Breast Cancer In Iranian Women Research Articles

Association between Adherence to “Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension” Eating Plan and Breast Cancer

Despite the favorable association of components of “dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH)” diet and breast cancer (BC), limited data are available linking the whole DASH diet to BC. The aim of the present study was to examine the association between adherence to DASH eating plan and odds of BC in Iranian women. This population-based case-control study was conducted among women aged ≥30 years, who were residing in Isfahan, Iran. Cases were 350 patients with newly diagnosed stage I-IV breast cancer, for whom in-situ or invasive status of BC was confirmed by physical examination and mammography. Controls were 700 age-matched apparently healthy individuals who were randomly selected from general population. Dietary data were collected using a validated 106-item Willett-format semi-quantitative dish-based food frequency questionnaire. To investigate participants’ adherence to DASH diet, we created DASH scores based on foods and nutrients emphasized or minimized in the DASH diet. After controlling for potential confounders, individuals in the highest quartile of the DASH diet score had 85% lower odds of breast cancer than women in the bottom quartile (OR: 0.15; 95% CIs: 0.09–0.24). Stratified analysis by menopausal status revealed such association in postmenopausal women (OR: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.06–0.19), but not in premenopausal women (OR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.14–2.59). In addition, when stratified by BMI status, we found statistically significant inverse association between adherence to the DASH eating pattern and odds of breast cancer among normal-weight (OR for comparing extreme quartiles: 0.13; 95% CI: 0.07–0.24; P-trend < 0.001) and obese women (0.13; 0.05–0.34; P-trend < 0.001). In conclusion, our findings indicated an inverse association between adherence to the DASH eating plan and odds of breast cancer among Iranian women. Further, prospective studies are required to confirm our findings.

Higher dietary total antioxidant capacity is not associated with risk of breast cancer in Iranian women.

Our purpose was to assess the association between dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC), as assessed by oxygen radical absorbance capacity and breast cancer (BrCa) incidence among Iranian women. This hospital-based case-control study included 150 newly diagnosed BrCa cases and 150 age-matched apparently healthy women from the Cancer Research Center, Imam Khomeini hospital, Iran. Socio-demographic data and anthropometric measures were determined. Dietary intake was assessed using a 147-item validated food frequency questionnaire. Energy-adjusted DTAC was calculated with the USDA database. After adjusting for potential confounders, multivariable logistic regression showed that the incidence of BrCa was not significantly different between highest tertile of DTAC and the lowest tertile (P trend = 0.91). Moreover, on the basis of menopausal status, no significant association between DTAC and BrCa risk among pre-menopausal (P trend = 0.62) and post-menopausal women (P trend = 0.77) was detected. We did not observe any significant association of DTAC with BrCa incidence among Iranian women. Continued and expanded research on DTAC, evaluated by different methods and BrCa risk is needed to build the foundation for future progress in evidence-based public health efforts.

Association analysis between genomic variants within advanced glycation end product specific receptor (AGER) gene and risk of breast cancer in Iranian women

The advanced glycation end product specific receptor (AGER) gene codes for a cell surface receptor which is one of the immunoglobulin superfamily members. This gene has a number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) whose variants are associated with altered function of the encoded protein. In the current project, we examined association between rs184003 and rs1800625 SNPs and susceptibility to breast cancer in an Iranian population. The current study excludes participation of rs184003 AGER variant in conferring cancer risk. However, for the rs1800625, based on the calculated P value, the results should be assessed in larger cohorts. Primarily, the rs1800625 SNP was associated with breast cancer risk in dominant model (OR (95% CI) = 1.79 (1.03–3.11)), but after correction for multiple comparisons it did not reach the level of significance (adjusted P value = 0.07). The other SNP was not associated with breast cancer risk in any inheritance model. Haplotype analyses revealed a trend toward association between the GC haplotype (rs184003 and rs1800625 respectively) and risk of breast cancer (OR (95% CI) = 1.77 (1.09–2.88), adjusted P value = 0.08)). The current study excludes participation of rs184003 AGER variants in conferring cancer risk. However, for the rs1800625, based on the calculated P value, the results should be assessed in larger cohorts.

Higher dietary acid load is not associated with risk of breast cancer in Iranian women.

Dietary acid load (DAL) may play a key role in certain cancers, including breast cancer (BC); however, evidence showing a causal relationship is lacking. We examined the relationship between DAL, assessed with both the potential renal acid load (PRAL) and the net endogenous acid production (NEAP) scores, and BC risk. We identified 150 women who had a diagnosis of BC recently and 150 age-matched apparently healthy controls. Data from dietary intake and anthropometric measures were collected from participants and eventually, PRAL and NEAP scores were obtained from nutrient intakes. Multivariate odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to evaluate the relationship of BC risk with PRAL and NEAP scores. The odds ratios (OR) of BC according to tertiles of PRAL and NEAP scores by multivariate logistic regression models revealed that both PRAL (P-trend=0.8) and NEAP (P-trend=0.1) scores were not significantly associated with BC risk. After controlling confounders, multiple logistic regressions still remained non-significant which indicated no significant associations between PRAL (P-trend=0.9), NEAP (P-trend=0.4) scores and risk of BC. The results of our study suggested that there is no significant relationship between DAL and BC incidence among Iranian women.

Impact of body mass index on breast cancer subtypes in Iranian women

Background: The incidence of obesity as one of the risk factors of breast cancer (BC) is increasing dramatically. Our objective was to evaluate the association between body mass index (BMI) and three subtypes of BC in Iranian women. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, BC patients' information was recorded by referring to their medical records in the Cancer Institute of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Iran, from 2015 to 2017. The data of 374 patients were entered into the study, and tumor data were classified into three groups by molecular markers (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 [HER2] enriched, triple negative, and luminal). Results: Luminal subtype comprised the majority (71.1%) of all diagnosed BC patients. The proportion of obese women was higher in triple-negative group (35.3%), although the differences between three subtypes of BC were not statistically significant (P = 0.30). Multivariate logistic among cases only, considering luminal as the comparison group, indicated a positive association between age of menarche and HER2-enriched subtype (odds ratio [OR] = 1.18, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.99–1.41, P = 0.07) and also suggested a reverse association between age at time of diagnosis and triple-negative subtype (OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.95–1, P = 0.09) with borderline significance. Conclusion: We did not find any statistically significant differences in BMI between three subtypes of BC. It seems that there is a correlation between triple-negative subtypes of BC in Iranian population and obesity. However, further studies with larger sample size are needed.

Infertility as a risk factor for breast cancer: Results from a hospital-based case-control study.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide and its prevalence is increasing. The aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which a history of infertility can present as risk factors for breast cancer. This was a hospital-based case-control study. In this study, 1177 women with breast cancer were participated for assessing the risk for this cancer. The control was 1204 women with self-reported free-cancer history who were matched in terms of age and residence. Using logistic regression, it was examined whether infertility is a risk factor of case-control status in addition to marriage age, menarche age, body mass index, number of pregnancies, family history of breast cancer, and previous oral contraceptive use. The data were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05. Infertility history was reported in 12.5% (n = 147) of the cases and 5.8% (n = 70) of the controls. Infertility history was a relevant risk for case-control study in addition to other risk factors (odds ratio: 2.43; 95% confidence interval, 3.34-1.77). This study found that infertility may be as the main risk factor for breast cancer in Iranian women, therefore, doing breast screening in women who have one or more risk factors, must receive more emphasis.

FOXP3 GENE POLYMORPHISM IS ASSOCIATED WITH BREAST CANCER IN IRANIAN PATIENTS

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death among women. Recent studies have characterized FoxP3 as a marker of regulatory T cells and an X-linked tumor suppressor gene, which is involved in the pathogenesis of BC. Therefore, we investigated the potential influence of three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of FoxP3 gene on the development of BC in Iranian women. The association between FoxP3 rs2232365, rs3761548 and rs4824747 polymorphisms and BC risk was assessed in 124 BC patients and 198 healthy controls using sequence-specific primers. We identified significant difference of rs3761548 in both allele and genotype frequencies between cases and control groups. Our results showed that individuals carrying FoxP3 rs3761548 AA genotype had about 4.3-fold increased risk of BC compared with CC carriers. No significant association was found between rs3761548C>A polymorphism and clinical outcome parameters (age of onset, tumor size, lymph nodes metastasis, tumor stage, progesterone receptor status, estrogen receptor status, Ki-67 status, HER-2 status and duration of disease). This study has provided the first genetic data on the FoxP3 gene polymorphism in south of Iran and proposes the rs3761548 polymorphism of FoxP3 gene as a risk factor, but not a prognostic marker in the development of BC in Iranian population.

Evaluation of miRNA-9 and miRNA-34a as potential biomarkers for diagnosis of breast cancer in Iranian women

PurposeMicroRNAs are involved in diverse biological processes and their dysregulation is a common event in various diseases including breast cancer. Breast cancer is a major threat to women's health. This study was designed to examine the expression levels of miR-9 and miR-34a in breast tumor tissue samples and plasma of breast cancer patients, compare their expression pattern between tissue samples and plasma samples of patients and analyze their relationship with tumor clinical features. Also, the potential of these miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers for breast cancer was investigated. Materials and methodsThe expression levels of miR-9, miR-34a and CDH1 were measured by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and ΔΔct method. Data were analyzed using t-test and one-way ANOVA. The sensitivity and specificity of miRNAs were determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results and discussionThe expression levels of miR-9 and miR-34a were significantly down-regulated in tumor tissues compared to healthy tissues (fold change = 0.26, p = 0.0051 for miR-9 and fold change = 0.55, p = 0.021 for miR-34a). While no significant difference was observed in the expression levels of miR-9 (p = 0.205) and miR-34a (p = 0.132) in plasma samples of patients compared to normal plasma. CDH1 expression in tumor tissue was not significantly different from normal tissue (p = 0.33). We found that expression level of miR-9 in patients with tumor size larger than 5 cm (p = 0.026) and expression level of miR-34a in patients with higher stage (lll & lV, p = 0.03) were significantly down-regulated. Also miR-34a expression level was positively correlated with patient's age (p = 0.03). ConclusionAccording to the ROC curves, the area under the curve (AUC) of miR-9 in tissue was 0.71 (p = 0.009) with sensitivity 83.33% and specificity 70.37%. The AUC for miR-34a in tissue was 0.72 (p = 0.007) with sensitivity 72% and specificity 76%. Thus miR-9 and miR-34a have the capability for distinguishing tumor tissues from healthy tissues and the study of their expression levels in tissue may be used as a biomarker for the diagnosis of breast cancer patients from healthy women.

Incidence pattern and spatial analysis of breast cancer in Iranian women: Geographical Information System applications.

Breast cancer is the leading cancer in Iranian women, but no studies have yet been conducted on the distribution and pattern of its incidence. To perform a spatial analysis and determine the incidence pattern of breast cancer in the Islamic Republic of Iran. This was a cross-sectional, pathology-based study of all new female patients with breast cancer registered in the Islamic Republic of Iran in 2011 (n=10 233). Initially, crude incidence rates were calculated for each province and the whole country per 100 000 person-years. Then, a direct standardization method and World Health Organization standard population were used to adjust for age effects on a geographical scale. Stata and Arc GIS software were used to calculate incidence rates and conduct spatial analysis. The mean (standard deviation) age of the patients was 50.9 (12.6) years. The national age-standardized incidence rate for breast cancer in women was 29.88 per 100 000 person-years, with a range of 5-72 in different provinces. The clustering incidence pattern was observed in Mazandaran, Tehran, Alborz, Isfahan and Markazi Provinces (P < 0.01). There was a significant cluster of high incidence of breast cancer in Iranian women. These findings may help to establish etiological hypotheses of cancer causation and identify spatial anomalies in cancer incidence or registration in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Our findings may also aid further research on the possible explanations for these clusters and associations.

The Relationship between Matrix Metalloproteinase Gene Polymorphisms and Tumor Type, Tumor Size, and Metastasis in Women with Breast Cancer in Central Iran

Background: Matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 play important roles in the development of breast cancer by hydrolyzing the extracellular matrix. Since −1306C/T and −1562C/T polymorphisms are located at the promoter regions of the matrix metalloproteinase- 2 and -9 genes, respectively, C to T substitution may affect promoter activity and impact the rate of extracellular matrix degradation and cancerous cell proliferation. Therefore, we aimed to determine the genotype and allele frequencies of these polymorphisms in Iranian healthy women and women with breast cancer. We have also examined the correlation of genotypes with clinicopathological parameters such as tumor type, tumor size, and metastasis to lymph nodes. Methods: This case-control study enrolled 200 women with breast cancer and 200 age-matched healthy women. DNA was extracted, and we determined the genotype and allele frequencies of −1306C/T matrix metalloproteinase-2 and −1562C/T matrix metalloproteinase-9 polymorphisms by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Additionally, tumor size (20 mm), tumor type (ductal/non-ductal), and metastasis (yes/no) were determined. Results: Genotype and allele frequencies of the −1306C/T matrix metalloproteinase- 2 polymorphism showed no significant association with the occurrence of breast cancer. Genotype and allele distribution differed in the −1562C/T matrix metalloproteinase- 9 polymorphism and indicated a 4.83-fold increase in the risk of breast cancer for T allele carriers. There was no likelihood of any interaction found between the two polymorphisms and susceptibility to breast cancer. In addition, the −1562C/T matrix metalloproteinase-9 T allele showed an association with metastasis to lymph nodes but we observed no association between the −1306C/T matrix metalloproteinase- 2 polymorphism and clinicopathological features. Conclusion: The ‒1562C/T matrix metalloproteinase-9 polymorphism is involved in the pathogenesis of breast cancer in Iranian women. The T allele may increase the risk of disease.

Relationship Between Folate and Vitamin B12 Levels and the Status of Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ERa) Hypermethylation in Patients with Breast Cancer in Iranian Women

Relationship Between Folate and Vitamin B12 Levels and the Status of Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ERa) Hypermethylation in Patients with Breast Cancer in Iranian Women

ER and PR Positive, or Her2 Negative Tumor of rs2363956 and rs3803662 GWAS in Breast Cancer

Background: Breast cancer is the most frequent cause of death in cancer for woman. Numerous SNPs linked to breast cancer have been identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). They have revealed novel genetic markers for breast cancer susceptibility. There has not been any work on molecular events and breast cancer risk factors in Iran. Large-scale association studies have identified that rs2363956 from ANKLE1 (ankyrin repeat and LEM domain containing 1 gene) and rs3803662 of CASC16 (cancer susceptibility 16) genes associated with the risk of breast cancer are found to be the main markers in breast cancer. We would like to explore the association of 2 SNPs rs2363956 and rs3803662 regarding the risk of breast cancer in Iranian women. Methods: First, we evaluated 126 breast cancer and 160 control women with peripheral blood for the DNA extracted using the genotyping Tetra-Primer ARMS –PCR technique also Immunohistochemical test of HER2- , HER2+, ER-, ER+, PR- , and PR+ upon breast tumor tissue patients. Results: In the current study, ANKLE1 (rs2363956) GG polymorphisms were found to have been significantly associated with breast cancer (26.190, frequency, Odd Ratio; 0.313, CI; 0.166-0.593, P value; 0.00025***). Conclusions: However, it has been shown that there exists significant association between the low allele in ANKLE1 (rs2363956) GT to ER and PR negative tumor by the Immunohistochemi- pathology method.

Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphism: Association with Susceptibility to Early-Onset Breast Cancer in Iranian, BRCA1/2-Mutation Carrier and non-carrier Patients.

Mounting evidences support that vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency is a risk factor of breast cancer. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) is expressed in more than 36 cell types in different organs as in cancerous cells. Numerous allelic variants of VDR gene have been identified in human populations. Association of FokI (rs2228570) and BsmI (rs1544410) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in VDR gene with the risk of breast cancer have been investigated in several studies, however, the published data are still inconsistent. Here, we investigated BsmI and FokI polymorphisms in Iranian young (≤ 35years old) breast cancer patient with known BRCA1/2 germline mutations. VDR gene polymorphisms were detected by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis in a cohort of 203 breast cancer patients and 214 controls from Iran. There was a significant association between the bb and Bb genotypes of the BsmI and the increased risk of breast cancer (OR 1.74, CI 1.06-2.87 and OR 2.08, CI 1.31-3.29, respectively). This association was maintained in the subgroup of BRCA1/2 mutation non carriers (OR 1.90, CI 1.15-3.20 and OR 1.75, CI 1.07-2.87 for bb and Bb genotypes respectively) and in the subgroup of BRCA1/2 mutation non-carriers with a family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer (OR 1.81, CI 1.08-3.05 and OR 1.65, CI 1.00-2.70 for bb and Bb genotypes respectively). None of the FokI homozygous or heterozygous genotypes were associated with the risk of breast cancer. In summary, the BsmI polymorphism of VDR gene may be associated with the risk of breast cancer in Iranian women.

Air pollution and breast cancer in Iranian women living in Tehran Metropolis

Air pollution and breast cancer in Iranian women living in Tehran Metropolis

Air Pollution and Breast Cancer in Iranian Women Living in Tehran Metropolis

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the possible association between air pollution and breast cancer in women living in polluted urban areaMethods: A frequency (five years age group) matching case-control study was conducted among women living Tehran Metropolis. Ambient carbon dioxide (CO2) as an indicator of exposure to air pollution and particulate matter 10 (PM10) as a carcinogen were used as exposure. Concentrations of the two indicators for the residential address of cases and control for the last five years were obtained from office of Tehran Air Quality Control Bureau (TAQB). All subjects were interviewed by phone and information about other risk factors (hormonal, behavioral anthropometric, and socio-economics) were obtained. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to estimate the odds ratios adjusted for confounding variables. CO2 entered into in the model as a continuous variable and PM10 was categorized as PM10 ≤ 1 VS 1 &lt; PM10.Results: A total of 300 cases and 270 controls participated in the study. The mean age for cases and controls were 51.93 and 51.45 years, respectively. The distribution of air pollution throughout the study area indicated a large variation from a minimum of zero (no detectable) to a value of 16165.2612 µg/m3 for CO2. This figures were 0.03441 to 8.3242 µg/m3 for PM10. In average cases tend to live in areas with higher pollution indicators than controls PM10 was (PM10 &lt; 1 µg/m3 = 107), (1 &lt; PM10 &lt;2 µg/m3 = 83) and (PM10 &gt; 2 µg/m3 = 97) for cases and (PM10 &lt; 1 µg/m3 = 108), (1 &lt; PM10 &lt; 2 µg/m3 = 87) and (PM10 &gt; 2 µg/m3 = 105) for controls. Also CO2 index was a significant different with control groups as mean was (3943.87±3.50 µg/m3) for controls and (3199.84±2.72 µg/m3) for cases (P-value= 0.03). logCO2 as general indicator of exposure to air pollution was not observed association with breast cancer (OR = 1.218 and CI 95% 1.000 to 1.000). subjects in the case and control groups had no signific nt difference in terms of the level of PM10 index (OR = 1.047 and CI 95% 1.005 to 7.278). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, risk of breast cancer increases in women with exposure to air pollution, which denotes air pollution as a potential risk factor of breast cancer.

Triple Negative Breast Cancer in Iranian Women: Clinical Profile and Survival Study

BackgroundTriple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by negative result of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) in immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and an interesting topic of research today. Various studies have been reported in western countries on TNBC, all insisted of the poorer prognostic of TNBC than other subtypes of breast cancer. However extensive data from Iran is lacking.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to analyze the clinical, pathological profile and survival of TNBC patients at our institute.MethodsMedical records of 1910 breast cancer patients in the Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences cancer research center database with data on 180 patients of TNBC patients was collected between September 2002 and December 2014 and reviewed for clinicopathological profile and survival analysis.ResultsThe median age at diagnosis was 48 years. Fourteen patients (7.8 %) had stage I, 88 patients (48.9%) had stage II, 57 (31.7 %) had stage III, 8 (4.4%) patients had stage IV at first diagnosis and 13 patients (7.2%) with unknown stage. The median follow-up time was 41 months. 149 patients were without any with recurrences at the last follow up and 31 patients were with recurrence. Median interval for recurrence development was 39 months. Five years disease free survival (DFS) was 71%. Overall survival (OS) at 5 years for all patients was 56%. According to univariate cox regression 5-year DFS analysis, unfavorable prognostic factors in our study were as follows: grade III of tumor, positive LVI, presence of lymph node positive, stage II and stage III at diagnosis. According to multivariate cox regression 5-year OS analysis unfavorable prognostic factors were as follows: age: 40, grade III versus grade I of tumor, stage III at diagnosis versus Stage I, and visceral recurrence.ConclusionsWe observed that most clinical and pathological TNBC characteristics in Iranian patients are consistent with others findings in literature, such as younger age at diagnosis, high grade tumors, advanced stage at diagnosis, and short time of 5-year DFS and 5-year OS. Longer follow-up of these patients is required for more mature data on these cancers.

Body Mass Index and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis in Iran

Background: Various studies in Iran on the role of BMI higher than normal (BMI ≥25) on breast cancer have reported different results. Objective: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to estimate the odds ratio of overweightness and obesity as risk factors of breast cancer in studies conducted in Iran. Evidence Acquisition: The following main databases were searched from 2004 to 2014 to find related articles: PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus and Iranian databases (SID and Magiran), breast cancer conferences held in Iran, key journals, and the references of the selected articles. Keywords were: Cancer, Tumor, Neoplasm, Neoplasia, Carcinoma, Malignancy, Malignant, Benign. The combination with OR and added it to search field with AND to words such as Iran and breast was used as the search strategy. The observational studies (cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional) in Iran that had reported the relation between BMI and breast cancer in Persian and English were searched. There were no limitations in terms of age, race, ethnicity, and marital status for women. The exposure was BMI ≥ 25 (overweight and obese) and the outcome was breast cancer with pathological confirmation. Two reviewers separately used the STROBE checklist for quality assessment, critically appraised papers and extract the data. The overall estimate was the odds ratio. Results: Of 4396 studies, after evaluation of heterogeneity, 7 case-control studies with a sample size of 33552 were included in the meta-analysis. A significant relation was observed between obesity (OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.24 - 2.64) and odds of breast cancer. A significant relation was also observed between overweightness and odds of breast cancer (OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.13 - 1.89). Conclusions: Meta-analysis results showed a significant relation between obesity and overweight with risk of breast cancer in Iranian women. We recommended Iranian women to be aware of the effect of weight on breast cancer and encouraged them to decrease their weight via physical activity and diet control.

The Effect of Polymorphisms on the Ala 119 Ser Gene Cytochrome P450 1B1*2 on the Susceptibility of Iranian Women to Develop Breast Cancer

Background: Cytochrome P450 IBI (CYP1B1) is involved in the metabolism of a wide range of internal and external substrates and also plays a key role in the metabolism of oestrogen. This enzyme is a factor that could potentially affect the likelihood of a person developing breast cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between polymorphism (RS1056827) and the occurrence of breast cancer in Iranian women. Methods: We used a case-control study design. After an initial evaluation, 79 women with breast cancer (the patient group) and 79 women without breast cancer (the control group) were selected to participate in the study. Their blood samples were then obtained, and a sample of their DNA was extracted. PCR-RELP was used to determine the genotypes of the participants. The data were subjected to statistical tests using the SPSS software package. Results: The results demonstrated that the frequency of the G allele in the patient and the control group were 34% and 69%, respectively. In addition, the frequency of the T allele in the patient and control group were 66% and 31%, respectively. The genotype frequency of TT, GG and TG in patients with breast cancer were 26.59%, 20.25% and 53.16%, respectively, and 22.79%, 60.76% and 16.45%, respectively, in the control group. There was a statistically meaningful correlation between the results of the genotypes in the patient and control groups. Conclusions: The results demonstrated that patients with the TT genotype are 3.85 times more likely to develop breast cancer. Therefore, the presence of this polymorphism could be one of the factors that lead to the development of breast cancer.

Association Between Cytochrome 1B1*3 Polymorphism and the Breast Cancer in a Group of Iranian Women

Background: As a hormone-dependent cancer, estrogen is involved in the development of breast cancer. CYP1B1 belongs to the P450 superfamily of enzymes and is involved in the metabolism of estrogen. The present study investigates the relationship between CYP1B1*3 rs1056836 polymorphism and breast cancer in Iranian women. Methods: The present case-control study was conducted on 79 women with breast cancer and 79 healthy women admitted to Shohadaye Tajrish hospital in Tehran. Blood samples were taken from all the participants and their leukocyte DNA was extracted. The PCR-RFLP method was used for genotyping the participants based on the size of the pieces on the gel. Based on Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model, the frequency of alleles was calculated. Results: The mean age of participants was 48 ± 8 years old in the cancer group and 43±6 years old in the control group. After counting the genotypes, their percentages were calculated as 30.38% for the GG genotype, 37.97% for the GC/CG and 31.65% for the CC in the cancer group and as 32.91% for the GG genotype, 53.16% for the GC/CG and 13.93% for the CC in the control group. Based on Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model, the frequency of the G allele and C allele was 49.37% and 50.63 in the cancer group, and about 59.49% and 40.51% in the control group. A statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of the CC homozygotes (P = 0.008). Conclusions: The results obtained showed possibility of a significant relationship between CYP1B1 rs1056836 polymorphism and the risk of developing breast cancer, and the polymorphism can, therefore, be said to be involved in the development of this condition.

Vitamin D Status and Risk of Breast Cancer in Iranian Women: A Case–Control Study

Objective: Considering the rising incidence of breast cancer and high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Iran, this case–control study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum concentration and intake of vitamin D and risk of breast cancer.Methods: A total of 135 incident breast cancer cases at the Cancer Research Center of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences were matched with 135 controls by age and menopausal status. A validated and reliable 168-item food frequency questionnaire was completed by participant interviews. To determine the vitamin D content of foods we used the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) nutrient database. To analyze the food frequency questionnaires we used the data collected in the Iranian Household Food Pattern Study, conducted by the National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and the Iranian Ministry of Agriculture. Five-milliliter blood samples were collected to measure serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method.Results: Women in the fourth quartile of serum 25(OH)D level had 3 times lower risk of developing breast cancer compared to those in the first quartile. In the adjusted model the inverse relationship remained significant (odds ratio [OR] = 0.269; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.122–0.593). In the stratified model by menopausal status the inverse association was only seen in premenopausal women (OR = 0.25; 95% CI, 0.094–0.687).Dietary intake of vitamin D was inversely associated with risk of breast cancer (OR fourth quartile [Q4] vs first quartile [Q1] = 0.39; 95% CI, 0.196–0.784; p = 0.008). After adjusting for the confounding factors, this inverse association remained significant.Conclusion: Results from this case–control study support the protective effect of higher serum concentration of 25(OH)D against breast cancer. Moreover, dietary but not total intake of vitamin D was associated with decreased risk of breast cancer.