Breaking Pattern Research Articles

Equivalence of EFTs and timelike extra dimensions

A flat 3-brane probing a five-dimensional anti–de Sitter space has the same symmetries and symmetry breaking pattern as one probing a five-dimensional de Sitter space with two time directions. Despite the seemingly different physical setups, we show that the effective field theory of the brane bending mode is identical in both cases. In particular, despite “wrong” signs in the Dirac-Born-Infeld (DBI) action for the two-time de Sitter case, the theories have the same S-matrix. This is consistent with the expectation that effective field theories are determined solely by their degrees of freedom and pattern of symmetry breaking, even in the case of spacetime symmetries. We comment further on the equivalence between the Weyl/dilaton and DBI representations of the EFT of broken conformal symmetry. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Entanglement-enabled symmetry-breaking orders

A spontaneous symmetry-breaking order is conventionally described by a tensor-product wavefunction of some few-body clusters; some standard examples include the simplest ferromagnets and valence bond solids. We discuss a type of symmetry-breaking orders, dubbed entanglement-enabled symmetry-breaking orders, which cannot be realized by any such tensor-product state. Given a symmetry breaking pattern, we propose a criterion to diagnose if the symmetry-breaking order is entanglement-enabled, by examining the compatibility between the symmetries and the tensor-product description. For concreteness, we present an infinite family of exactly solvable gapped models on one-dimensional lattices with nearest-neighbor interactions, whose ground states exhibit entanglement-enabled symmetry-breaking orders from a discrete symmetry breaking. In addition, these ground states have gapless edge modes protected by the unbroken symmetries. We also propose a construction to realize entanglement-enabled symmetry-breaking orders with spontaneously broken continuous symmetries. Under the unbroken symmetries, some of our examples can be viewed as symmetry-protected topological states that are beyond the conventional classifications.

The Influence of Defense Industry Development Act on the Smooth Transition Dynamics of Stock Volatilities of Defense Industry

Abstract This study aims to investigate the impacts of the Defense Industry Development Act on the volatility of the defense industry as geopolitical risk is raised. Applying the smooth transition generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ST-GARCH) model for daily defense stocks, we demonstrate that the structure breaks in the volatility dynamics process of all defense stocks for Taiwan. The empirical findings show that most defense stocks started the adjustment process more than one year before the date of launch of Defense Industry Development Act except Magnate Technology Corporation (MTC) and China Ship Building Corporation Taiwan (CSBC). The model specification tests suggest two types of transition functions including U-shaped and Z-shaped for all defense stocks. The estimated parameters indicate that the volatilities of returns in defense stocks for Taiwan have inverted U-shaped and inverted Z-shaped patterns of structure breaks. The volatilities of defense enterprise stock return shift by the event of Defense Industry Development Act. JEL classification numbers: G00, G14, G18, L52. Keywords: Geopolitical, Defense industry, Volatility, Structure change, Defense Industry Development Act

Approximate higher-form symmetries, topological defects, and dynamical phase transitions

Higher-form symmetries are a valuable tool for classifying topological phases of matter. However, emergent higher-form symmetries in interacting many-body systems are typically not exact due to the presence of topological defects. In this paper, we develop a systematic framework for building effective theories with approximate higher-form symmetries. We focus on a continuous U(1) q-form symmetry and study phases with various patterns of spontaneous and explicit symmetry breaking. We uncover a web of dualities between such phases and highlight their role in describing the presence of dynamical higher-form topological defects. In order to study the out-of-equilibrium dynamics of these phases of matter, we formulate respective hydrodynamic theories and study the spectra of excitations exhibiting higher-form charge relaxation and Goldstone relaxation effects. We show that our framework is able to describe various phase transitions due to proliferation of vortices or defects. This includes the melting transition in smectic crystals, the plasma phase transition from polarized gases to magnetohydrodynamics, the spin-ice transition, the superfluid to neutral fluid transition, and the Meissner effect in superconductors, among many others. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Spontaneous symmetry breaking from an on-shell perspective

We show how the well known patterns of masses and interactions that arise from spontaneous symmetry breaking can be determined from an entirely on-shell perspective, that is, without reference to Lagrangians, gauge symmetries, or fields acquiring a vacuum expectation value. To do this, we review how consistent factorization of 2 → 2 tree level scattering can lead to the familiar structures of Yang-Mills theories, and extend this to find structures of Yukawa theories. Considering only spins-0, 1/2 and 1 particles, we construct all the allowed on-shell UV amplitudes under a symmetry group G, and consider all the possible IR amplitudes. By demanding that on-shell IR amplitudes match onto on-shell UV amplitudes in the high energy limit, we reproduce the Higgs mechanism and generate masses for spins-1/2 and 1, find that there is a subgroup H ⊆ G in the IR, and other interesting relations. To highlight the results, we show the breaking pattern of the Standard Model U(1)EM ⊂ SU(2)L × U(1)Y, along with the generation of the masses and interactions of the particles.

System justification theory as a foundation for understanding relations among toxic health care workplaces, bullying, and psychological safety.

Toxic work environments and bullying are rampant in health care organizations. The Joint Commission asserted that bullying is a threat to patient safety, and furthermore, it implied that bullying affects clinician psychological safety. However, after decades of trying to reduce bullying, it persists. The purpose of this study was to determine if system justification (SJ) theory can help explain the persistence of bullying in health care organizations. SJ theory posits that people are motivated to justify the systems with which they are embedded, even if those systems are dysfunctional or unfair. A cross-sectional survey of health care workers ( n = 302) was used to test a moderated mediation model to examine relations between instrumental work climate perceptions and psychological safety, as mediated by SJ and moderated by experiences of workplace bullying. Analysis revealed that SJ fully mediated negative relations between instrumental climate and psychological safety; because of SJ the instrumental climate no longer had a direct negative association with psychological safety. Furthermore, bullying was found to play a moderating role in the instrumental climate-SJ relationship. This study found some support for the role of SJ in perpetuating instrumental workplaces and workplace bullying in health care. Some scholars have proposed that a focus on disrupting workplace contexts that trigger SJ in workers could help break patterns of behavior that enable toxic work environments and bullying to persist.

AdS2 holography and effective QFT

We discuss AdS2 quantum gravity from an unconventional perspective that emphasizes bulk geometry. In our approach, AdS2 has no boundary, there are no divergences that require renormalization, and the dilaton of JT-gravity can be omitted altogether. The result is the standard Schwarzian theory. However, it may be advantageous that our derivation just relies on conventional AdS/CFT correspondence and effective quantum field theory. For example, it clarifies the symmetry breaking pattern. It also puts the non-compact AdS2 topology on the same footing as compact Riemann surfaces.

Биоэтический и социокультурный аспекты сообщения диагноза

Aim: The aim of the article was to analyze various approaches to diagnostic disclosure considering its bioethical, soci-ocultural, psychoemotional and sociolinguistic implications. Results: Diagnosis disclosure is considered to be one of the major challenges of doctor – patient communication as it brings forth complex bioethical, legal, sociocultural, and psychoemotional tensions. The former non-maleficence approach to diagnosis delivery has been replaced with the one based on the bioethical principle of patient autonomy obliging physicians to reveal information truthfully and completely. The current bioethical approach has been refined to develop a number of protocols used for effective delivery of nega-tive diagnostic information. However, alongside with the protocols building on this principle, alternative ways of diagnosis disclosure and patterns of diagnosis breaking are practised. The latter rest on culture specific norms, which are followed to balance the principles of non-maleficence and patient autonomy. Conclusion: The rationale behind the selection of the best approach to diagnostic disclosure has to rest not only on the dominant bioethical principle, but also align with the sociocultural norms as this is the way to ensure greater flexibility, variability and optionality and achieve better management outcomes.

Metastable cosmic strings

Many symmetry breaking patterns in grand unified theories (GUTs) give rise to cosmic strings that eventually decay when pairs of GUT monopoles spontaneously nucleate along the string cores. These strings are known as metastable cosmic strings and have intriguing implications for particle physics and cosmology. In this article, we discuss the current status of metastable cosmic strings, with a focus on possible GUT embeddings and connections to inflation, neutrinos, and gravitational waves (GWs). The GW signal emitted by a network of metastable cosmic strings in the early universe differs, in particular, from the signal emitted by topologically stable strings by a suppression at low frequencies. Therefore, if the underlying symmetry breaking scale is close to the GUT scale, the resulting GW spectrum can be accessible at current ground-based interferometers as well as at future space-based interferometers, such as LISA, and at the same time account for the signal in the most recent pulsar timing data sets. Metastable cosmic strings thus nourish the hope that future GW observations might shed light on fundamental physics close to the GUT scale.

Dark matter from the centre of SU(N)

A dark sector with non-abelian gauge symmetry provides a sound framework to justify stable dark matter (DM) candidates. We consider scalar fields charged under a SU(N)SU(N) gauge group, and show that the centre of SU(N)SU(N), the discrete subgroup Z_NZN also known as NN-ality, can ensure the stability of scalar DM particles. We analyse in some details two minimal DM models of this class, based on SU(2)SU(2) and SU(3)SU(3), respectively. These models have non-trivial patterns of spontaneous symmetry breaking, leading to distinctive phenomenological implications. For the SU(2)SU(2) model these include a specific interplay of two DM states, with the same interactions but different masses, and several complementary DM annihilation regimes, either within the dark sector or through the Higgs portal. The SU(3)SU(3) model predicts dark radiation made of a pair of dark photons with a unique gauge coupling, as well as regimes where DM semi-annihilations become dominant and testable.

A minimalist approach for improved time imaging of a noisy vibroseis data: A case study from Jaisalmer Basin, Rajasthan

AbstractProcessing land seismic data, especially vibroseis data, is often challenging due to complicated near‐surface situations and source‐generated noise. The case study deals with noisy vibroseis data acquired in the Jaisalmer Basin. The near‐surface estimation in this area is difficult due to a possible velocity reversal manifested in the shingled patterns of the first breaks. The near‐surface workflow incorporates a model‐adaptive first break‐picking approach, essentially integrating two problems of first‐break‐picking and model estimation into a single problem. The signal‐conditioning workflow is based on cascaded scaling and single‐channel‐based noise reduction to prevent the removal of weak signals. Horizon‐based migration velocity analysis was used to focus reflectors on the constant velocity‐migrated stacks. This was particularly useful in areas with dubious velocity trends based on semblance panels. The velocity volume has structural consistency, which provides a better time‐migrated image. The workflow also incorporates a targeted post‐stack processing sequence to enhance continuity, sharpen discontinuities and improve the resolution, as notable by comparing the legacy‐processing results of the same dataset.

Mass deformations of brane brick models

We investigate a class of mass deformations that connect pairs of 2d (0, 2) gauge theories associated to different toric Calabi-Yau 4-folds. These deformations are generalizations to 2d of the well-known Klebanov-Witten deformation relating the 4d gauge theories for the ℂ2/ℤ2 × ℂ orbifold and the conifold. We investigate various aspects of these deformations, including their connection to brane brick models and the relation between the change in the geometry and the pattern of symmetry breaking triggered by the deformation. We also explore how the volume of the Sasaki-Einstein 7-manifold at the base of the Calabi-Yau 4-fold varies under deformation, which leads us to conjecture that it quantifies the number of degrees of freedom of the gauge theory and its dependence on the RG scale.

Gravitational waves from SU(N)/SP(N) composite Higgs models

We study possible strong first-order electroweak phase transitions in Composite Higgs models and we quantify the part of parameter space that can be probed with future gravitational wave experiments. We focus on models where the Composite Higgs sector arises from underlying four-dimensional strongly interacting gauge theories with fermions, and where the Standard Model fermion masses are induced via linear mixing terms with composite fermions — the so-called fermion partial compositeness framework. We perform our analysis for the general class of Composite Higgs models arising from N Weyl fermions in a pseudo-real representation of the new strongly interacting gauge group that dynamically triggers the global chiral symmetry breaking pattern SU(N) → Sp(N). The minimal model has N = 4 and for N > 4 the models feature complex scalar dark matter candidates arising as pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone bosons. We find a large number of points in the models parameter space which yield strong first-order electroweak phase transitions and identify the most important operators characterizing the strength of the phase transition. Almost all of these points are testable with future GW detectors such as LISA, Taiji, Tianqin, BBO, DECIGO and Ultimate-DECIGO.

Identification of Mountain Waves and Their Characteristics in the Central Java Region based on the WRF Numerical Weather Model

One of the factors that influence the complexity of the weather and climate phenomena in Indonesia is the diverse topographical conditions. The Mountain waves are quite common in Indonesia, especially on the island of Java, which has several mountains with quite high peaks. The existence of mountain waves can be known from the presence of lenticularis clouds both on top of the mountain are regularly reported by residents in the area of Mount Ungaran and Mount Lawu in Centra Java. This study utilized the Weather Reasearch Forecast (WRF), a numerical weather model to identify mountain waves and their characteristics in Mount Ungaran and Mount Lawu. The results of the study are that there were 2 mountain wave events in Mount Ungaran on 9 September 2018 with an average duration of 5 h, and horizontal wavelengths reaches 28 km. During that mountain wave events, there was also a type 1 rotor with dominant positive vorticity and a breaking pattern that indicates the potential for strong turbulence which is supported by critical Ri value at a distance of 30 - 90 m on the leeward side. Meanwhile, in Mount Lawu case on 9 March 2019, the mountain wave onset occurs during the day is in the afternoon, its duration is 2 h, wavelengths ranging from 5.9 to 6.1 km, where in the leeward side has no strong turbulence potential. In general, WRF can simulate both mountain waves and rotors, but has not been able to properly simulate the downslope windstorms. HIGHLIGHTS There were 2 mountain wave events that occurred at Mount Ungaran on 9 September 2018. The classification of mountain waves obtained from on cross section analysis of vertical wind speed around the mountain is vertically propagating wave The type of rotor formed at Mount Ungaran is a type 1 rotor a type 1 rotor with a dominant positive vorticity value In Mount Lawu case on 9 March 2019, the onset of waves occurred during the day and then dissipated in the afternoon with wavelengths ranging from 5.9 to 6.1 km In Mount Lawu case, on the leeward side of the mountain, there was no potential for turbulence at that location WRF can simulate mountain waves and rotors well, but can't simulate well the downslope windstorm on Mount Ungaran GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Evaluation on cutting performance of novel PDC cutter for pipe jacking machine

It is inevitable to cut reinforced concrete (RC) appeared in cross passage of city metro by cutting tools when constructing in densely populated area. The previous cutters employed to cut RC are insufficient and easily damaged, so a new polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) cutter is used to solve this question. Based on the theoretical analysis of cutting mechanism, both circular and tapered PDC cutters with cutting edge angle of 90° and negative front rack angle of 10° are used to cut RC. The peeling and breaking patterns of cutting concrete are proposed, the nodular and grainy chips are the preferred modes in cutting steel bars. The LS-DYNA is employed to investigate the cutting performance in advance. The simulation results show that the average and peak cutting forces increase with the growth of penetration depth, cutting speed, and roundness, and subsequently the recommended penetration depth less than 1.2 mm is obtained to cut RC due to the existence of steel bars. Moreover, the linear cutting platform is adopted to investigate the force ability and damage state of PDC cutters. It is concluded that the cutting force increases abruptly and fluctuates heavily when cutting the coarse aggregates. The patterns occurred in both numerical and experimental results are generally similar. Notably, the steel bar is pulled out and the PDC cutter is damaged at the penetration depth of 0.8 mm, while a good cut occurs at the penetration depth of 0.3 mm. The tapered PDC cutter with a relatively low cutting force is prone to be broken compared with circular PDC cutter. It is suggested that the circular PDC cutter at the penetration depth of 0.3 mm should be used to cut RC in practical engineering.

Multiple breaking patterns in the Brout–Englert–Higgs effect beyond perturbation theory

In many BSM theories, especially GUTs, introducing a Brout–Englert–Higgs effect allows for multiple breaking patterns of the gauge symmetry. The possibility to select a particular pattern is usually decisive for the phenomenological viability of a theory. Beyond perturbation theory it is necessary to replace the Brout–Englert–Higgs effect by a manifestly gauge-invariant description. We study the simplest case with multiple breaking patterns, an SU(3) Yang–Mills theory coupled to a single scalar ‘Higgs’ field in the adjoint representation, on the lattice. We find that only one pattern remains at fixed parameters and gauge-fixing strategy, and that the associated quantum effective potential emerges from a non-trivial interplay of many aspects.

Non-supersymmetric SO(10) models with Gauge and Yukawa coupling unification

We study a non-supersymmetric SO(10) Grand Unification Theory with a very high energy intermediate symmetry breaking scale in which not only gauge but also Yukawa coupling unification are enforced via suitable threshold corrections and matching conditions. For gauge unification, we focus on a few symmetry breaking patterns with the intermediate gauge groups text {SU}(4)_{textrm{C}} times text {SU}(2)_{textrm{L}} times text {SU}(2)_{textrm{R}} (Pati–Salam) and text {SU}(3)_{textrm{C}} times text {SU}(2)_{textrm{L}} times text {SU}(2)_{textrm{R}}times text {U}(1)_{{textrm{B}}-{textrm{L}}} (minimal left-right symmetry) assuming an additional global U(1) Peccei–Quinn symmetry, and having the Standard Model supplemented by a second Higgs doublet field at the electroweak scale. We derive the conditions as well as the approximate analytical solutions for the unification of the gauge coupling constants at the two-loop level and discuss the constraints from proton decay on the resulting high scale. Specializing to the case of the Pati–Salam intermediate breaking pattern, we then impose also the unification of the Yukawa couplings of third generation fermions at the high scale, again at the two-loop level. In the considered context, Yukawa unification implies a relation between the fermion couplings to the 10- and 126-dimensional scalar representations of the SO(10) group. We consider one such possible relation which is obtainable in an text {E}_6 model where the previous two scalar fields are part of a single multiplet. Taking into account some phenomenological features such as the absence of flavor changing neutral currents at tree-level, we derive constraints on the parameters of the low energy model, in particular on the ratio of the two Higgs doublets vacuum expectation values tan beta .

Higher-form symmetries, anomalous magnetohydrodynamics, and holography

In U(1)U(1) Abelian gauge theory coupled to fermions, the non-conservation of the axial current due to the chiral anomaly is given by a dynamical operator F_{\mu\nu} \tilde{F}^{\mu\nu}FμνF̃μν constructed from the field-strength tensor. We attempt to describe this physics in a universal manner by casting this operator in terms of the 2-form current for the 1-form symmetry associated with magnetic flux conservation. We construct a holographic dual with this symmetry breaking pattern and study some aspects of finite temperature anomalous magnetohydrodynamics. We explicitly calculate the charge susceptibility and the axial charge relaxation rate as a function of temperature and magnetic field and compare to recent lattice results. At small magnetic fields we find agreement with elementary hydrodynamics weakly coupled to an electrodynamic sector, but we find deviations at larger fields.

Holographic Non-Abelian Flavour Symmetry Breaking

We investigate a holographic model for both spontaneous and explicit symmetry breaking of non-abelian flavour symmetries. This consists of a bottom-up model inspired by the top-down D3/probe D7-brane model. It incorporates the running anomalous dimensions of the fields. We ensure that in the holographic bulk, the full non-abelian flavour symmetries for massless quarks are present. The quark masses are spontaneously generated field values in the bulk and there is a resultant bulk Higgs mechanism. We provide a numerical technique to find the mass eigenvalues from a system of mixed holographic fields, testing it against an analytic model of N=2 supersymmetric matter fields. We apply these ideas to two-flavour QCD with both u−d quark mass splitting and multi-trace bulk action terms that are expected to break U(Nf)V to SU(Nf)V×U(1)V away from large N. We also discuss three-flavour QCD with strange quark mass splitting and applications to more exotic symmetry breaking patterns of potential relevance for composite Higgs models.

Evolution of the gas-liquid interface dominated by Richtmyer-Meshkov instability

As injection pressure for diesel spray increases, the Richtmyer-Meshkov (RM) instability increasingly impacts the interface, which dominates the deformation and breakup of the liquid interface together with the Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) instability, the Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) instability, and turbulence, thus the breakup of sprays. Study on the gas-liquid instability dominated by RM instability is important to reveal the multiphase flow coupling in the nozzle and mechanism of the primary breakup. In this paper, a high-precision code for two-phase flow is proposed and its reliability is verified. Then the mechanism of interface evolution under high-speed airflow with the impact of RM instability is explored. The experimental and numerical methods were employed. It was found that the evolution of the gas-liquid interface can be divided into two stages according to the relative positional relationship between the shock wave and the droplet. In the first stage, the initial shock wave intersects with interface of droplet, and the reflected and refractive patterns of the shock wave change with the varying angle between the shock wave and the interface. The change of the pressure distribution and the accumulation of baroclinic vorticity at the interface play essential roles in the instability and deformation of the droplet after the initial shock wave separates from the droplet interface. In the second stage, the droplet surface gradually forms the structure of the spikes and bubbles, and the airflow with different velocities significantly influences the morphology of the droplets during the breakup, causing different breaking patterns.