient intake on white striping, wooden breast and carcass composition in broilers from three genetic lineages at different ages

Increased incidence of myopathies and/or changes in broiler carcass composition leads to poor visual appearance and carcass condemnation on the slaughter line, or even subsequent consumer product rejection, consequently, economic losses. This study,was set to assess the incidence of white striping (WS), wooden breast (WB) and the carcass composition of three different genetic lineages of broilers fed with three different dietary nutrient densities. The experiment was conducted with a 4320 broilers, in a completely randomized, 3 × 3 factorial design, assessing three genetic lineages (Embrapa 021 – moderate growth, Cobb 500 and Ross 308 – rapid growth) and three dietary nutrient densities (ND): low, medium and high. Pelleted feed and water were consumed ad libitum. Daily digestible lysine intake (DdLysI – g/d), daily apparent metabolizable energy (DAMEI – kcal/d) and average daily weight gain (ADWG - g/d) were recorded for each evaluation period. At the ages of 28, 35, 42 and 49 days, 16 animals per treatment were slaughtered and submitted to WS, WB and carcass composition analysis. Ordinal logistic regression was used to analyse the WS and WB data. DdLysI, DAMEI, ADWG and carcass composition data were subjected to analysis of variance and the means compared by Tukey’s test at a 5% significance level. An interaction effect (P < 0.05) showed that broilers from Embrapa 021 presented lower DdLysI and DAMEI from 1 to 35, 42 and 49 days, as well as lower ADWG for every period, regardless of the dietary ND. The lowest incidences of WS and WB were found for Embrapa 021 lineage, regardless of diet, compared to the other lineages (P < 0.05). There was an interaction effect for the carcass composition at 49 days for moisture, protein, fat and collagen (P < 0.05). At 28, 35 and 42 days the animals on the High ND diet had a higher moisture and protein content, and lower fat content. In relation to the genetics, the Embrapa 021 lineage displayed lower moisture and protein content and higher carcass fat content. The rapid growth broilers are more susceptible to developing breast muscle myopathies and present higher moisture and protein content and lower fat content in the carcass. High dietary nutrient density results in a higher moisture and protein content in the carcass.