Breast Cancer In Men Research Articles

Stage at Diagnosis and Management of Breast Cancer in Men and Women – A Population-Based Study (Sweden).

Abstract Background: Male breast cancer is an uncommon disease, representing less than 1% of all breast cancer. Due to the rareness of the disease there is a lack of prospective randomized studies to guide treatment decisions. While current guidelines recommend that male breast cancer should be treated in the same way as female breast cancer, concerns have been raised regarding the quality of management in men. Results from earlier studies indicate that men with breast cancer are not as aggressively treated as women and that outcomes are worse. The aim of this population based study was to assess and compare stage at presentation and management of breast cancer in men and women in Sweden.Material and methods: In a case-control approach, we identified male and female patients with a record of a breast cancer diagnosis in the Breast Cancer Register of Central Sweden between 1993 and 2007. 99 men (cases) with breast cancer were matched on age at and time of diagnosis to four women with breast cancer (controls). Data on tumor characteristics and treatment were retrieved from the Breast Cancer Register.Results: There was no difference in the distribution of stage at diagnosis between men and women; stage I (33% and 36%, respectively), stage II (42% and 41%), stage III (6% and 4%) and stage IV (3% and 4%,). At the time of diagnosis 31% of male patients and 32% of female patients were node positive. Men underwent mastectomy more often than women (95% versus 45%). The proportion of men receiving loco-regional radiotherapy postoperatively was lower compared to women (44% vs. 58%). There were no proportional differences regarding adjuvant chemotherapy (16% vs. 18%) and adjuvant hormonal therapy (60% vs. 55%).Conclusion: At the time of diagnosis, men and women presented with a similar distribution of stage of disease. Our concerns regarding less extensive treatment in male breast cancer patients were not supported by our findings. Additional data including survival analyses will be added and presented at SABCS.Clinical VariablesMale breast cancer patients (cases) N=99Female breast cancer patients (controls) N=396Stage I33%36%II42%41%III6%4%IV3%4%Missing16%15%N+31%32%M13%4%Mastectomy95%45%Partial mastectomy5%54%No surgery2%4%No axillary surgery11%12%Preoperative radiotherapy1%1%Preoperative chemotherapy5%2%Preoperative hormonal treatment2%3%Chemotherapy16%18%Radiotherapy44%58%Tamoxifen58%45%Aromatase inhibitor2%10%No treatment21%14% Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 2111.

A genderless cancer.

Breast cancer in men accounts for less than 1 per cent of all breast cancers in the UK, but for each man diagnosed it is devastating and life threatening. As a man with breast cancer, I know how awful it is.

Clinicopathological study of male breast carcinoma: 24 years of experience

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Because breast cancer in men is rare, few patients are available for prospective studies. To learn more about its epidemiology, risk factors, clinical features, genetics and pathology in our country, we conducted a retrospective study of all cases seen in recent decades at our institution.PATIENTS AND METHODS:We identified each case of male breast cancer in the database at the Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Kashmir, India, between the years 1983 to 2007.RESULTS:We identified only 32 cases of male breast cancer over the 24-year period. Male breast cancer accounted for 32 (2.8%) of 1141 resected breast specimens, which included all breast lesions and 32 (4.1%) of 780 breast cancer cases. Of the 32 cases, 20 (62.5%) had various associated risk factors. Invasive ductal carcinoma was seen in 30 cases (93.7%). Of 20 cases that underwent molecular studies, 16 (80%) patients had estrogen receptor positivity whereas 14 (70%) had progesterone receptor positivity. Six cases (30%) overexpressed HER2 and p53. The BRCA2 mutation was observed in 4 cases (40%) while no patient presented with the BRCA1 mutation.CONCLUSION:An incidence of 4.1% for male breast cancer indicates that this disease is not as uncommon as presumed in this part of the world. Breast cancer in men seems more frequently to be hormone receptor positive and the BRCA2 mutation confers a significant risk to men.

Metastatic male breast cancer (mMBC): Prognosis and survival of 35 patients

e12001 Background: Only about 1% of breast cancers occur in men, respectively 400–500 new cases per year in Germany. Clinical studies on breast cancer in men are limited for case studies or retrospective analysis. In the recent years no studies have been published on the clinical course of mMBC. Therefore we here present a retrospective cohort study on this topic. Methods: Clinical and pathological tumor characteristics and the follow-up of male breast cancer patients with metastatic disease diagnosed in the region Chemnitz/Zwickau in the state of Saxony between 1995 and 2007 were documented and statistically evaluated. Results: 35 men (median age 64.7 years) were diagnosed with mMBC; 10 (28.6%) of them with primary metastasis. Median survival time: 37 months. 85.7% (n = 30) had an invasive-ductile carcinoma. Most common localizations of metastasis: bones (n = 19), lungs (n = 19), liver (n = 7). Tumor characteristics at the point of diagnosis: 63.9% (n = 22) T2-T4, 38.7% (n = 12) G3, 48.4% (n = 15) N+, 79.3% (n = 23) ER+, 72.4% (n = 21) PgR+, 12.5% (n = 3) HER-2+, 13.8% (n = 4) triple negatives, and 69.2% (n = 9) AR+. The therapy in the metastatic state was very heterogeneous and consisted of systemic endocrine therapy in 45.5% (n = 10), systemic chemo therapy in 9% (n = 2) or a combination of both in 45.5% (n = 10). In 14 (40%) cases a palliative radio therapy was administered. The initial tumor characteristics like tumor size, nodal state and grading were not of any prognostic relevance on a future development of metastasis. Prognostic unfortunate were a negative hormone receptor state (p < 0.001) and triple negative receptor state (n.s.). Patients with primary metastasis showed a tendency towards worse survival than patients who developed the metastasis during follow up (n.s.). If a systemic therapy was given the prognosis was significantly improved (p < 0.005). Conclusions: Patients suffering from metastatic male breast cancer had a comparatively good prognosis and showed significant benefit from systemic therapy in this study. In patients with negative receptor state and without systemic therapy the prognosis was especially worsened. Our data suggest that an up-to-date adequate systemic therapy is capable of improving survival in men with metastatic breast cancer. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Primary Breast Cancer in Men: Clinical, Imaging, and Pathologic Findings in 57 Patients

The purpose of our study was to describe the imaging findings in primary breast cancer in men. Male patients from a single pathology database with the histologic diagnosis of breast cancer who had undergone preoperative mammography or sonography were included in this study. The mammograms and sonograms were retrospectively reviewed according to the American College of Radiology BI-RADS lexicon. Patients who did not have films available but had imaging reports available for review were also included. Sonograms of the regional nodal basins, including axillary, infraclavicular, internal mammary, and supraclavicular regions, were noted. Histopathology subtype of breast cancer and axillary nodal status were documented. A total of 57 patients with imaging and 187 patients without imaging were included. The median age was 62 years (range, 19-80 years). Forty-nine patients had undergone both mammography and sonography; six, mammography alone; and two, sonography alone. Ninety-five percent (54/57) of patients presented with a palpable mass and 4% (2/57) with nipple inversion. At mammography, 69% (38/55) of cancers showed a mass; 29% (16/55), mass with microcalcifications; and 2% (1/55), microcalcifications. Gynecomastia was noted in 22 (40%) of 55 patients. Mammographic features included an irregular mass with spiculated or indistinct margins. Calcifications were typically pleomorphic and segmental. Sonographic features were typically an irregular mass with microlobulated margins. Axillary nodal involvement was present in 47% of patients. Most cancers were ductal carcinoma, either invasive or in situ. Breast cancer in men characteristically presents as an irregular subareolar mass with spiculated or indistinct margins on mammography and can be associated with calcifications and gynecomastia. Sonography has a role in regional staging of lymph nodes.

Survival from cancer of the breast in women in England and Wales up to 2001.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide (Parkin, 2001). In England and Wales at the end of the 1990s, approximately 36 000 new cases were diagnosed each year, representing 30% of the annual total of 120 000 cases. The number of cases exceeds the combined total for the second and third most common cancers in women, those of the large bowel (14 700 cases, 12%) and lung (12 600 cases, 10%). Breast cancer in men is comparatively uncommon, and is not considered further here. During the 1970s and 1980s, age-standardised incidence increased on average by approximately 2% each year (Quinn et al, 2001). The NHS breast-screening programme began in 1988, covering women aged 50–64 years and using single mediolateral oblique view mammography and a 3-year interval between screens. During the prolonged prevalence round, overall breast cancer incidence increased by approximately 20%; it subsequently declined, but then rose again, and by the late 1990s, incidence was some 7% higher than at the peak in the early 1990s (Office for National Statistics, 2003). Part of the increase, possibly as much as 20% in post-menopausal women, may have resulted from the increasing use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in the 1990s (Beral et al, 1997). After the exclusion of in situ tumours, we analysed the data for 382 277 women diagnosed with a first, primary, malignant neoplasm of the breast in England and Wales during the 14-year period 1986–1999 and followed up to 31 December 2001, some 89% of those eligible for analysis. Approximately 6.1% of women who were otherwise eligible were excluded with zero recorded survival (date of diagnosis same as date of death): most of these women will have been registered from a death certificate only (DCO), and their duration of survival is unknown, but they could not be reliably distinguished in these data from women with true zero survival. The proportion of women excluded from analysis as DCO records was very similar in all socioeconomic groups. A further 2.4% of women were excluded because it was not their first primary cancer: for one-third of these women, the previous cancer was also a breast cancer, diagnosed before 1986. Major shifts in the morphological distribution of breast cancers have occurred over the last 30 years. The proportion described as an adenocarcinoma has been falling steadily, from 36% in the early 1970s (Coleman et al, 1999) to 6% in these data by the late 1990s. In the early 1970s, ductal, lobular and medullary tumours comprised less than 10% of all breast cancers, but by the late 1990s this figure had reached 75%, ductal carcinomas alone comprising 60% of all breast cancers. The proportion of tumours with unspecified morphology has continued to fall, from 47% in 1971–1975 to 30% in 1986–1990 and less than 5% in 1996–1999. Even this massive improvement in data quality cannot account for the overall increase in ductal, lobular and medullary tumours.

Imaging features of male breast cancer: a pictorial review

Breast cancer in men is rare, accounting for less than 1% of all breast cancer cases. Presentation includes a lump, pain and nipple discharge, and breast malignancy must be differentiated from benign disease, particularly gynaecomastia. We have diagnosed 17 men with breast cancer between 1998 and 2007.

Breast Cancer in Men: A Need for Psychological Intervention

Male breast cancer is a serious issue that needs to be addressed more fully by the medical and public community. However, due to a lack of awareness and limited research on the topic, there is a general absence of knowledge concerning the psychological implications of this disease in men as well as a need for greater understanding of the medical diagnosis and treatment of male breast carcinoma. Similarly, there still remains a considerable gender difference between the awareness of female breast cancer and male breast cancer. Although breast cancer in men makes up only 1% of all breast cancers reported in the United States, it is increasing in incidence. There are approximately 2000 new cases and approximately 450 deaths due to male breast cancer each year. Breast cancer diagnosis and treatment in men is very similar to that described in women; however, it has been shown that men are being diagnosed at a later stage of the disease than women.

The benefits of sexual expression on physical health

Introduction In 2003 the Planned Parenthood Federation of America (PPFA), in cooperation with the Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality, published a white paper on the Health Benefits of Sexual Expression. Although most reports focus on potential negative outcomes of sexual expression, this presentation based on PPFA paper and more recent research, will focus on the positive benefits of sexual expression on physical health. Methods and Results An analysis of published data demonstrate a positive effect of sexual expression on decreased mortality, lower frequency of fatal coronary events, and decreased risk of breast cancer in men and women. The effects of sexual expression on general well-being, pain management, and quality of life will also be addressed. Conclusion This discussion will address the health benefits of sensual and sexual expressions not just benefits of sexual intercourse. There is a need for more research in the area of the positive health benefits of pleasure, sensual, and sexual expression.

Second cancers in patients with male breast cancer: a literature review

The risk of second malignancies among female breast cancer patients has been studied for decades. In contrast, very little is known about second primary tumors in men. Risk factors for breast cancer in men, including genetic, hormonal and environmental factors, provide parallels to the etiology of breast cancer in women. This review considers the literature related to the risk of developing a second cancer in patients with male breast cancer. A systematic review of the literature between 1966 and 2007 was conducted and acceptable articles used for analysis. All retrieved articles were screened to identify any papers that had been missed. Studies were included if they discussed the risk of subsequent malignancy in patients with male breast cancer. Patients with history of male breast cancer have an increased risk of a second ipsilateral, or contralateral breast cancer (standardized incidence ratio 30-110). The risk of subsequent contralateral breast cancer was highest in men under 50 years of age at the time of the diagnosis of the initial cancer. The data on non-breast second primary cancers is diverse. One study has suggested an increased incidence of cancers of the small intestine, prostate, rectum and pancreas, and of non-melanoma skin cancer and myeloid leukaemia. Other investigators did not find an increase in the overall risk of subsequent cancer development in men diagnosed initially with primary breast cancer. Although sarcoma, lung and esophageal cancers are well recognized complications of radiation therapy for female breast cancer, there is no evidence for the association of these cancers following radiation therapy in male breast cancer. Although the incidence of second primary cancer in patients with primary male breast cancer requires further study, male breast cancer survivors should probably undergo periodic screening for the early detection of second breast cancers and other adverse health effects.

Nitrophenols isolated from diesel exhaust particles promote the growth of MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma cells

Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) cause many adverse health problems, and reports indicate increased risk of breast cancer in men and women through exposure to gasoline and vehicle exhaust. However, DEPs include vast numbers of compounds, and the specific compound(s) responsible for these actions are not clear. We recently isolated two nitrophenols from DEPs-3-methyl-4-nitrophenol (4-nitro- m-cresol; PNMC) and 4-nitro-3-phenylphenol (PNMPP)—and showed that they had estrogenic and anti-androgenic activities. Here, we tried to clarify the involvement of these two nitrophenols in promoting the growth of the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. First, comet assay was used to detect the genotoxicity of PNMC and PNMPP in a CHO cell line. At all doses tested, PNMC and PNMPP showed negative genotoxicity, indicating that they had no tumor initiating activity. Next, the estrogen-responsive breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was used to assess cell proliferation. Proliferation of MCF-7 cells was stimulated by PNMC, PNMPP, and estradiol-17β and the anti-estrogens 4-hydroxytamoxifen and ICI 182,780 inhibited the proliferation. To further investigate transcriptional activity through the estrogen receptor, MCF-7 cells were transfected with a receptor gene that allowed expression of luciferase enzyme under the control of the estrogen regulatory element. PNMC and PNMPP induced luciferase activity in a dose-dependent manner at submicromolar concentrations. ICI 182,780 inhibited the luciferase activity induced by PNMC and PNMPP. These results clearly indicate that PNMC and PNMPP do not show genotoxicity but act as tumor promoters in an estrogen receptor α-predominant breast cancer cell line.

Male breast cancers: Finding clues from controversies and insufficient data

Male breast cancer is a rare disease, occurring in about 1% of all breast cancers. Can we learn from this uncommon illness? The answer should be a resounding yes, but we are far from understanding the whole story. This issue of the Asia–Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology features a comprehensive review on male breast cancer by Field et al.1 We learn that the incidence of breast cancer in men may be increasing with elusive etiologies. We also learn that the prognosis is the same as female breast cancer patients, matching the stage by stage and other prognostic factors. However, we are told that 90% or more male breast cancers have positive estrogen receptors and very few (1–2%) have HER-2/NEU gene amplification expression. Therefore, common sense would have suggested that male breast cancer sufferers should have better prognosis than their female counterparts. But that is not the case by literature review. What are the possible explanations? The following speculations may shed some clues for future research: The proliferative drive or signal transduction pathway in male breast cancer may be quite different in that they may have shorter duration of response or early development of drug resistance. However, we do not have any clinical or laboratory evidence to substantiate this notion. Male patients may have more difficulties to accept the diagnosis of a female disease. Hence, they are more prone to be lost for follow-up or stop treatment early. That is, they may not get treated as vigorously as female patients. Again, we need more epidemiological data to support this idea. Or, the existing data on survival are not reliable as most if not all the data are retrospective. There is hardly any clinical trial on female breast cancers that included male patients. Therefore, a fair comparison is not possible. From their review, we understand that there are substantial differences between male and female breast cancers, such as genetic predisposing factors (BRCA2 mutation is the most common form in men as compared to BRCA1 in female patients), histopathology (much less lobular carcinoma in male than in female), hormonal receptors (male breast cancers have more frequent positive estrogen receptor than female patients) and response to aromatase inhibitor (aromatase inhibitors increase testosterone levels in male not in female and less effective in suppressing estrogen in male volunteers). This review paper also pointed out many missing pieces of information in all aspects of male breast cancer. There are hardly any prospective clinical phase II trials with aromatase inhibitors or chemotherapy agents such as taxanes, gemcitabine, vinorelbine which are commonly used in female breast cancer. Rightly so, the authors cautioned the routine use of aromatase inhibitors in men due to differences in endocrine response between both sexes. We are still lacking the essential genomic data in male breast cancer which may provide clues to explain this phenomenon. Although it is of importance and interest to know all the differences and similarities between male and female breast cancer patients, we need to consider what we can do to utilize this information to elicit clues to solve some of the unknown mysteries and advance our knowledge. Unfortunately, not much can be done by a single institution or study group for the time being. Perhaps, one immediate step to be taken should be to form an international study group. Then, prospective phase II studies may become a reality in the near future, as there are too few cases of male breast cancer in any single institution. In essence, clues may be discovered among controversies and from insufficient data, but it requires confirmation and validation. In this case, we need worldwide concerted efforts to study this rare disease: male breast cancer.

Time to Check CHEK2 in Families With Breast Cancer?

Time to Check <i>CHEK2</i> in Families With Breast Cancer?

Cancer du sein chez l'homme

Breast cancer in men is rare and most often occurs at or after the age of 60 years. Prognosis is poor when it is discovered at a late stage, as it often is in men, although it should be easier to detect because men have so little breast tissue. The causal mechanism appears to depend on hormone metabolism abnormalities related to elevated estrogen or prolactin levels. A family history of breast cancer is found in 5-10% of cases. Infiltrating ductal carcinoma accounts for most cases (70-90%) of male breast cancers. In situ but not invasive carcinoma is exclusively ductal and accounts for 7% of cases. Spread to lymph nodes is observed in 50-75% of cases. Immunohistochemical analysis shows that tumors are positive for progesterone and estrogen receptors more frequently in men than women. Diagnosis is based on clinical examination, ultrasonography, and mammography. Aspiration cytology often makes it possible to confirm the malignancy. Excisional biopsy with an immediate intraoperative pathology examination confirms malignancy and makes wider excision possible during the same procedure. A modified radical mastectomy with removal of some lymph nodes (Patey's mastectomy) is the standard basic treatment. Locoregional radiotherapy is very often indicated. Hormone therapy is also a first-line treatment. Chemotherapy is reserved for young men with substantial lymph node invasion and negative for hormonal receptors. The prognosis of breast cancer in men remains uncertain because of the frequently late diagnosis, unpredictable course, and high potential for metastasis.

An unusual case of advanced bilateral male breast cancer

Background: Breast cancer in men is a rare malignancy. The majority institutions involved in treatment of male patients with breast cancer do not have a wide experience as it is mostly based on single cases rather than clinical studies. Case report: We report an unusual case of a 46 years old male patient presenting with a 6 years history of breast cancer. The patient was diagnosed with cancer of the left breast and surgically treated with modified radical mastectomy with no axillary dissection in the district general hospital. The reason for not doing axillary dissection is unknown. Adjuvant therapy consisted of 4 x EC, radiotherapy and tamoxifen. 2 years later there was a local recurrence in the area surrounding mastectomy scar and skin metastases on the chest wall as the most dominant clinical sign. The patient underwent axillary dissection and rotating plastics and continued to be treated with chemo-and endocrine therapy. Later local recurrences and progression of skin metastases were treated with various systemic and local chemotherapies, and intraarterial administration of chemotherapy. 5 years later the patient was also diagnosed with inflammatory cancer in the right breast. Further progression of disease affected the chest walls along with consequent limitations of the movements of the neck and the left arm. Two months prior to death liver metastases were detected. Conclusion: In case of male breast cancer surgical treatment including axillary dissection and adjuvant therapy are necessary as it is equally required in treatment of female patients with breast cancer

Cancer du sein au masculin

Breast cancer in men is a rare disease, accounting for approximately 1% for all breast cancers and 0.2–1.5% of all malignant tumours in men. Treatments for men with breast cancer are very similar to those offered to women. This article discusses the case of one man suffering from breast cancer. A review of literature on this topic completes the study. There are many similarities between breast cancers in men and women; however, a gender specific psychological distress is also evident. Increased knowledge of breast cancer in men amongst healthcare professionals and the public is needed to improve patient care.

Higher Frequency of Familial Clustering of Prostate Cancer in French-Canadian Men

Prostate cancer is the second cause of cancer related death in North American men. We investigated the frequency of familial clustering in a French-Canadian population of prostate cancer cases. Between October 2004 and September 2005, 179 consecutively seen patients with localized prostate cancer identified each of their parents as being of French-Canadian descent. They were asked for their family history of cancer in first-degree relatives, age at diagnosis, whether affected relatives were alive, age and markers of tumor aggressiveness, including prostate specific antigen, Gleason and disease stage. ANOVA was used to compare the distribution of quantitative factors according to qualitative factors identified in our population. Differences between qualitative factors were assessed by the Fisher exact test. All p values were 2-sided. Mean age at diagnosis was 67 years. A total of 45 French-Canadian patients (25.1%) had at least 1 first-degree relative with prostate cancer, including 34 (19%) with 1 first-degree relative, 9 with a father-son pair, 25 with a brother-brother pair and 11 (6.1%) with at least 2 first-degree relatives. In our series the frequency of familial clustering defined by at least 1 relative with prostate cancer was high. We found a higher percent of French-Canadian men with at least 1 first-degree relative with prostate cancer than what was previously reported for an unselected population in Canada (25.1% vs 14.7%, p <0.0001). Those preliminary results open a new perspective to a better understanding of familial prostate cancer in the Province of Quebec.

BRCA1/BRCA2 rearrangements and CHEK2 common mutations are infrequent in Italian male breast cancer cases

Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare and poorly known disease. Germ-line mutations of BRCA2 and, to lesser extent, BRCA1 genes are the highest risk factors associated with MBC. Interestingly, BRCA2 germ-line rearrangements have been described in high-risk breast/ovarian cancer families which included at least one MBC case. Germ-line mutations of CHEK2 gene have been also implicated in inherited MBC predisposition. The CHEK2 1100delC mutation has been shown to increase the risk of breast cancer in men lacking BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations. Intriguingly, two other CHEK2 mutations (IVS2+1G>A and I157T) and a CHEK2 large genomic deletion (del9-10) have been associated with an elevated risk for prostate cancer. Here, we investigated the contribution of BRCA1, BRCA2 and CHEK2 alterations to MBC predisposition in Italy by analysing a large series of MBC cases, unselected for breast cancer family history and all negative for BRCA1/BRCA2 germ-line mutations. A total of 102 unrelated Italian MBC cases were screened for deletions/duplications of BRCA1, BRCA2 and CHEK2 by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. No BRCA1, BRCA2 and CHEK2 genomic rearrangements, including the CHEK2 del9-10, were found in the series analysed. Furthermore, none of the MBC cases and 263 male population controls, also included in this study, carried the CHEK2 1100delC, IVS2+1G>A and I157T common mutations. Overall, our data suggest that screening of BRCA1/2 rearrangements is not advantageous in MBC cases not belonging to high-risk breast cancer families and that common CHEK2 mutations play an irrelevant role in MBC predisposition in Italy.

Incidental Discovery of Bilateral Breast Cancer in a 24-Year-Old Man Presenting With Gynecomastia

We present a case of a 24-year-old man who was treated for gynecomastia with bilateral mastectomy and free nipple grafts with subsequent discovery of bilateral breast cancer in the submitted specimens. Surgical treatment of gynecomastia is becoming more popular with over 16,000 procedures of gynecomastia reduction performed in 2005, an increase of 17% compared with the previous year. This case underscores the rare but real possibility of detecting breast cancer in men who present with gynecomastia to plastic surgeons. We caution that male breast tissue should be regarded with the same oncologic principle as female breast tissue. In cases in which ultrasound-assisted suction lipectomy is used, the inability to analyze the breast tissue should be disclosed to the patient.

Breast Cancer in Men Linked to Melanoma Risk

Breast Cancer in Men Linked to Melanoma Risk