Breaking Of Rules Research Articles

The Parallel Worlds of the Book of Job and Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland

ABSTRACT The book of Job (hereafter italicized to differentiate it from the character of Job) and Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland are both famous for breaking the rules of genre and language. Both stories are told through a frame tale that brackets a series of debates. These debates are full of occasionalisms, visual jokes, homographs, homophones, double entendre, and even triple entendre. Both make use of similar literary devices, such as parody, fourth-wall jokes, and unexpected cliffhangers. Job and Alice go through similar character development, in which they must question their presuppositions and learn simple honesty about how complex societal systems work in the world. This article argues that the breaking of genre rules helps Job and Alice become honest voices of protest, challenging the rules of authority and those who blindly defend them.

Houellebecq's Platform : The Detective Novel and Its Infinite Boundary

Abstract: Michel Houellebecq's Platform is a novel that intentionally provokes and disturbs through creative engagement with the detective novel. The novel highlights the versatility of detective fiction and how through subversion and the intentional breaking of the genre's rules and boundaries the author can construct a form of resistance. Thus, an investigation into the intention and effect of Houellebecq's use of the detective novel will help us see how this particular genre shapes his narration and themes. Traditionally, detective fiction is known for its coherence and narrative closure; however, it is apparent that Houellebecq's Platform undermines these conventions and instead focuses on ambiguity and disorientation and, in the end, offers no resolution. Through the employment and subversion of the detective tropes, the novel highlights controversial perspectives and beliefs and forces the reader to confront their own assumptions about genre, narration, and resistance.

Identification and control of crystalline nuclei facets imparting to the breaking of symmetry selection rules of optical phonon modes in GaP/Si (001)

The complex interfacial structural issues associated with hetero-polar epitaxial integration of GaP on Si(001) are resolved by improving the kinetics of gallium and phosphorous adatoms during the initial nucleation process. This is achieved through the use of Raman spectroscopy as a feedback mechanism. The peak intensity ratio of forbidden (transverse optical)-to-allowed (longitudinal optical) phonons of GaP under unpolarized Raman scattering is contemplated as an initial guide to ascertain the relative density of defect-mediated non-(001) GaP facets. The azimuthal-angle dependent polarized Raman spectroscopy is then applied to identify and quantify the nucleation of higher-index non-(001) ({111} and {112}) faceted islands in the nucleation layer and their propagation in the overgrown structures. The nucleation of GaP adatoms on the Silicon surface at ∼525 °C leads to a smooth surface and substantially suppresses the defect-mediated facets. The optimal mobility and controlled adsorption of adatoms of Ga and P on the substrate surface under intermediate nucleation kinetics foster the charge-neutral interface, and hence the defect-suppressed two-dimensional layer growth of GaP. The proposed Raman spectroscopy methodology emerges as a rapid and economical alternative to existing in situ reflection anisotropy spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy techniques for structural identification. This method of growth optimization can also be applied to other III-V polar semiconductors to achieve high-quality and efficient monolithic integration of devices on existing Si technology.

Conceptualizing the bending and breaking of rules in the heavy goods transport sector

Heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) are a critical factor in road traffic safety for “Vision Zero-events”, defined as road accidents with fatalities and serious injuries. The bending and breaking of safety-related rules in the HGV-sector, such as not following rest and work hour regulations, not securing cargo sufficiently, or not following the regulations concerning cabotage, in the commercial goods transport sector is a cause for concern and has in a very limited degree been studied as a system problem. This paper suggests that deregulation and international competition in the transport sector are bringing about a working climate where even serious safety-minded actors in the HGV business find themselves needing to cut corners to stay in business. The current situation in the Norwegian HGV sector is such that the organization of the business, the market development and the regulatory regimes are in effect transferring the responsibility for traffic safety vertically downwards to the actors at the lowest levels of the transport system. These actors are the truck drivers, who often bend and break rules to perform their work on time. This paper presents a scoping study designed to address the concept of rule bending in the HGV transport sector, using a combination of peer reviewed literature and a heterogeneous sample of grey literature from the transport sector. The scoping study shows how the scientific literature discusses violations and transgressions as both intentional and nonintentional acts but does not adequately describe how certain types of behaviour differ from overt violations and transgressions. The actions are simply considered violations that are devoid of meaning and both systemic and cultural context. We suggest a conceptualization of rule bending and rule breaking as “Adaptive Non-conforming Behaviour (ANB)” that builds on the context found in the grey literature. Further, the conceptualization provides a framework for the recognition of ANB, dimensions for further study and an outlined research design. We believe there is a need to increase system knowledge because safety analysis lacks in-depth insight into how the system affect the working practices in the HGV sector. The justification of the ANB approach is that it can be incorporated into safety and risk assessments of the transport sector, to provide a framework for context-sensitive studies that are non-normative, less concerned with violations as rule breaking, and more concerned with rule bending as a system wide problem.

Breaking rules yet helpful for all: Beneficial effects of pro‐customer rule breaking on employee outcomes

SummaryPro‐customer rule breaking refers to employees' breaking of organizational rules with the primary intention of helping customers or providing better customer service. In spite of its prosocial nature, it is unclear whether and how pro‐customer rule breaking also benefits employees who engage in this behavior. Drawing on self‐determination theory, we examine employees' well‐being and voice at work as outcomes of pro‐customer rule breaking. Across a simulation study and a critical incident‐based survey study, we found that pro‐customer rule breaking was positively related to employee psychological need fulfillment, which, in turn, was associated with lower emotional exhaustion, higher job satisfaction, and increased voice. Furthermore, normative conflict with organizational rule moderated the positive relationship between pro‐customer rule breaking and psychological need fulfillment such that employees with high normative conflict with organizational rule (i.e., employee perception that their existing organizational rule results in inefficiency and that their organization could be much better if it changed its practices) benefited more from their pro‐customer rule breaking. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings and offer directions for future research.

WTF?! Covid-19, indignation, and the internet

The Covid-19 pandemic has fuelled indignation. People have been indignant about the breaking of lockdown rules, about the mistakes and deficiencies of government pandemic policies, about enforced mask-wearing, about vaccination programmes (or lack thereof), about lack of care with regards vulnerable individuals, and more. Indeed, indignation seems to have been particularly prevalent on social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook, where indignant remarks are often accompanied by variations on the hashtag #WTF?! In this paper, I explore indignation’s distinctive character as a form of moral anger, in particular suggesting that what is characteristic of indignation is not only that it discloses moral injustices but betrays our disbelief at the very occurrence of the offence. Having outlined the character of indignation, I consider how the structure of indignation impacts how we do, respond to, and receive indignation. I explore indignation in action, so to speak, in the context of Covid-19, with a particular emphasis on how indignation occurs ‘on the internet’.

‘Ladder’‐based safety culture assessments inversely predict safety outcomes

AbstractThere is little empirical evidence on the predictive value of safety culture assessments (SCAs) in relation to how accident‐prone an organisation might be. Recently, Antonsen not just demonstrated how a quantitative SCA mispredicted future safety outcomes, but actually showed an inverse relationship between the assessment and subsequent critical incident investigation findings. To add to our understanding, this article presents research on whether a SCA has a predictive capacity for safety outcomes. Like in Antonsen's research, an opportunity emerged when a helicopter taxiing accident, resulting in a rotor strike occurred for a helicopter squadron that had just undergone a SCA. The assessment used ‘culture ladder’ rubrics for its findings, which allowed us to look for specific features in the subsequent independent accident investigation (in which the researchers were not involved). As with Antonsen's findings, our research shows that a ‘ladder’‐based assessment has little predictive value. Any predictive value it has is in the inverse of the assessment findings. For instance, where the SCA showed that the safety culture was very mature regarding finding a balance between safety and the mission at hand or the breaking of rules, the accident investigation pointed these out as the causes of the accident.

Emergency: A Vernacular Contextual Approach

Abstract Security scholars have traditionally viewed emergency as a state of exception that triggers a struggle for survival, justifying the breaking of rules and excesses of state power. While there have been attempts to decouple security from its survivalist logic, emergency has remained an analytical blind spot in security studies. The dominance of an elite-centric, exceptionalist paradigm in the study of emergency has foreclosed the possibility of alternative conceptions of emergency and neglected the voices of structurally disempowered agents. This paper advances a vernacular contextual research agenda that is sensitive to the empirical diversity of emergency meanings and practices while foregrounding emergency claims made by non-elite actors. Challenging the idea of emergency as a form of “anti-politics,” the paper contends that emergency should be understood as an intrinsic part of politics. It then recovers an alternative, “emancipatory” conception of emergency as an extraordinary moment of spontaneous beginnings that can activate the collective agency of marginalized actors. The final section establishes conceptual foundations for actor-centered, grounded empirical research into emergency politics and suggests avenues for future research. Contextualizing emergency and attuning to the voices and experiences of everyday actors are crucial to remove the key variable that ties security to the logic of survival and exception.

Transgression vs the Politically Correct: Phases and Faces of a Core Category in Children’s Literature

It seems that in recent years criticism has been eagerly focusing on ‘transgression’ and ‘transgressive’ as keywords that enlarge the epistemic horizon, allowing the scholar’s gaze to descry areas previously untouched, or explored with a different cultural bias. In the literary domain, as an intentional act that involves trespassing, and the breaking of rules performed in explicit ways, transgression is often linked to language and form, and also to questions of gender, politics, social behaviour. The following articles, while dwelling on transgression, locate it within the area of children’s fiction, thus operating a first preliminary transgression, inasmuch as this kind of literature has been traditionally moulded by the romantic and pastoral fallacy of childhood as an innocent, untainted, happy condition, and, in turn, by the Victorian cult of the child that thrived on aesthetically idealized representations of childhood and youth, teeming with sound moral principles, healthy didacticism, excellent examples of virtue.

Advantages of Machine Learning in Forensic Psychiatric Research—Uncovering the Complexities of Aggressive Behavior in Schizophrenia

Linear statistical methods may not be suited to the understanding of psychiatric phenomena such as aggression due to their complexity and multifactorial origins. Here, the application of machine learning (ML) algorithms offers the possibility of analyzing a large number of influencing factors and their interactions. This study aimed to explore inpatient aggression in offender patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs) using a suitable ML model on a dataset of 370 patients. With a balanced accuracy of 77.6% and an AUC of 0.87, support vector machines (SVM) outperformed all the other ML algorithms. Negative behavior toward other patients, the breaking of ward rules, the PANSS score at admission as well as poor impulse control and impulsivity emerged as the most predictive variables in distinguishing aggressive from non-aggressive patients. The present study serves as an example of the practical use of ML in forensic psychiatric research regarding the complex interplay between the factors contributing to aggressive behavior in SSD. Through its application, it could be shown that mental illness and the antisocial behavior associated with it outweighed other predictors. The fact that SSD is also highly associated with antisocial behavior emphasizes the importance of early detection and sufficient treatment.

Cheating at the Top: Trait Dominance Explains Dishonesty More Consistently Than Social Power.

Power has long been associated with dishonesty. Here, we examined the contributions of personal and structural factors associated with power. Across five studies (N = 1,366), we tested the hypothesis that being dominant, more than having power and felt prestige, predicts dishonesty in incentivized tasks, moral disengagement, and breaking of Covid-19 containment rules. Dominance and dishonesty were positively associated (Study 1). Furthermore, dominance contributed to the positive relationship between occupational power and dishonesty in natural settings (Studies 2 and 5). Different types of power had inconsistent effects on dishonesty (Studies 3 and 4). Prestige was unrelated to dishonesty. Dominant individuals were overrepresented at the top, suggesting that the association between power and dishonesty may derive from self-selection processes, rather than power itself.

One-phonon resonant Raman scattering in a semiconductor nanowire in presence of an external homogeneous electric field

In this work, a theory of one-phonon resonant Raman scattering model for a cylindrical symmetry semiconductor nanowire long enough to be considered infinite in the presence of a homogeneous external electric field in transversal direction to the axis of the nanowire was developed. We considered T = 0 K and a nanowire with infinite potential barrier. Moreover, parabolic bands have been assumed; the conduction band being completely empty, and a completely full valence band. Thus, the mathematical expressions of the Raman scattering differential cross section and the Raman efficiency have been obtained. In the case of electron-phonon interaction, the free-standing wire model was used. For the calculation of the electron states a model taking into account the conditions imposed by the electric field was used, which was assumed as valid for weak fields regarding confinement. To illustrate the results, the nanowire made of GaAs with a zinc-blende-type structure was considered. It was found that the presence of the electric field caused an increase in Raman efficiency. In addition, it was observed that the electric field caused the appearance of singularities in the Raman spectra due to the breaking of the selection rules for the creation and annihilation of the electron-hole pair, and the emission of non-longitudinal optical phonons was also verified. • Electron and hole states under external homogeneous electric field transverse to nanowire axis. • Raman scattering efficiency for a one-phonon resonant Raman scattering process. • Differential cross-section for a one-phonon resonant Raman scattering process. • Study of the changes that occur in the selection rule for the electron-photon transitions. • Effect of the electric field on the Raman scattering efficiency and differential cross section.

Strategic Thinking: A Random Walk Into the Rabbit Hole

At its best, strategic thinking yields an advantage needed to beat an opponent. At the least, it protects the person from exploitation. In four studies, conducted in two countries, we used a simple number-guessing game, in which one respondent wins by guessing the number chosen by another. We show that people generate numbers nonrandomly, and, on the basis of this finding, we predict and find that nonrandom strategic choice is advantageous to the guesser if the chooser does not randomize either. As expected, respondents in the role of the guesser preferred to play a game in which they were to actively think of a number instead of randomizing if the chooser had to think of a number, too. Guessers did not prefer thinking if the chooser selected a number randomly. Having shown these limitations to strategic reasoning, we close with the observation that successful strategic reasoning may – at times – require the breaking of rules and being the first to do so.

Phase Diagram of a Deep Potential Water Model.

Using the Deep Potential methodology, we construct a model that reproduces accurately the potential energy surface of the SCAN approximation of density functional theory for water, from low temperature and pressure to about 2400K and 50GPa, excluding the vapor stability region. The computational efficiency of the model makes it possible to predict its phase diagram using molecular dynamics. Satisfactory overall agreement with experimental results is obtained. The fluid phases, molecular and ionic, and all the stable ice polymorphs, ordered and disordered, are predicted correctly, with the exception of ice III and XV that are stable in experiments, but metastable in the model. The evolution of the atomic dynamics upon heating, as ice VII transforms first into ice VII^{''} and then into an ionic fluid, reveals that molecular dissociation and breaking of the ice rules coexist with strong covalent fluctuations, explaining why only partial ionization was inferred in experiments.

Review: Michelangelo, God's Architect: The Story of His Final Years and Greatest Masterpiece

Review: <i>Michelangelo, God's Architect: The Story of His Final Years and Greatest Masterpiece</i>

'I Was Smoking a Lot More during Lockdown Because I Can': A Qualitative Study of How UK Smokers Responded to the Covid-19 Lockdown.

This study explored how Covid-19 lockdown restrictions affected people’s daily smoking routines and behaviours, including adherence and modifications to pre-established smoking restrictions in the home. Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with smokers and non-smokers from smoking households 19 to 27 weeks after the first full UK lockdown ended in May 2020. A non-probability purposive sample representing 25 adults aged 21 or over living in households with at least 1 smoker were recruited to the study. A quota sampling strategy was used, according to age, gender, smoking status, family status, household composition, householder access to outdoor space, and change to work-life status. Most participants found lockdown increased the amount of time spent at home, where stresses associated with confinement, curtailment of social routines, removal of barriers and distractions to smoking due to home working, and feelings of boredom all contributed to increased smoking. Fewer factors were identified as reducing smoking during lockdown. Prominent examples included disruption to habitual smoking patterns and distraction from smoking associated with spending more time doing outdoor activities. Pressures placed on physical space and lack of privacy due to the confinement at home were responsible for displacement of smoking within the home, leading to breaking of smoke-free rules and family tensions, and in some cases to greater awareness amongst parents that their children smoked. Changes in daily routines associated with lockdown affected and displaced smoking behaviour both positively and negatively. Health improvement interventions could seek to harness positive changes in smoking associated with any future lockdown approaches. New home-working norms highlight the need for employers to support staff to reduce their smoking and to remain smoke-free.

Theoretical treatment of single‐molecule scanning Raman picoscopy in strongly inhomogeneous near fields

AbstractTip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) of a single molecule is commonly described by considering the change in the polarizability of the molecule with respect to a normal coordinate induced by homogeneous illumination. However, the local fields induced by nanoscale and atomic‐scale features at the surface of metallic clusters and nanogaps show strong inhomogeneities in their spatial distribution, which induces breaking of Raman selection rules. In this context, the spatial extension of the molecular electronic states subjected to strongly varying local fields challenges the validity of the point–dipole approximation as an adequate description of TERS in such configurations. Here, we introduce a general treatment to simulate single‐molecule TERS spectra and their energy‐filtered vibrational fingerprints maps, in which the polarization properties of the single molecule and that of the optical enhancing nanoresonator can be calculated separately and then conveniently combined to obtain the total Raman cross section of the molecule under the strongly inhomogeneous field. We apply the general method to study tip‐enhanced scanning Raman picoscopy of a 4,4′‐bipyridine and biphenyl molecules in the proximity of a silver icosahedral cluster with a few atoms at the tip apex mimicking an enhancing picocavity. The polarization of the molecules is calculated within density functional theory (DFT), and the optical response of the tip is calculated within a classical atomistic discrete–dipole approximation. The Raman spectra are found to be extremely sensitive to the spatial distribution of the local fields and to the orientation of the molecule. Our calculations show that the spatial mapping of molecular vibrational fingerprints, as probed by a tip with atomic protrusions, is capable to reveal intramolecular features of a single molecule in real space and thus establish a robust basis for scanning Raman picoscopy.

Need-based transfer systems are more vulnerable to cheating when resources are hidden

Abstract Need-based transfer systems pool risk among interdependent individuals. Such arrangements are bound by two simple rules: Ask for help only when in need and, if you are able, give help to others who ask. But there may be a temptation for individuals to break these rules for short-term personal profit. Here, we study one factor that may enforce honesty in need-based transfer relationships: the visibility of resources. Across three experiments employing a novel experimental economic game, breaking of both need-based transfer rules increased when resources were hidden rather than visible (Experiment 1: n = 82, online convenience sample from the US; Experiment 2: n = 80, student sample from the US; Experiment 3: n = 42, online convenience sample from the US). Participants with hidden resources were (1) more likely to request help when not actually in need (greediness), and (2) more likely to not fulfill requests from others for help, even when they had sufficient resources available to help (stinginess). These findings highlight the visibility of resources as one potential limitation of cooperative risk pooling systems.

Identifying influential factors distinguishing recidivists among offender patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia via machine learning algorithms

PurposeThere is a lack of research on predictors of criminal recidivism of offender patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Methods653 potential predictor variables were anlyzed in a set of 344 offender patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (209 reconvicted) using machine learning algorithms. As a novel methodological approach, null hypothesis significance testing (NHST), backward selection, logistic regression, trees, support vector machines (SVM), and naive bayes were used for preselecting variables. Subsequently the variables identified as most influential were used for machine learning algorithm building and evaluation. ResultsThe two final models (with/without imputation) predicted criminal recidivism with an accuracy of 81.7 % and 70.6 % and a predictive power (area under the curve, AUC) of 0.89 and 0.76 based on the following predictors: prescription of amisulpride prior to reoffending, suspended sentencing to imprisonment, legal complaints filed by relatives/therapists/public authorities, recent legal issues, number of offences leading to forensic treatment, anxiety upon discharge, being single, violence toward care team and constant breaking of rules during treatment, illegal opioid use, middle east as place of birth, and time span since the last psychiatric inpatient treatment. ConclusionResults provide new insight on possible factors influencing persistent offending in a specific subgroup of patients with a schizophrenic spectrum disorder.

Creative Subversion: Staking a Claim for Critical Qualitative Inquiry

It is important to define the ethnographical practices as a way of thinking and doing critical qualitative inquiry. Creative subversion currently arises as a breaking of rules, institutional change, social or political protest, popular or civic rebellion, fighting the law or simply radical transformation of situations. Today it is everywhere even though there is too much silence around it, which could be catastrophic for qualitative research. Reflexive methods could be enriched if researchers looking for social transformation and collaborating in civil resistance integrate in their ethnographical practices the creative subversion as shared knowledge object. It is pertinent to interpret the social action involved in such transformative processes as a poetics of rage collective or individually performed. Doing a review of how creative subversion has been dealt in the contemporary social science, this article is an effort to provide a nuance and rigorous definition.